Dr. Cris Bergerot and Dr. Enrique Soto join the podcast to discuss the new global guideline on geriatric assessment. This guideline provides evidence-based, resource-stratified recommendations across the basic, limited, and enhanced settings. Dr. Bergerot and Dr. Soto discuss who should receive a geriatric assessment, the role of geriatric assessment, which elements of geriatric assessment can help predict adverse outcomes, and how a geriatric assessment is used to guide care and make treatment decisions. They comment on the importance of this guideline worldwide, and the impact of this guideline for a wide range of clinicians, patients, researchers, policymakers, and health administrators.   Read the full guideline, “Geriatric Assessment: ASCO Global Guideline” at www.asco.org/global-guidelines."

TRANSCRIPT

This guideline, clinical tools, and resources are available at www.asco.org/global-guidelines. Read the full text of the guideline, view clinical tools and resources, and review authors’ disclosures of potential conflicts of interest in the JCO Global Oncology,       https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/GO-25-00276      

Brittany Harvey: Hello, and welcome to the ASCO Guidelines podcast, one of ASCO’s podcasts delivering timely information to keep you up to date on the latest changes, challenges, and advances in oncology. You can find all the shows, including this one, at asco.org/podcasts. My name is Brittany Harvey, and today I’m interviewing Dr. Cris Bergerot from OncoClínicas & Co and Dr. Enrique Soto from the University of Colorado, co-chairs on “Geriatric Assessment: ASCO Global Guideline”.

Thank you for being here today, Dr. Bergerot and Dr. Soto.

Dr. Cris Bergerot: Thank you.

Dr. Enrique Soto: Thanks for the invitation, Brittany.

Brittany Harvey: And then before we discuss this guideline, I’d like to note that ASCO takes great care in the development of its guidelines and ensuring that the ASCO conflict of interest policy is followed for each guideline. The disclosures of potential conflicts of interest for the guideline panel, including Dr. Bergerot and Dr. Soto who have joined us here today, are available online with the publication of the guideline in JCO Global Oncology, which is linked in the show notes.

So then to jump into the guideline here, Dr. Soto, could you start by providing an overview of the scope and the purpose of this global guideline on geriatric assessment?

Dr. Enrique Soto: Of course, Brittany. So, this guideline comes from a request from the global oncology community and from the geriatric oncology community, who is very interested in making sure that geriatric oncology recommendations that are used in the United States can be adopted and used globally. So, this was a very highly rated topic when we had our call for proposals for guidelines, and that’s why we decided to do this.

The idea of this guideline is to provide resource-stratified recommendations for the use of geriatric assessments and interventions in older adults with cancer across different settings, right? And that these guidelines can be applied by clinicians working in low- and middle-income countries, but also, in a way, by clinicians working in community settings where the availability of resources may be limited. And the idea of these recommendations is to help clinicians evaluate older people with cancer better and also understand which interventions can be implemented with the resources they have and which interventions have a bigger bang for the buck, so to speak.

And as all evidence-based, stratified guidelines that ASCO conducts, we stratified resources as basic, limited, or enhanced. And that means resources that go from those that provide the greatest benefits for patients in terms of outcomes to those that are evidence-based but provide additional additive benefits. And those resource-stratified recommendations can be found in the ASCO website as to how these guidelines are developed, and that’s pretty standard for most resource-stratified guidelines.

Brittany Harvey: Great. I appreciate that background and the impetus for this guideline, and thank you for providing that resource-stratified framework of basic, limited, and enhanced. I think that helps provide context for the guideline recommendations here.

So then, Dr. Bergerot, I’d like to next review the key recommendations of this guideline across the four clinical questions that the guideline addresses. So, across those settings, the basic, limited, and enhanced settings, what is the role of geriatric assessment in older adults with cancer to inform specific interventions?

Dr. Cris Bergerot: I think this is one of the most important points, so let’s break it down. First off, who should actually receive the geriatric assessment? And the recommendation is clear. All patients aged 65 and older who are being considered for systemic cancer therapy should undergo a geriatric assessment. Now, depending on the available resources, for example, in basic setting, a quick screening may be enough, but in enhanced setting, a comprehensive geriatric assessment is encouraged.

And for our next question, in which elements of the geriatric assessment can help predict poor outcomes, the core domains to focus on include things like physical function, comorbidities, polypharmacy, cognition, nutrition, social support, and psychological health. And there are also validate tools like the G8, the CGA, and the CARG that can be used depending on the setting and resources available.

