During chaos, disasters and loss, it seems that you can look and always see a furry friend, there to help. Hero dogs like Frida, who rescued many after earthquakes, but also unofficial rescue dogs like Citla, who was known to help lost mountain climbers in Mexico. On today's episode, Carmen and Cristina tell each other about these historic and heroic puppers.

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources

https://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/citla-el-perro-de-nieve-que-salvo-a-montanistas-en-el-pico-de-orizaba.html
https://www.vallartadaily.com/citla-mountain-dog/
https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/mexicos-frida-beloved-rescue-dog-turned-national-icon-dies-2022-11-16/  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Puebla_earthquake#:~:text=The%20Mexico%20City%20campus%20of,Mexico%20earthquake%20rescue%20efforts%20continued.  https://www.npr.org/2022/11/20/1138051087/mexico-pays-tribute-to-frida-the-golden-labrador-who-saved-lives
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/frida-dog-mexico-frida-the-hero-rescue-dog-who-became-a-symbol-of-hope-after-deadly-mexico-earthquake-retires/ https://www.odditycentral.com/animals/hero-dog-leads-rescuers-to-84-year-old-owner-who-had-been-missing-for-a-week.html

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Gum or forms of gum have been used by people for the longest time, but the commercialization of gum is relatively new, in terms of history. In the Americas, indigenous peoples have been chewing gum for, well, forever. In the Yucatan region, their gum is chicle based and chicle is the milky latex of the sapodilla tree. These trees were abundant in southern Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. What does chicle have to do with former Mexican president Santa Anna?

On today's episode, Cristina tells Carmen about the history of gum and what it has to do with former Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ W

Sources

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna https://www.thoughtco.com/antonio-lopez-de-santa-anna-biography-2136663 https://www.npr.org/2009/07/12/106439600/chicle-a-chewy-story-of-the-americas
CHICLE: THE CHEWING GUM OF THE AMERICAS, FROM THE ANCIENT MAYA TO WILLIAM WRIGLEY BY JENNIFER P. MATHEWS 

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On March 25, 2022, until the 28th, 87 homicides took place in El Salvador. These 3 deadly days led President Nayib Bukele to enact a State of Exception. The state of exception is temporary, to address emergency situations, but Bukele has continuously extended the 30 day exception. As of today, 1/12/22, the state of exception is still in place. Thousands have been arrested and hundreds have reported abuses during the state of exception.

On today's episode, Carmen tells Cristina about the state of exception and shares stories of those that have been affected. This is part three of our 3 part topic discussing El Salvador.

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources -

https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2019/02/09/americas/el-salvador-president-bukele-profile-intl/index.html  https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/26/naybib-bukele-el-salvador-president-coolest-dictator
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/08/nayib-bukele-salvador-millenial-dictator-authoritarianism.html 
https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/el-salvador-bitcoin-law-volcano-bonds-nayib-bukele-1388472/ 
https://open.spotify.com/episode/4dj7fZ7p4g7N9a8IXlerz0?si=D4IABWPnTBuO2E9mfOGC0Q&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y https://open.spotify.com/episode/6f0wIZz54TJNgGDOkxkp0O?si=8MLMvvI4QJuE87DPEfV7oA&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y  https://youtu.be/2o5VApD_dKU
https://open.spotify.com/episode/0ysZMGaE78eJG59v9SxHcf?si=eAOGy5qaR1Wm_6BDkUCw6Q&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y  https://open.spotify.com/episode/6KFzaQEeGKtf9OhySU5McI?si=xYdDKIROTrODx_hTA-N84g&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y  https://journalofdemocracy.org/articles/latin-america-erupts-millennial-authoritarianism-in-el-salvador/ 

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A democratic two party government was put in place after the long Salvadoran civil war. These parties were the FMLN and ARENA, but throughout the years, both parties have seen a number of corruption scandals. From these scandals and mistrust, one politician was able to rise to power, but had his own share of corruption. This episode is part two of a series of episodes on El Salvador. Last episode, Cristina talked about El Mozote Massacre and the civil war, which ended in a discussion on the current president, Bukele and his part in ending the trial of el Mozote.

On this episode, Carmen shares the history of Bukele and what led him to gain power. In the final installment, next episode, Carmen will discuss Bukele's State of Exception

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ 

Sources -

https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2019/02/09/americas/el-salvador-president-bukele-profile-intl/index.html  https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/26/naybib-bukele-el-salvador-president-coolest-dictator
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/08/nayib-bukele-salvador-millenial-dictator-authoritarianism.html 
https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/el-salvador-bitcoin-law-volcano-bonds-nayib-bukele-1388472/ 
https://open.spotify.com/episode/4dj7fZ7p4g7N9a8IXlerz0?si=D4IABWPnTBuO2E9mfOGC0Q&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y https://open.spotify.com/episode/6f0wIZz54TJNgGDOkxkp0O?si=8MLMvvI4QJuE87DPEfV7oA&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y  https://youtu.be/2o5VApD_dKU
https://open.spotify.com/episode/0ysZMGaE78eJG59v9SxHcf?si=eAOGy5qaR1Wm_6BDkUCw6Q&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y  https://open.spotify.com/episode/6KFzaQEeGKtf9OhySU5McI?si=xYdDKIROTrODx_hTA-N84g&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y  https://journalofdemocracy.org/articles/latin-america-erupts-millennial-authoritarianism-in-el-salvador/ 

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On December 11, 1981, the US trained Atlácatl battalion descended on the village of el Mozote (and surrounding villages) and enacted one of the worst human rights violations in Latin America. They murdered women, children and village. After their attack was over, it is estimated that at least 1000 civilians were killed. Survivors of the attack are still trying to seek justice.

