Behind the Latch

What if some of what we still teach about breast anatomy, milk supply, pumping, and milk ejection is based on an outdated understanding of how the lactating breast actually works?

In this episode of Behind the Latch, Margaret sits down with internationally recognized human lactation researcher Dr. Donna Geddes to explore what more than two decades of imaging the living, lactating breast has taught us.

Dr. Geddes’s groundbreaking ultrasound research challenged anatomical models that had remained largely unchanged for more than 160 years. Her work has helped demonstrate that the lactating breast is far more variable—and far more complex—than the simplified diagrams many clinicians were originally taught.

Together, Margaret and Dr. Geddes discuss how these discoveries translate into real clinical practice.

Margaret and Dr. Geddes discuss:

• How Dr. Geddes went from radiography and ultrasound to human lactation research
• The history behind the traditional anatomical models of the lactating breast
• What ultrasound revealed that older breast anatomy diagrams got wrong
• Why the concept of large “lactiferous sinuses” does not match what we see in the living breast
• How widely milk duct anatomy can vary between individuals
• Why some people can hand express milk easily while others struggle
• Whether having fewer lobes necessarily means a person will have low milk production
• What we currently understand—and still don't understand—about mammary hypoplasia
• Why breast size alone tells us very little about milk-making capacity
• Breast changes during pregnancy and what clinicians should be asking about prenatally
• The relationship between blood flow to the breast and milk production
• Pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and fetal growth restriction as potential clues to later lactation challenges
• Metabolic health, inflammation, and their possible relationship to milk production
• Why identifying risk does not mean predicting failure
• The importance of anticipatory guidance for families at increased risk for low milk production
• Why intensive feeding plans such as triple feeding should have clear goals and endpoints
• What ultrasound has taught us about the milk ejection reflex
• Why many people do not actually feel their milk ejections
• Why watching milk flow—or watching the baby—may tell us more than asking whether a parent “felt a letdown”
• Why some babies choke, sputter, or struggle with fast milk flow
• The difference between anatomy-driven fast flow and true oversupply
• Why automatically trying to decrease milk production can sometimes create a new problem
• How milk storage capacity differs dramatically from one person to another
• Why frequent feeding does not automatically indicate low milk supply
• Why infant growth, behavior, milk transfer, maternal experience, and the whole clinical picture matter more than feeding frequency alone
• Why the right and left breast should not necessarily be expected to function identically
• How researchers estimate the percentage of available milk removed from the breast
• Why simply comparing pumping volumes between people can be misleading

Throughout the conversation, one theme keeps returning:

Human lactation does not fit neatly into a checklist.

Breasts vary between people. The two breasts of the same person can behave differently. Milk production is influenced by anatomy, development, metabolic health, blood flow, hormones, inflammation, infant behavior, milk removal, and many other interacting factors.

Understanding the science should help us individualize care—not create another rigid set of rules.

Dr. Geddes also shares some of the research underway within her team, including work examining:

• Flange and breast shield sizing
• Infant body composition
• Biomarkers associated with low milk production
• Proteomics and metabolomics
• Clinical measures that could help identify low milk production earlier
• Antenatal and early postpartum screening tools
• Gestational diabetes and lactation outcomes
• Bundled-care interventions
• Ultrasound phenotyping
• AI-supported prediction tools that may eventually help clinicians identify patterns and risk factors

The goal is not simply to understand lactation better—it is to translate that science into tools clinicians can actually use.

Dr. Donna Geddes is a leading researcher in human lactation based at The University of Western Australia in Perth, Western Australia. Her research has used technologies including ultrasound, Doppler imaging, human milk analysis, and other advanced laboratory techniques to investigate breast anatomy, milk production, milk ejection, infant feeding, and lactation physiology.

Her work has played a major role in reshaping our understanding of the anatomy and function of the lactating breast.

