Santiago Tobón talks about why gangs govern particular areas, and what to do about it.

“Gang Rule: Understanding and Countering Criminal Governance” by Christopher Blattman, Gustavo Duncan, Benjamin Lessing, and Santiago Tobón.

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“War Making and State Making as Organized Crime” by Charles Tilly.

“Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development” by Mancur Olson.

“Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History” by Douglas C. North, John Joseph Wallis, and Barry R. Weingast.

“The Social Order of the Underworld: How Prison Gangs Govern the American Penal System” by David Skarbek.

“The Political Economy of Organized Crime: Providing Protection When the State Does Not” by Stergios Skaperdas.

“Gangs as Primitive States” by Stergios Skaperdas and Constantinos Syropoulos.

“Gangs of Medellín: How Organized Crime is Organized” by Christopher Blattman, Gustavo Duncan, Benjamin Lessing, and Santiago Tobón. (Working paper.)

“Market Structure and Extortion: Evidence from 50,000 Extortion Payments” by Zach Y. Brown, Eduardo Montero, Carlos Schmidt-Padilla, and Maria Micaela Sviatschi. (Working Paper.)

“Gangs, Labor Mobility, and Development: The Role of Extortion in El Salvador” by Nikita Melnikov, Carlos Schmidt-Padilla, and Maria Micaela Sviatschi.