In this episode, Cristina tells Carmen about the Salvadoran civil war and the massacre of El Mozote. This episode discusses a massacre during the Salvadoran civil war, murder of children and rape are discussed, listen with care (or feel free to skip this episode if these are topics are triggering).

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected]

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ 

Sources:

http://www.lib.luc.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/show/ellacuria-tapes https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-cold-war.html#/ https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/05/13/us-role-el-mozote-massacre-still-echoes-immigration-today/
https://elfaro.net/es/201003/noticias/1416/How-we-killed-Archbishop-Romero.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War#Aims_of_the_junta's_violent_repression https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlacatl_Battalion https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/09/world/americas/09amaya.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8E-RJxjYMo https://www.dplf.org/en/resources/el-mozote-massacre-trial-decades-long-search-justice-el-salvador-continues https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/26/world/americas/el-salvador-el-mazote-massacre.html https://www.latinorebels.com/2018/09/06/daughterofelmozotesurvivor/ https://www.axios.com/el-mozote-salvador-massacre-40-years-22099231-a62f-45af-a53d-ddb639be60af.html https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Lai_massacre#:~:text=Victims%20included%20men%2C%20women%2C%20children,in%20C%20Company%2C%20was%20convicted.
Danner, M. (2005). The massacre at El Mozote: A parable of the Cold War. Granta Books.  https://www.propublica.org/article/survivors-and-families-of-victims-of-a-1981-el-salvador-massacre-see-justice-slip-away-again#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16707316579004&referrer=
https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&share=
https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propublica.org%2Farticle%2Fsurvivors-and-families-of-victims-of-a-1981-el-salvador-massacre-see-justice-slip-away-again https://elfaro.net/en/202104/el_salvador/25441/US-Government-Hid-Presence-of-US-Advisor-in-Mozote-Massacre-Expert-Says.htm
https://unfinishedsentences.org/el-faro-the-day-the-offended-of-el-mozote-silenced-the-military/ 

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A peaceful Palm Sunday parade turned deadly in Ponce, Puerto Rico in 1937. 21 Puerto Ricans were killed and more than 200 wounded, all at the hands of US funded Insular Police. In this episode, Cristina tells Carmen about this dark chapter of Puerto Rico history.

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources:

https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/ponce-massacre/
https://waragainstallpuertoricans.com/the-ponce-massacre/
Denis, N. A., & Denis, N. A. (2016). The Ponce Massacre. In War against all puerto ricans revolution and terror in America's colony. essay, Bold Type Books. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce_massacre 

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Thousands of Chilean Children were stolen from their mothers during the Pinochet regime. They were sent abroad, to adoptive parents, to countries like Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, France, Germany and the United States. These adoptive parents had no idea their children were placed under adoption through coercive methods. Carmen tells Cristina about the dark history and corruption behind international adoption in Chile during the Pinochet regime

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources:

https://people.com/human-interest/twins-stolen-at-birth-reunite-with-biological-mom-who-fought-to-find-them/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jan/26/chile-stolen-children-international-adoption-sweden https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/american-firefighter-learns-chiles-stolen-children/story?id=84012146#:~:text=In%201983%2C%20Hilda%20Quezada%20Godoy,by%20the%20government%20of%20Chile.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-48929112  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)#Human_rights_violations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-UyE4R64wU 

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El Cri-Cri is a fictional cricket created by Francisco Gabilondo Soler. El Cri-Cri is arguably the most famous Spanish singing character, at least for the generation of millennials and above. His more than 200 songs hold a special place in history, but his songs are not without controversy.

In today's episode, Cristina tells Carmen about the history, legacy and controversy behind El Cri-Cri

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ 

Sources:
https://remezcla.com/features/music/cri-cri-el-grilito-cantor-op-ed/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Gabilondo_Soler
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri-Cri_(character) 

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Prudencia Ayala was an indigenous woman, writer, social activist and in 1930, she dared to run for president, in a time when women couldn't even vote in El Salvador (or in all of Latin America). In today's episode, Cristina tells Carmen about an amazing woman who made history by daring to run.

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] use

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources:
https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/she-dared-to-run-the-unlikely-story-of-prudencia-ayala/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudencia_Ayala https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185743/http://www.eldiariony.com/especiales/90/detail.aspx?id=700214&SectionId=46 

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Latines had a huge role in WWII, from filling in work shortages to filling in ranks in the United States Armed forces. Many Mexican and Puerto Rican members of the military were sent to the Philippines or different Latin American countries. Puerto Rican soldiers that were sent to Panama, participated in mustard gas experiments. They, along with Black and Japanese-American soldiers, were sought out for these experiments due to their race.

In today's episode, Cristina tells Carmen about this dark chapter in WWII history.

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources:

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/03/534896928/for-veterans-mustard-gassed-in-secret-tests-help-now-sits-on-presidents-desk
https://www.npr.org/2015/06/23/416408655/the-vas-broken-promise-to-thousands-of-vets-exposed-to-mustard-gas
https://www.npr.org/2015/06/22/415194765/u-s-troops-tested-by-race-in-secret-world-war-ii-chemical-experiments
Smith, S. L. (2008). Mustard gas and American race-based human experimentation in World War II. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 36(3), 517+.
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A186516801/AONE?u=fvrl_main&sid=googleScholar&xid=c80913cf https://borinqueneers.com/en_US/soldier/ssg-gabriel-soto-rivera-ret 

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