• Donna Geddes — University of Western Australia profile: UWA Research Profile
• This is a great primary link because it includes her biography, research projects, publications, affiliations, and other professional links.
• UWA Centre for Human Lactation Research and Translation: Centre for Human Lactation Research and Translation
• This is the Centre Dr. Geddes directs and is probably the best link for listeners who want to learn about the broader research program.
• Geddes Hartmann Human Lactation Research Group: Human Lactation Research Group
• This is especially useful for clinicians because it highlights the group's research and current projects.
• Professor Donna Geddes website: Professor Donna Geddes
• Her UWA profile lists this as her personal professional website.
• Donna Geddes ORCID: Donna Geddes ORCID Profile
• Useful for listeners who want to track her scholarly publications.
• ABREAST Conference: ABREAST Conference
• This is the conference she mentioned during your interview, featuring lactation research, clinicians, families, and live ultrasound demonstrations.

Your Next Steps:

• Learn with Me: https://margaretsalty.com/courses
• Read the Blog: https://margaretsalty.com/blog
• Email Me: [email protected]
• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/margaret-salty-drph-ibclc-ches-0133451b/
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We were taught to keep our hands in our pockets. Maya Bolman was taught the opposite — by her great-aunt, a midwife in Belarus, who could take an engorged, aching breast and leave it soft in an hour. In this episode, I sit down with Maya to talk about the skill most of us were never trained in: what to actually do with our hands.

Maya Bolman is an IBCLC in Cleveland, Ohio, with 26 years in hospital lactation care and a second home at Breastfeeding Medicine of Northeast Ohio, where she works alongside Dr. Ann Witt. She's the clinician who named Therapeutic Breast Massage in Lactation (TBML), published the research behind it, and travels the world teaching manual skills to lactation professionals. In this conversation, she breaks down the physiology of engorgement (hint: it's not just milk), why we massage milk down but swelling up, and the deceptively simple technique she calls breast gymnastics. If you've ever felt underprepared the second a parent's breast is hard, painful, and stuck, this one is going to change how you practice.

What You'll Learn:

• Why engorgement is really "lymphodynamic edema" — and why that one distinction changes how you use your hands
• The moment Maya realized massage therapists move the breast up while lactation consultants are taught to move milk down (and why both are right)
• What breast gymnastics actually is, why it takes 20 seconds, and why she tells every parent to start it today
• How to know when you're "done" — the outcome to feel for instead of a number to hit
• Why the 2022 mastitis protocol's silence on milk expression is, in Maya's words, "a big minus"
• The difference between overstimulating a working duct and actually moving milk from the one that's stuck
• Why she calls herself a lactation therapist, not a consultant — and what that reframe unlocks
• How mindful latching flips the script: the parent doesn't latch the baby, she positions so the baby can latch
• Where to find milk you're missing (it's closer to the nipple than you were taught)
• The case for demonstrating instead of explaining — and what mirror neurons have to do with breastfeeding success

Resources Mentioned in This Episode:

• Maya Bolman's website (workshops, free breast gymnastics & massage video, BreastKindness LLC): https://www.mayabolman.com
• Bolman, M., Saju, L., Oganesyan, K., Kondrashova, T., & Witt, A. M. (2013). Recapturing the art of therapeutic breast massage during breastfeeding. Journal of Human Lactation, 29(3), 328–331. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334413475527
• Witt, A. M., Bolman, M., Kredit, S., & Vanic, A. (2016). Therapeutic breast massage in lactation for the management of engorgement, plugged ducts, and mastitis. Journal of Human Lactation, 32(1), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334415619439
• Witt, A. M., Bolman, M., & Kredit, S. (2016). Mothers value and utilize early outpatient education on breast massage and hand expression in their self-management of engorgement. Breastfeeding Medicine, 11(8), 433–439. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2016.0100

Your Next Steps:

• Learn with Me: https://margaretsalty.com/courses
• Read the Blog: https://margaretsalty.com/blog
• Email Me: [email protected]
• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/margaret-salty-drph-ibclc-ches-0133451b/
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• Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61550829710885

Music: The Magnifiers — "My Time Traveling Machine"

Low milk supply might be the most common concern we field—and one of the hardest things in lactation to actually measure. In this episode I sit down with researcher Dr. Katie Kivlighan to separate what we can quantify from what we're guessing at, and to look at the tools and technologies that are about to change how we assess it.

