History As It Happens

Fifty Octobers ago, Arab oil producers agreed to an embargo against the United States and a handful of other countries, upending American politics and energy policy for years to come. The oil weapon was wielded to punish the U.S. for supporting Israel in the Yom Kippur War, which erupted on Oct. 6, 1973, and lasted for two and a half weeks. Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack in a bid to reclaim territory occupied by Israel since 1967. Today, with Israel at war again and the Palestinian problem still unresolved, would Saudi Arabia or any Arab state unsheath the oil weapon? In this episode, historian Victor McFarland, an expert on oil and U.S.-Middle East relations, contends it's unlikely. The world is a lot different than it was in 1973.

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Presidents like to take credit when the economy is booming or deflect blame when things turn sour. Despite plenty of positive economic news, polls show that President Biden's economic agenda -- and his repeated invocation of Bidenomics -- still aren't catching on with the American public, however. In this episode, Northwestern University economist Robert Gordon explains why ordinary Americans relate to Bidenomics differently than the White House does. Moreover, when it comes to the president's larger aim of ameliorating income inequality, Gordon contends that formidable, long-term structural changes in global capitalism and U.S. manufacturing stand in the way of creating a more even distribution of wealth. From 1870 to 1970, a slew of one-time innovations catalyzed economic growth. Since the 1970s, the decline of unions, increases in imports and immigration, poor educational outcomes at the bottom end of the economic spectrum, the effects of automation in destroying middle-income jobs, and the decline of purchasing power of the minimum wage have helped make income inequality worse.

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Today's war between Israel and Hamas has its origins in the unresolved problems caused by the events of 1948. The year that witnessed the creation of an independent Jewish state in the former British mandate of Palestine, is known by Palestinians as the nakba, or catastrophe. Internecine violence intensified in 1947 as the U.N. weighed partitioning Palestine into two independent states, one Jewish and one Arab. Then five neighboring Arab countries invaded the new state of Israel immediately after David Ben-Gurion declared independence on May 14, 1948. In all, approximately 750,000 Arabs fled or were driven from their homes by Jewish forces. Many fled to Gaza and were forbidden from returning to their homeland after the war, turning them into permanent refugees. In this episode, Middle East expert Ian Lustick of the University of Pennsylvania discusses the throughline from 1948 to 2023.

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Russian president Vladimir Putin's public remarks of late have taken on a darker tone. As he blasts the West for, in his view, trying to dominate Russia, Putin is also preparing the Russian people for a very long war of an existential nature. In this episode, historian Mark Galeotti, the host of "In Moscow's Shadows," says the idea of "forever war" is now part of Putin's creed. The countries supporting Ukraine, namely the United States, must understand that Putin is willing to persist in his effort to subjugate his neighbor for years. Has Putin always felt that he's at war with the West?

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The outbreak of war between Israel and Hamas shattered an illusion. The illusion was that better relations between Israel and its neighbors could be successfully pursued without resolving the Palestinian-Jewish conflict. This new war threatens to undo the recent reshaping of the political landscape in the Middle East. In this episode, Trita Parsi of the Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft breaks down the geopolitical complexities of a region where peace and stability, democracy and respect for human rights, have been rare.

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Who is Hamas? What are the origins of this Islamic movement that rules Gaza? What are its motivations and aims? The stunning terrorist attack by Hamas that killed more than 1,000 Israeli civilians has focused the world's attention on this sliver of land in the Middle East. A new war is underway, and as of the publication of this episode, more than 1,000 Palestinians have been killed in Israel's military retaliation. Entire Gaza neighborhoods have been flattened. In this episode, George Washington University political scientist Nathan Brown, an expert on the Middle East, traces Hamas' origins from the first intifada of 1987 through the failed Oslo peace process to today's crisis.

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The ouster of Rep. Kevin McCarthy, instigated by a coterie of far-right Republicans, has left the U.S. House leaderless. Although McCarthy's demise was unprecedented as the first Speaker to be removed during his term, it was not unexpected. Is his case another example of the turmoil afflicting American democracy, or is this simply the messy infighting of a political party in transition? In this episode, historian Jeremi Suri discusses the meaning of McCarthy's downfall at a time when few Americans trust that government institutions will act on their behalf.

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In most major works of history, the "intelligence dimension" has been badly lacking. Enter Calder Walton, a scholar at the Harvard Kennedy School and author of "Spies: The Epic Intelligence War Between East and West." The Cold War did not begin after 1945, Walton argues, but rather the Soviet Union had been at war with the West since its inception, waging an intelligence onslaught designed to steal government secrets and commercial and technological advancements. And the Cold War did not end with the USSR's disappearance. The Kremlin continued to attack its enemies in the West. In this episode, Walton discusses his riveting book and its relevance to the new U.S.-China conflict. For the past century, intelligence services authored stories of human drama more compelling than anything found in a spy novel, replete with assassinations, election meddling, and nuclear close-calls.

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When President Bill Clinton eulogized Richard Nixon in April 1994, he briefly referred to advice he had received from the former president just the month before. "Even in the final weeks of his life, he gave me his wise counsel, especially with regard to Russia," said Clinton at the 37th president's funeral. The advice on Russia came in the form of a memo, only recently released to the public thanks to the work of researcher Anthony Constantini. In March 1994, following a trip to Russia, Ukraine, Germany, and the United Kingdom, Nixon wrote a 7-page memo detailing the grave problems in Russia's experiment with liberal democracy and market economics. In this episode, Constantini, who is a regular contributor to The American Conservative, says the memo that he obtained from the Clinton presidential library shows that Richard Nixon understood what was at stake as Russia under Boris Yeltsin tried to transition to political and economic freedom. Nixon advised Clinton to fix the aid program to Moscow, and find alternatives to the frequently drunk and faltering Yeltsin. But, Constantini contends, most of Nixon's advice was ignored to the detriment of global history.

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If Europe's center of gravity is moving east, Poland is a rising military and economic force whose support for Ukraine, recent tensions with Kyiv notwithstanding, is indispensable to European security. Once destroyed and dominated by its neighbors, Poland harbors ambitions of being a European leader more than thirty years after throwing off the yoke of Soviet communism. In this episode, The Washington Times national security reporter Guy Taylor discusses his recent trip to Poland, a nation no longer on the periphery of European politics or economics. Taylor visited during the heat of an intense campaign season, as parliamentary elections are scheduled for Oct. 15. Poland's people and culture have long histories and unique traditions, but it's the nationalism of the post-1989 period that is evident in Poland's new self-confidence as a nation-state.

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