In 1848, the Fox family prepared to go to bed as usual, but the darkness was punctuated by mysterious rapping noises for which they could find no source. Through hours of terrified questioning, they eventually discovered that it was the ghost of a peddler murdered by a previous resident.

Or so the story goes. . .

Kate, Maggie, and Leah Fox became the most famous mediums of 19th century America, giving rise to the worldwide movement of Spiritualism and leading thousands about thousands of their fellow Victorians to seek comfort and answers from their beloved dead.

Were they really in touch with spirits from the other side? Or were they master deceivers? Or something else? Listen to find out! Happy Halloween!

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Games and pastimes mostly don’t get a mention in the records that are more concerned with the death of kings and the collection of taxes. If we manage to know about an ancient or medieval game at all, we usually have no idea who played it, and certainly there is no logical reason to think that only one age or gender might enjoy a game. And yet at least in some times and places, gender associations spring up anyway. Today's episode is the history of girls playing with knucklebones, hopscotch, jump rope, footracing, twirling, dress up, play kitchens, needle crafts, and bicycles.

UPDATE: In this episode I mention that some websites attribute the invention of jumprope to Australian aborigines (which is exactly what I read on said websites), but I have since been informed that it would be better to refer to those people as Australian Aboriginal people or First Nations people. I have corrected it in the transcript, and my apologies for my previous ignorance!

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Of all the words I did not think I would have to define, doll probably tops the list. We all know what the quintessential girls’ toy is, right? Only it turns out we don't. Separating the dolls from the statues, idols, effigies, puppets, and fertility symbols is a complex (and possibly hopeless) task in the pre-modern world, but we give it a go in this episode with dolls from prehistoric times, plus Egypt, Greece, Rome, Japan, Peru, and that's all before we get to the mass-produced blockbuster dolls of Europe and the US in the 20th century, including the much beloved and much vilified Barbie herself.

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Historical mothers did not have a lot of pink and purple merchandise for their baby girls, but they did have words. Lullabies, nursery rhymes, and fairy tales are probably as old as humanity, but they mostly didn't get written down until the 17th to 19th century. This episode ranges from the one (and sadly only one) ancient Roman lullaby we know, to the origins of Little Miss Muffet and her Mother Goose compatriots, to the origins of Disney's favorite princesses like Snow White, Cinderella, and the princess and the frog. I talk about feminist criticism of all of that, but also why the feminist critiques may not be quite on point for what girls of the past actually heard.

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Childhood doesn't sound like it needs discovering, right? Surely everyone, up to and including a large number of animal species, are aware of children. But the historical record does not really agree with you on that. Ancient biographies tend to start at adulthood. Apparently nothing interesting happened before that, even to very interesting people. Historians have called the ages zero to seven "the silent years" because we have so little information. Today's episode is a look at how we got from there to the obsessively documented kids of today.

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In the days before ultrasounds, expectant mothers still wanted to know if they were having a boy or a girl, and experts from Aristotle to celibate male monks to midwives were eager to help them find out. Methods ranged from dubious to really, really dubious, but if you want to try any of them out, this episode will tell you the most common methods. Assuming you actually were born a girl, then your problem was survival in a world with not just high infant mortality, but adult-assisted infant mortality. Documenting female infanticide is tricky, but there is no doubt that it happened pretty much everywhere.

In other news, I have partnered with Evergreen Podcasts (https://evergreenpodcasts.com/). Please check out all their other shows.

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Today I have an episode by fellow Into History podcaster Rich Napolitano, of the Shipwrecks and Seadogs podcast. He looks at maritime history across the world and across the ages. Historically speaking, ships were often named as women, but they didn’t have a whole lot of women working on them. With some exceptions. There are a handful of known women mariners in history, and that is a potential future series topic for me. In this episode Rich interviews a woman who is currently working in the field, Captain Carolyn Kurtz, a maritime pilot in Florida.

See more of the Shipwrecks and Sea Dogs podcast on Rich's website (https://www.shipwrecksandseadogs.com/) and check out this specific episode for pictures of Captain Kurtz at work.

I am still on research break. Series 11 on the history of girlhood will start on September 21st.

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On the Wild West Extravaganza podcast, Josh tells the stories of the tumultuous American Old West, including characters like Billy the Kid, Jesse James, Wyatt Earp, and Wild Bill Hickok. But in this episode he tells us about the amazing Annie Oakley, a sharpshooter, an entertainer, and one tough lady.

I am still on research break. Series 11 on the history of girlhood will start on September 21st.

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Today's episode is by guest writer Kate Twitchell King, who researched Helen Keller, a deaf-blind American, born in 1880. There are many books, many films, and many TV shows about her, especially about her early childhood, but this is the story of what happened after her extraordinary breakthrough with her teacher Anne Sullivan.

I am still on research break (series 11 on the history of girlhood is coming soon).

Visit the ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠website⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ (herhalfofhistory.com) for sources, transcripts, and pictures.

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This episode is my 100th episode! As has been a theme during this research break, I have a special guest today, but this is my only nonhuman guest. No one seems 100% certain whether AI will usher us into a techno paradise or simply take over the world and eliminate us as superfluous. I decided to find out whether ChatGPT could write my podcast better than I can, so I asked it to write some episodes for me. I am pleased to report that I am not yet obsolete.  

But with a great deal of prodding, rewording of prompts, regenerating the answers, setting strict length requirements, and occasional editing by me, I did get ChatGPT to more or less write me a comedy retrospective of all ten series that currently exist on Her Half of History. You'll hear about Harriet Tubman in Shakespearean verse, Mr. Collins explain why we love Jane Austen, a blistering take on who is the best female painter of all time, and more.

Music Credits: 

• Original Recordings ("Go Down, Moses" and "Sumer Is Icumen In")
• Wikimedia Commons ("Skye Boat Song", "God Save the Queen", and "O Canada")
• Copyright Free Music on YouTube ("We Three Kings")
• Small incomplete clips of songs readily available on the Internet (theme from Pride and Prejudice (1995), theme from Mission Impossible, theme from Real Housewives of New York)
  • I believe these to fall under the category of fair use, but I will remove if asked.

Visit the website (herhalfofhistory.com) for sources, transcripts, and pictures.

Support the show on my Patreon page for bonus episodes, polls, and a general feeling of self-satisfaction.

Join Into History for a community of ad-free history podcasts plus bonus content.

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