Tracking, or ability grouping, refers to the practice of placing students into separate classes or groups based on their perceived academic ability or achievement. This practice has been widely debated and has both supporters and detractors. While some argue that tracking allows for more efficient teaching by catering to students’ individual needs, there is a growing body of research highlighting the negative impacts of tracking in high schools. Here are some key findings:
Perpetuation of educational inequalities: Tracking can exacerbate existing educational inequalities by segregating students based on their socioeconomic status, race, or ethnicity. Often, students from low-income families or minority backgrounds are disproportionately placed in lower tracks, limiting their access to rigorous coursework and high-quality teaching (Oakes, 1985; Lucas, 1999).
Lowered expectations: Students placed in lower tracks can be subjected to lower expectations from teachers, which can negatively impact their motivation, self-esteem, and academic achievement (Oakes, 2005; Hallinan, 1994). These lowered expectations can become a self-fulfilling prophecy, leading students to underperform and reinforcing the belief that they are less capable.
Stigmatization: Students in lower tracks can experience stigmatization and develop a negative self-concept, which can hinder their academic progress and social development (Oakes, 1985; Hattie, 2002). This stigmatization can be particularly detrimental during adolescence, a critical period for identity development.
Limited opportunities for peer learning: Tracking can limit the opportunities for students to learn from their peers with different abilities, backgrounds, and perspectives. Research has shown that heterogeneous grouping can benefit all students, as it encourages collaboration, problem-solving, and a deeper understanding of the material (Slavin, 1990; Webb, Nemer, & Zuniga, 2002).
Reduced academic achievement: Some research suggests that tracking can negatively impact students’ overall academic achievement, particularly for those placed in lower tracks. Lower-track students may be more likely to drop out of school and less likely to pursue higher education (Gamoran, 1992; Oakes, 1985).
Rigidity in tracking systems: Once placed in a specific track, students may find it difficult to move between tracks, even if their abilities or interests change. This rigidity can limit students’ opportunities to explore different academic areas and reach their full potential (Lucas, 1999).