"Low milk supply" gets used as a catch-all, but it isn't one thing—and treating it like one thing is part of why families get the wrong support. Dr. Katie Kivlighan, co-author of Measuring Low Milk Supply: Methods and Implications for Lactation Research and Clinical Practice (Journal of Human Lactation, 2026), joins me to walk through the difference between primary, secondary, and perceived low supply, and why our measurement methods have never fully caught up with the problem.

We get into what the evidence actually supports right now: test weights, milk transfer, and biomarkers like sodium and conductance—plus the emerging technologies (bioimpedance, at-home milk sodium testing) that could give us objective data we've never had at the bedside. We also talk honestly about the flip side: how devices and social media can feed parental anxiety, how normal infant behavior gets misread as a supply problem, and where clinical judgment still has to lead. If you support families navigating supply concerns, this one is about sharpening how you assess, how you reassure, and how you decide when a number actually matters.

• The real difference between primary, secondary, and perceived low milk supply—and why the distinction changes your entire plan of care
• Why milk supply is so hard to measure accurately, and what that means for how we interpret research
• What biomarkers like sodium and conductance can (and can't) tell you about secretory activation
• Where bioimpedance and at-home milk sodium testing are headed, and how to think about them before they land in your practice
• The infant behaviors that get misread as low supply—so you can spot them and reframe them for families
• How feeding technology and social media are driving parental anxiety, and your role in cutting through the noise
• Why milk intake "standards" deserve a second look, and how normal supply variability fits in
• When to bring in a breastfeeding medicine provider, and how that collaboration strengthens care
• How to hold objective tools and clinical judgment together instead of letting one override the other

• 00:00 — Introduction and Dr. Kivlighan's research background
• 05:53 — Low milk supply: types and challenges
• 08:12 — The role of perception in supply concerns
• 10:31 — Evaluating milk supply: tools and techniques
• 13:11 — Common misinterpretations of infant behavior
• 15:46 — How technology feeds parental anxiety
• 18:16 — Collaborating with lactation professionals
• 20:40 — Reassessing milk intake standards
• 26:39 — Understanding milk supply variability
• 27:20 — Emerging technologies in lactation
• 32:23 — Bioimpedance and milk measurement innovations
• 34:58 — Addressing delayed secretory activation
• 41:27 — The case for comprehensive lactation support
• 43:02 — Closing thoughts

• Kivlighan, K. T., & Demirci, J. R. (2026). Measuring low milk supply: Methods and implications for lactation research and clinical practice. Journal of Human Lactation, 42(1), 126–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/08903344261426744
• Dr. Katie Kivlighan:
• Faculty page
• Research profile

• Learn with Me: https://margaretsalty.com/courses
• Read the Blog: https://margaretsalty.com/blog
• Email Me: [email protected]
• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/margaret-salty-drph-ibclc-ches-0133451b/
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Music: The Magnifiers — "My Time Traveling Machine"

In this episode, Dr. Lisa Stellwagen shares the journey of establishing a hospital-based milk bank, the science behind donor milk, and the future of infant nutrition and milk banking. Discover how policies, safety standards, and community efforts are transforming neonatal care and supporting vulnerable infants.