Now, talking about how we actually use the geriatric assessment to guide care, the assessment results can guide interventions to reduce treatment-related toxicities and maintain the patient functions. So, even in basic settings, the result can help guide those adjustments or identify the need for supportive care. And in more resource settings, we can implement more tailored intervention based on those findings.

And finally, for our fourth question: How can geriatric assessment help guide treatment decisions? So, GA can influence decisions about how aggressive treatment should be, help clarify goals of care, and determine whether a curative or palliative approach makes the most sense. And again, even in settings with limited resources, a simplified GA can still provide meaningful guidance.

Brittany Harvey: Great. Thank you, Dr. Bergerot, for that high-level overview of the recommendations of this guideline.

So then, following that, Dr. Soto, which geriatric assessment tools and elements should clinicians use to predict adverse outcomes for older patients receiving systemic therapy across the basic, limited, and enhanced settings?

Dr. Enrique Soto: Yeah, so that is an excellent question because it’s something that people want to know, right? When people start developing a geriatric oncology clinic, one of the first things they want to know is which tools should I use. And we hope that this guideline will provide some clarity regarding this. So, our overarching recommendation is that every patient, regardless of the level of resources, should receive some sort of geriatric assessment. And that geriatric assessment can go from a simple screening tool, such as the G8 tool, which is available online and very easy to do, and that can be done in basic settings, to a more sophisticated geriatric assessment.

The important thing, and what we emphasize in the guideline, is that regardless of the tool you use, it should include those high-priority domains that are associated with outcomes in older adults with cancer. And those include an assessment of physical function, of cognition, emotional health, comorbidities, polypharmacy, nutrition, and social support. In addition to that, an important thing that the guideline does is endorse the recommendation from our parent guideline, the guideline from high-income settings, the practical geriatric assessment, which is a tool that was actually developed by the ASCO Geriatric Oncology Group, which is a self-administered tool that people can use to evaluate their patients in a prompt and fast manner. And what we actually did for this guideline is include the validation of the various tools included in the practical geriatric assessment in the five most widely spoken languages in the world, including Hindi, Chinese, Spanish, and French, and Portuguese. And so, most of these tools are validated in these languages.

So, we believe that the practical geriatric assessment is a tool that can be utilized across settings and that doesn’t require a lot of resources. I think an important future step is making sure that we get the practical geriatric assessment translated into various languages, and we’re working with the ASCO team in getting that done.

Brittany Harvey: That’s an excellent point. And yes, we’ll hope to have the practical geriatric assessment translated into more languages. And that tool is available linked in the guideline itself, and we’ll also provide a link for listeners in the show notes of this episode (Practical Geriatric Assessment).

So then, following that, Dr. Bergerot, in resource-constrained settings, what general life expectancy data should clinicians use to estimate mortality and inform treatment decision-making?

Dr. Cris Bergerot: So, in basic and limited resource environments, you might not have access to every tool or specialist, but you can still make informed and thoughtful decisions. So, what the guideline recommends is to start with population-level life expectancy tables. These are available through the WHO Global Health Observatory, and they offer useful starting points. And if available, clinicians should also look for country-specific or regional survival data. That kind of local information can be even more relevant to your patient population. The clinical judgment is also key here, and it becomes even more powerful when it’s guided by the patient’s geriatric assessment results. And when possible, use age- and comorbidity-adjusted models, like the Lee index or tools from the ePrognosis. This can help refine estimates of mortality risk and also inform how aggressive treatment should be.

Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. I appreciate you providing those specifics as well.

So then, following that, Dr. Bergerot mentioned this a little bit earlier, but Dr. Soto, how should geriatric assessment be used to guide management of older patients with cancer across the basic, limited, and enhanced settings?

Dr. Enrique Soto: Yeah, and again, that’s another important focus, right? Because if we assess things and then don’t do anything about them, then why even assess them, right? And in many settings, people say, “Well, I don’t have the tools to provide the interventions that these patients actually need.” And a very significant part of building this guideline was coming up with a resource-stratified and evidence-based way in which to prioritize which interventions provide most benefits for older adults with cancer. And so, for each level and each domain, we have a series of interventions that have been stratified according to importance and evidence base, and that is actually one of the coolest features of the guideline. We included a table, and then we have for each of the domains, including falls, functional status, weight loss, et cetera, what are the interventions that oncologists can do in their clinical visit without needing a lot of resources, including providing some specific information, giving some recommendations to patients, to more high-level things that can be done when the healthcare system allows it, such as working with a nutritionist, providing supplements, testing for particular cognitive impairments, et cetera. So, I encourage people to take a look at that table. It was really a lot of work putting that table together, and that table has specific recommendations for each setting, and I think people will find it very useful.

Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. That table certainly contains a lot of information that’s very helpful for clinicians. I think it’s important to call out those tailored interventions to improve care and quality of life for every patient.

So then, we’ve just reviewed all of the recommendations in this guideline. So, I’d like to ask you, Dr. Bergerot, in your opinion, what should clinicians know as they implement these recommendations across resource levels?

Dr. Cris Bergerot: I would say that clinicians should remember that even a brief geriatric assessment can make a meaningful difference. You don’t need a full suite of tools to improve quality of care, but clinicians should tailor all the tools that are available in their local context and always keeping in mind the core geriatric domains that we have mentioned in the very beginning of our podcast.

And let’s be clear, the goal of the assessment isn’t just to gather data, as Enrique mentioned; it’s to use this information to guide treatment decision and also to improve outcomes. And whenever possible, clinicians should engage interdisciplinary teams that might include nurse, psychologist, social workers, community health workers, or anyone who can help address the patient’s broader needs. And flexibility really matters. So, especially in settings with limited access to specialists or diagnostics, we should prioritize what is feasible and what will truly help our patients during their journey. And above all, we should keep this in mind that equity in care delivery is essential. Just because resources are limited doesn’t mean we can’t deliver age-sensitive and even patient-centered care.

Brittany Harvey: Definitely. That multidisciplinary care that you mentioned is key, and also thinking about what is feasible across every resource level to provide optimal care for every single patient.

So then, to expand on that just a little bit and to wrap us up, Dr. Soto, what is the impact of this guideline for older adults with cancer globally?

Dr. Enrique Soto: Well, what we hope this guideline will lead to is to a boom in geriatric oncology worldwide, right? That is our final goal. And what we want is for clinicians interested in starting a geriatric oncology program or setting up a geriatric oncology clinic to use these guidelines in order to justify the interventions that they’re going to do, to pick the important partners they need for their multidisciplinary team, to choose the tools that they’re going to implement. And then, with that, to present this to leaders in their hospitals, leaders in their healthcare system so that they can start these clinics that will ultimately lead to better outcomes for older adults with cancer.

So, I encourage people to view this as high-quality, evidence-based recommendations that are done by a group of experts and with a thorough review of the literature and also based on our parent guidelines. The fact that these guidelines are resource-stratified does not by any mean signify that they’re of less quality or that the recommendations that are included in those are not proven to improve outcomes, cancer-specific and also general outcomes, in older adults with cancer.

Another thing that I think these guidelines could do in the future is motivate researchers in low- and middle-income countries to fill in the gaps that we have identified in these guidelines. We’ve made it very clear across the guidelines where evidence is lacking. And I think that this should prompt researchers across the globe to start trying to fill in these gaps with high-quality research.

And finally, I also think that this is a call for policymakers, health administrators, and people interested in public health to start scaling up resources so that places with basic resources can eventually become places with more sophisticated resources. And I think this does not only apply to low- and middle-income countries, but also to community oncologists in the US who may be facing resource constraints. And I think that these guidelines can help them stratify and understand what things should be implemented first and how to scale up.

So yeah, that’s the dream that with this guideline, more people will start implementing geriatric oncology around the globe and that ASCO will continue to be a leader in setting the stage for what should be done in geriatric oncology and for improving care to older adults with cancer, regardless of where they live.

Brittany Harvey: Absolutely. This guideline is wide-reaching and has important impacts worldwide.

So, I want to thank you both so much for the huge amount of work you took to develop this evidence-based guideline, and thank you for joining me on the podcast today, Dr. Bergerot and Dr. Soto.

Dr. Cris Bergerot: Thank you so much.

Dr. Enrique Soto: Thank you for the invitation. It was a pleasure.

Brittany Harvey: And finally, thank you to our listeners for tuning in to the ASCO Guidelines podcast. To read the full guideline, go to www.asco.org/global-guidelines. You can also find many of our guidelines and interactive resources in the free ASCO Guidelines app, which is available in the Apple App Store or the Google Play Store. If you have enjoyed what you’ve heard today, please rate and review the podcast and be sure to subscribe so you never miss an episode.

The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. This is not a substitute for professional medical care and is not intended for use in the diagnosis or treatment of individual conditions.

Guests on this podcast express their own opinions, experience, and conclusions. Guest statements on the podcast do not express the opinions of ASCO. The mention of any product, service, organization, activity, or therapy should not be construed as an ASCO endorsement.