If you’re a Mana fan, you’ve probably heard the Cuando Los Angeles Lloran song, which is about Chico Mendes, but maybe you’ve never learned about Chico’s story beyond Mana’s song. Chico was a rural workers’ rights activist and environmentalist who fought to protect and preserve the Amazon rainforest, and was unfortunately killed for his activism.

In this episode, Carmen tells Cristina about Chico Mendes.

If you have topic suggestions, feel free email [email protected] o

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Mendes 
https://sites.google.com/a/ocsdnj.org/cweaver/social-studies/amazon-land-use-conflict/rubber-tappers  https://www.rainforestfund.org/extractive-reserves-sustainable-harvesting-of-rainforest-resources/  https://archive.org/details/humanrightsessen00devi/page/202/mode/1up 

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By the mid 1800s, the population pf Puerto Rico increased to half a million. Despite the increasing population, literacy rates for all of Puerto Rico were about six percent. Only six percent of the population on the island could read and write. Celestina Cordero and her siblings, sought to change this in Puerto Rico and for their entire life, they fought for the education of all. The Cordero siblings were vital to Puerto Rico's education system.

In this episode, Cristina tells Carmen about Celestina Cordero, talks very briefly about Oscar Romero and brings a short El Salvador update. *Apologies for all the background noise*

If you have topic suggestions, feel free email [email protected]

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown


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Comandanta Ramona was born in 1959. She was a Tzotzil Mayan woman & a revolutionary Zapatista who championed indigenous women’s rights. In this episode, Carmen tells Cristina about Comandanta Ramona’s legacy and Cristina has a Bukele/El Salvador update. 

If you have topic suggestions, feel free email [email protected]

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ W

Sources

https://www.latinolife.co.uk/articles/latin-americas-most-influential-feminists  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comandanta_Ramona   
https://schoolsforchiapas.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Who-is-Comandanta-Ramona_.pdf  https://awomantoknow.substack.com/p/a-woman-to-know-comandanta-ramona  https://www.bitchmedia.org/post/adventures-in-feministory-comandante-ramona-zapatista  https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/glimpse-zapatista-movement-two-decades-later/  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_Accords

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Juana Ramirez was born in 1790, she was a soldier, a heroine of the Venezuelan war for independence and a formerly enslaved Afro-Venezuelan. She earned the name La Avanzadora (the Advancer), a title earned because she was the first to courageously advance during battle. On this episode, Cristina tells Carmen about Juana La Avanzadora and Carmen has a Bukele/El Salvador update

If you have topic suggestions, feel free email [email protected] or use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources

https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/juana-ramirez-1790-1856/
https://www.liberationschool.org/honoring-juana-ramirez-la-avanzadora/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Ram%C3%ADrez https://aaregistry.org/story/the-afro-venezuelan-community-a-story/

Bukele update sources:

https://elfaro.net/en/202302/opinion/26726/El-Salvador-Deals-Major-Blow-to-Nahuat--Language-Revitalization-Efforts.htm 
https://centralamericannews.substack.com/p/central-american-news-0b8  https://elfaro.net/en/202302/el_salvador/26739/El-Salvador-Government-Protection-of-MS-13-from-Extradition-Emerges-in-DOJ-Indictment.htm 

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Maria Remedios del Valle is an Afro-Argentine woman, born in 1766 in Buenos Aires and through her brave fighting in the war for independence, she earned the title of "Mother of the Homeland", la madre de la patria. She had to fight for her pension and thanks to the work of Black organizations in Argentina, she is celebrated yearly on November 8. In 2013, November 8th was declared the “Day of Afro-Argentines and Afro-Culture.”

In today's episode, Cristina tells Carmen about her story. 

If you have topic suggestions, feel free email [email protected]

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ 

Sources

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Remedios_del_Valle https://casadelaindependencia.cultura.gob.ar/noticia/maria-remedios-del-valle-la-capitana-de-la-patria/ Ball, E., Seijas, T., &; Snyder, T. (2020). 20 María Remedios del Valle, Nineteenth-Century Argentina. In As if she were free: A collective biography of women and emancipation in the Americas. essay, Cambrigde University Press.  

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In 1976, Azucena Villaflor's seemingly normal life, changed forever. Her son Nestor, and his girlfriend disappeared, during a time when many people were disappearing in Argentina. She looked for him and when she was ignored by local authorities, she and other mothers began gathering at the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires, all holding images of their missing loved ones and demanding answers. In December of 1977, the founder of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo, Azucena herself, disappeared.

TW for forced disappearances, state violence, murder and torture.