Chapters:

• 00:00 Introduction to Milk Banking and Its Importance
• 04:07 The Journey to Establishing a Milk Bank
• 05:24 The Supporting Premature Infant Nutrition Program
• 08:43 The Need for More Milk Banks in California
• 11:45 Building a Milk Bank: Challenges and Triumphs
• 16:52 Understanding Hambana and Milk Bank Structures
• 20:14 Pasteurization Standards and Safety in Milk Banking
• 23:58 Fortification of Human Milk and Its Implications
• 30:18 The Importance of Accreditation and Safety Standards
• 34:39 The Donor Process: Ensuring Safety and Efficiency
• 35:33 Processing Milk: From Donation to Quality Control
• 37:27 Nutritional Targeting: Tailoring Milk for Tiny Patients
• 40:11 Analyzing Milk: Understanding Composition and Quality
• 43:23 Raising Awareness: The Importance of Milk Donation
• 44:30 Barriers to Access: Challenges in Milk Banking
• 46:16 The Role of Nonprofit Milk Banks: A Community Approach
• 51:58 The Cost of Donor Milk and NICU Decisions
• 57:21 Vision for the Future of Milk Banking
• 1:00:21 Honoring Bereaved Donors: The Cherry Blossom Program
• 1:04:49 Outro

Resources

Human Milk Banking Association of North America (HMBANA)

Promoting Human Milk and Breastfeeding for the Very Low Birth Weight Infant: Clinical Report

Find a Milk Bank

Guest Links

HMBANA-Dr. Stellwagen

UC Health Milk Bank

Connect with Margaret

Email: [email protected]

Instagram: @margaretsalty

Facebook: Margaret Salty

Music by: The Magnifiers – My Time Traveling Machine

In this conversation, Dr. Elizabeth Kar discusses her research on breastfeeding promotion and the challenges faced by breastfeeding families during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly the impact of reduced lactation support and the infant formula shortage. She emphasizes the importance of lactation consultants and community support in successful breastfeeding, critiques the marketing strategies of formula companies, and calls for better policies to protect and promote breastfeeding. In this conversation, Margaret Saltysiak and Elizabeth Kar discuss the complexities surrounding infant feeding choices, particularly the challenges of breastfeeding and formula feeding. They highlight the fragility of the infant feeding infrastructure in the U.S., the lessons learned from the pandemic regarding breastfeeding support, and the critical need for paid family leave to support new parents. The discussion also emphasizes the importance of addressing the needs of vulnerable populations and ensuring equitable access to breastfeeding support and resources.

Chapters

00:00 Introduction to Elizabeth Kar and Her Work

03:03 Exploring the Triple Threat to Breastfeeding Families

06:00 The Impact of COVID-19 on Lactation Support

09:02 The Role of Lactation Consultants

11:59 The Formula Shortage and Its Effects

14:58 The Marketing Influence of Formula Companies

18:06 The Need for Better Infant Feeding Policies

21:43 The Challenges of Infant Feeding Choices

24:15 Fragility of Infant Feeding Infrastructure

27:20 Lessons from the Pandemic on Breastfeeding Support

30:25 The Need for Paid Family Leave

33:48 Addressing Vulnerable Populations in Breastfeeding Support

Guest

Elizabeth Kar, RDN, PhD, IBCLC

Triple Threat or Mere Inconvenience? Exploring the Effect of COVID-19

Precautions, Lack of Access to Lactation Care, and the Infant Formula

Shortage on Breastfeeding Behavior of Parents in the Midwest of the

United States

Connect with Margaret

📬 Email: [email protected]

📸 Instagram: @margaretsalty

📘 Facebook: Margaret Salty

Music by: The Magnifiers – My Time Traveling Machine

Margaret interviews, Molly Waymouth, a senior policy analyst at RAND, and they discuss her research on informal milk sharing, its prevalence, risks, and policy implications. They explores how systemic barriers and economic factors influence families' choices and what can be done to improve access to safe, affordable donor milk and lactation support.

