In this episode we wrap up loose ends before moving on down the timeline: What happened after the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and what happened after John White left the Roanoke Colony in August 1587? We also see what happened to all those Elizabethan characters we’ve been talking about for the last three months, including Francis Drake, Elizabeth herself, John Hawkins, Martin Frobisher, Francis Walsingham, and Philip II. Finally, we explore the long-term consequences of both the Armada and the Roanoke Colony for the History of the Americans.

Oh, and we read a poem in the spirit of the day.

Selected references for this episode

Garrett Mattingly, The Armada

Robert Hutchinson, The Spanish Armada: A History

James Horn, A Kingdom Strange: The Brief and Tragic History of the Lost Colony of Roanoke

David Beers Quinn, Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584-1606

Paul E. Hoffman, “New Light on Vicente Gonzalez’s 1588 Voyage in Search of Raleigh’s English Colonies”

Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) (Wikipedia)

In Flanders Fields (Wikipedia)

Neal Casal, “Virginia Dare” (Youtube, song)