If you have topic suggestions, feel free email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ 

Sources

https://www.latinolife.co.uk/articles/top-10-latin-american-female-revolutionaries https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-24-fg-dirtywar24-story.html  https://www.chimuadventures.com/blog/2016/12/dirty-war-argentina/#:~:text=The%20disappeared%20children%20of%20the%20Dirty%20War&text=It%20is%20estimated%20that%20around,identities%2C%20or%20their%20real%20families.  https://open.spotify.com/episode/7Ch6q78my43stnIC8jBAkS?si=VOD9x4f4TCy8SzpqR1CNDw&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A0WXHcjuxPw7kmbmH2klfPY  https://open.spotify.com/episode/3GxFwuH2VdIibnFwEqieRM?si=RPPXtD20TSuP-wcEgg-41g&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A4C7xfgjjgRwg4gB42zehzu  https://open.spotify.com/episode/4k8n5tNbroNtQqzHDeCdWF?si=emM91eesRM6CJpOg7vt6Dw&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A2UrDPGhLf95TXal1Fs4zPs  https://www.britannica.com/event/Dirty-War 
Biografía de Azucena Villaflor: Creadora del movimiento Madres de Plaza de Mayo (Biblioteca 8 de marzo) (Spanish Edition) by Enrique Arrosagaray 

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One woman, one Black Mexican woman, made history singing Boleros and in Mexican music. She had a voice like no other. She was Toña la Negra.  She was a Black Mexican woman, of Haitian ancestry, performing, singing, dancing, in a culture that denied her existence. Mexico didn't count Afro-Mexicans in the census until 2010. She proudly sang of her culture.

In today's episdoe, Cristina tells Carmen about Toña la Negra's legacy.

If you participated in the 2006 student walkouts or La Gran Marcha, please email [email protected]

If you have topic suggestions, feel free email [email protected] o

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources

https://www.latinolife.co.uk/articles/we-love-tona-la-negra-1912-1982 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C3%B1a_la_Negra
https://youtu.be/qmtNPRxZyaU https://caravanzers.com/tona-la-negra/ https://foreverblackeffusion.wordpress.com/2014/12/04/tona-la-negra/ 

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The Young Lords started as a street gang in the Lincoln Park in Chicago, but not long after, they became a political organization, working with the Black Panthers and other groups in the Rainbow Coalition. They still fight today for neighborhood empowerment and self-determination for Puerto Rico, Latinos, and colonized people. Denise Oliver-Velez became an integral member in the Young Lords Organization during the 1970s and she went on to continue amazing work in human rights and education.

In today's episode, Cristina tells Carmen about the Young Lords, about Denise Oliver-Velez and at the end of the episode, Carmen brings a new segment, where she gives updates on the situation in El Salvador.

If you participated in the 2006 student walkouts or La Gran Marcha, please email [email protected]

If you have topic suggestions, feel free email [email protected]

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ 

Sources

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Oliver-Velez
Young Lords : A Reader edited by Derrick Enck-Wanzer, Irish Morales, Denise Oliver-Velez  https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/young-lords-organization https://darrylrobertson3491.medium.com/a-history-of-the-young-lords-revolution-part-one-bdafa45f3ffb
The Young Lords ft Denise Oliver-Velez - Bryan Knight YouTube video 
Johanna Fernandez Presents "the Young Lords: A Radical History" 
Take Over How We Occupied a Hospital and Changed Public Healthcare- Documentary  

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Usually when discussing the enslavement of Africans, the United States immediately comes to mind and many, don't even think about Latin America. The trafficking of enslaved Black people in Mexico was thriving, especially from 1509 to 1619. In that time period, at least 120,000 enslaved were trafficked to Mexico. Of course, as with all oppression, there were uprisings and revolts. One successful revolt was that of Gaspar Yanga, who escaped enslavement, into the mountains, of Veracruz.  He stayed there, welcoming other escaped formerly enslaved Africans and they formed Yanga. They called themselves Yanguicos.

On today's episode, Crisina tells Carmen about Gaspar Yanga and the Yanguicos.

If you have topic suggestions, feel free email [email protected] o

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources

https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/46/3/235/158429/Negro-Slave-Control-and-Resistance-in-Colonial
http://www.blackhistoryheroes.com/2011/05/gaspar-yanga-1570-african-slave-revolt.html?m=1 https://daily.jstor.org/mexicos-yanga-commenorates-founding/ 

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Despite numerous human rights violations, fraud, authoritarianism, and corruption, the Salvadoran President, Bukele, has immense support from Salvadorans, but even among intense oppression, there are also brave dissidents who oppose Bukele.

In the episode titled El Salvador: the History of Bukele, Carmen shared how Bukele rose to power and in the episode titled El Salvador: Bukele and the State of Exception, Carmen shared about the human rights violations and state violence that have occurred during the state of exception. Now, on today’s episode Carmen tells Cristina about protests and movements against Bukele.

If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email [email protected] 

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/

Sources

https://cispes.org/article/thousands-protest-independence-day-el-salvador?language=es  https://thehill.com/homenews/news/577129-thousands-protest-against-bukele-in-el-salvador-as-grievances-mount/ 
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/thousands-protest-against-bukele-government-in-el-salvador  https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/4/22/central-america-unrest-repression-grow-amid-coronavirus-crisis 
https://www.aa.com.tr/en/pg/photo-gallery/health-workers-protest-in-front-of-congress-in-el-salvador-and-ask-for-strict-quarantine 
https://peoplesdispatch.org/2020/05/15/massive-protests-in-el-salvador-against-president-nayib-bukele/ 
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/18/thousands-protest-in-el-salvador-against-bukele-government 

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