Chapters

00:00 Introduction to the Conversation

05:37 Molly's Background and Research Focus

07:10 Exploring Milk Sharing Practices

09:35 The Economics of Donor Milk

11:23 Understanding the Support Gaps

13:48 Equity and Access in Milk Sharing

16:27 Risks of Informal Milk Sharing

16:50 The Need for Comprehensive Support

18:34 Innovative Approaches to Milk Sharing

18:50 Designing an Ideal Support System

20:27 Conclusion and Future Directions

21:22 outro.mp3

Resources

JAMA Open Network Publication - https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2841048

RAND Corporation - https://www.rand.org/

LinkedIn Profile of Molly Waymouth - https://www.linkedin.com/in/mollywaymouth/

Connect with Margaret

mail: [email protected]

Instagram: @margaretsalty

Facebook: Margaret Salty

Music by: The Magnifiers – My Time Traveling Machine

In this episode of Behind the Latch, Margaret Salty interviews Trillitye Paullin, CEO and co-founder of Free to Feed, who shares her groundbreaking work translating emerging research on food reactivity in breastfeeding into practical clinical guidance.

Together, they unpack one of the most misunderstood topics in lactation: how dietary proteins transfer into breast milk and what that actually means for managing elimination diets. Trillitye explains why the long-standing belief that proteins remain in breast milk for weeks is not supported by current evidence—and how confusing “transfer timing” with “healing timing” has led to unnecessary dietary restriction and early weaning.

They also explore the realities of non-IgE-mediated food allergies, why traditional allergy testing often fails these families, and how IBCLCs can more effectively assess, manage, and refer these cases.

This conversation offers a practical, evidence-based framework that has the potential to change how clinicians support breastfeeding dyads navigating food reactivity.

• Food proteins transfer into breast milk quickly—often within minutes—and typically clear within hours, not weeks
• The timeline we see clinically is often driven by infant healing, not ongoing exposure
• Elimination diets should be reassessed early (around 5 days) to determine effectiveness
• Not all symptoms warrant elimination—rule out more common causes first
• Most infants with food reactivity will have symptoms emerge between 2–4 months
• Cow’s milk and soy are the most common triggers, but other foods may be involved
• Reintroduction is critical to avoid unnecessary long-term restriction
• Severe symptoms or lack of improvement beyond dairy/soy elimination should prompt referral
• Non-IgE-mediated allergies cannot be diagnosed with standard allergy testing
• Supporting parental mental health is essential—elimination diets are a significant burden

Trillitye Paullin, PhD, CEO & Co-Founder, Free to Feed

Free to Feed

Supporting Families as They Navigate Infant Food Allergies

📬 Email: [email protected]

📸 Instagram: @margaretsalty

📘 Facebook: Margaret Salty

Music by: The Magnifiers – My Time Traveling Machine

In this episode of Behind the Latch, Margaret Salty interviews Victoria Fonville, MS, PhD candidate in Nutrition at UNC Greensboro, about her recent scoping review on lactation during perinatal bereavement.

Together, they explore what the research actually tells us about lactation after infant loss—from the lived experiences of bereaved families to the gaps in care from healthcare providers. Victoria shares the key findings from her paper, including the four major areas studied—producing milk, support, stopping lactation, and donating milk—and the six themes that emerged: hurting, lacking, valuing, succeeding, connecting, and redeeming.

They discuss how lactation can serve as a powerful source of connection and identity for grieving mothers, why suppression is often presented as the default (and why that’s problematic), and how milk donation can be experienced as a deeply meaningful and even healing process for families navigating loss.

This episode challenges the way we approach bereavement care and emphasizes the importance of presenting all options—so families can make informed decisions that align with their goals and their grief.

• Lactation after perinatal loss is common due to normal physiology, but remains poorly addressed in clinical care.
• Bereaved mothers often experience both physical pain and emotional distress related to lactation, requiring compassionate and informed support.
• “Lacking” was a dominant theme across studies, highlighting significant gaps in provider knowledge, training, and communication.
• Lactation suppression is frequently presented as the only option, but this does not reflect the full range of choices available.
• Producing milk can help maintain maternal identity and connection to the infant after loss.
• Milk donation is often experienced as “redeeming,” helping families create meaning and process grief.
• Healthcare providers should present all options—suppression, expression, donation, and keepsakes—without bias.
• There is an urgent need for quantitative research to better understand care practices, outcomes, and donation patterns.
• Compassion, presence, and individualized care are critical when supporting bereaved families.

Victoria Fonville, MS, PhD Candidate in Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Lactation During Perinatal Bereavement From the Perspective of Families and Support Providers: A Scoping Review

📬 Email: [email protected]

📸 Instagram: @margaretsalty

📘 Facebook: Margaret Salty

Music by: The Magnifiers – My Time Traveling Machine

Dr. Bode shares his journey into human milk research and the founding of the Human Milk Institute—the only institute in the world dedicated entirely to studying human milk in all its complexity. Together, they explore how human milk research is evolving from isolated disciplines into a collaborative, systems-based science that integrates molecular biology, clinical care, and public health.

The conversation dives deep into human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the limitations of reductionist thinking in lactation science, and the urgent need to translate research into real-world clinical impact. Dr. Bode also shares his vision for the future, including the development of “lactology” as a formal field of study and what it would take to truly normalize breastfeeding on a global scale.

Key Takeaways for Clinicians

• Human milk is far more than nutrition—it is a dynamic system of signaling, protection, and communication.
• HMOs play multiple roles beyond the microbiome, including direct immune and systemic effects.
• Donor milk retains key bioactive components like HMOs even after pasteurization.
• Variation in milk composition across individuals and time is expected and biologically meaningful.
• Clinical care must align with real-world problems—research must start with the needs of families.
• Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to advancing both science and clinical outcomes.
• Maternal health directly influences milk production and composition.
• Breastfeeding provides significant long-term health benefits for both infants and mothers.
• Formula can improve—but it cannot replicate the adaptive, responsive nature of human milk.
• Early identification of barriers and inequities is critical to improving breastfeeding outcomes.
• The future of lactation care depends on bridging research, clinical care, and public health systems.

Guest

Dr. Lars Bode, PhD

Director, Human Milk Institute

Human Milk Institute

Connect with Margaret

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📸 Instagram: @margaretsalty

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Music by: The Magnifiers – My Time Traveling Machine

The origin of the “high lipase” breastmilk myth and how it spread through the lactation community

Why biologically it does not make sense that some mothers produce excess lipase in milk

What lipase actually does in human milk and why it is critical for infant fat digestion

What parents are actually noticing when milk smells “soapy,” “metallic,” or “rancid”

How riboflavin oxidation and free radical reactions may contribute to off flavors in stored milk

Why exposure to light, oxygen, and heat accelerates nutrient degradation

Simple strategies for protecting expressed milk during storage

The role of vitamin C and antioxidants in preventing oxidation

Why scalding milk may damage valuable nutrients and enzymes

How maternal diet influences the fatty acid profile of breastmilk

The relationship between omega-3 and omega-6 fats in human milk

Why formula cannot truly replicate human milk oligosaccharides or fatty acid complexity

How breastfeeding exposes infants to diverse food flavors that shape lifelong eating patterns

Why maternal nutrition matters—but breastfeeding remains resilient even with imperfect diets

Future research questions about the human milk metabolome and maternal diet

The “high lipase milk” explanation for off-smelling stored milk may not be supported biologically or experimentally.

Off flavors may instead result from nutrient oxidation, particularly involving riboflavin and free radical reactions.

Protecting milk from light, oxygen, and heat exposure may help reduce degradation.

Scalding milk may stop some reactions but can also damage enzymes, vitamins, and bioactive components.

Maternal intake of vitamin C and antioxidants may influence milk stability during storage.

Maternal diet does influence certain components of milk, especially fatty acid composition and water-soluble vitamins.

The fatty acid profile of milk largely reflects the mother’s dietary fat intake.

Human milk oligosaccharides vary between mothers and environments, making them difficult to replicate in formula.

Even when milk has an unusual smell, it is often still safe for infants, and strategies like dilution with fresh milk can help babies accept it.

Human milk remains one of the most biologically protected food systems in nature, even when maternal diets are imperfect.

Dr. Jimi Francis, PhD, RD, IBCLC

https://drjimi.net/

References referred to in the discussion about Lipase in Human Milk:

Allen, L. H. (2012). B vitamins in breast milk: Relative importance of maternal status and intake, and effects on infant status and function. Advances in Nutrition, 3(3), 362–369. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.001172

Bauman, D. E., & Bruce Currie, W. (1980). Partitioning of Nutrients During Pregnancy and Lactation: A Review of Mechanisms Involving Homeostasis and Homeorhesis. Journal of Dairy Science, 63(9), 1514–1529. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)83111-0

Chappell, J. E., Francis, T., & Clandinin, M. T. (1985). Vitamin A and E content of human milk at early stages of lactation. Early Human Development, 11(2), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3782(85)90103-3

Daniel, A. I., Shama, S., Ismail, S., Bourdon, C., Kiss, A., Mwangome, M., Bandsma, R. H. J., & O’Connor, D. L. (2021). Maternal bmi is positively associated with human milk fat: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 113(4), 1009–1022. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa410

Demmelmair, H., & Koletzko, B. (2018). Lipids in human milk. Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 32(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2017.11.002

Dickton, D., & Francis, J. (2018). Case review: food pattern effects on milk lipid profiles. J Nutr Health Food Eng, 8(6), 467–470. https://doi.org/10.15406/jnhfe.2018.08.00311

Donovan, S. M., Aghaeepour, N., Andres, A., Azad, M. B., Becker, M., Carlson, S. E., Järvinen, K. M., Lin, W., Lönnerdal, B., Slupsky, C. M., Steiber, A. L., & Raiten, D. J. (2023). Evidence for human milk as a biological system and recommendations for study design—a report from “Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)” Working Group 4. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 117, S61–S86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.12.021

Dror, D. K., & Allen, L. H. (2018). Overview of nutrients in humanmilk. Advances in Nutrition, 9, 278S-294S. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy022

Evans, T. J., Ryley, H. C., Neale, L. M., Dodge, J. A., & Lewarne, V. M. (1978). Effect of storage and heat on antimicrobial proteins in human milk. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 53(3), 239–241. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.53.3.239

Francis, J. (2015). Effects of Light on Riboflavin and Ascorbic Acid in Freshly Expressed Human Milk. Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Engineering, 2(6), 2–4. https://doi.org/10.15406/jnhfe.2015.02.00083

Francis, J., & Dickton, D. (2020). Feeding and refusal of expressed and stored human (FRESH) milk study - a short communication. J Nutr Health Food Eng, 8(6), 391–393. https://doi.org/10.15406/jnhfe.2018.08.00301

Francis, J., & Egdorf, R. (2020). Maternal Nutrient Metabolism and Requirements in Lactation. In B. Marriott, D. F. Birt, V. Stalling, & A. Yates (Eds.), Present Knowledge in Nutrition (11th ed., pp. 67–81). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/c2018-0-02422-6

Francis, J., Rogers, K., Brewer, P., Dickton, D., & Pardini, R. (2008). Comparative analysis of ascorbic acid in human milk and infant formula using varied milk delivery systems. International Breastfeeding Journal, 3(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-3-19

Francis, J., Rogers, K., Dickton, D., Twedt, R., & Pardini, R. (2012). Decreasing retinol and αtocopherol concentrations in human milk and infant formula using varied bottle systems. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 8(2), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740- 8709.2010.00279.x

Hamosh, M., Clary, T. R., Chernick, S. S., & Scow, R. O. (1970). Lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose and mammary tissue and plasma triglyceride in pregnant and lactating rats. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism, 210(3), 473–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2760(70)90044-5

Hampel, D., Shahab-Ferdows, S., Islam, M. M., Peerson, J. M., & Allen, L. H. (2017). Vitamin concentrations in human milk vary with time within feed, circadian rhythm, and singledose supplementation. Journal of Nutrition, 147(4), 603–611. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.242941

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