Before they were allies in World War II, Germany and Japan were enemies.

In the opening months of World War I, Japan entered the war not as a future Axis partner, but as an ally of Britain—and swiftly turned its attention toward German colonial possessions in the Pacific and China. What followed was a brief but consequential conflict that saw Japan seize German territory, expand its regional influence, and lay the groundwork for tensions that would echo through the 20th century.

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During the darkest years of the Great Depression, Americans didn't just lose jobs, homes, and savings—they lost faith in the systems meant to protect them. Out of that desperation emerged a strange and deeply revealing phenomenon: penny auctions.

On courthouse steps and dusty town squares, neighbors gathered as foreclosed farms, homes, and equipment were auctioned off—often for just a few cents. But these weren't ordinary sales. Communities quietly conspired to sabotage the auctions themselves, intimidating outside bidders and ensuring property could be returned to its original owners for pennies on the dollar.

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In the chaos left behind by the fall of Rome, Europe fractured into violence, petty kingdoms, and fading memory. Then one man began stitching it back together by force, faith, and fire.

Known to history as Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, he forged an empire stretching from the Pyrenees to the Danube, reshaping Europe more profoundly than any ruler since antiquity. Crowned Emperor by the Pope on Christmas Day in the year 800, Charlemagne fused Roman authority, Germanic warfare, and Christian legitimacy into a new political order—one whose echoes still shape Europe today.

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In 1969, amid urban inequality, educational gaps, and a rapidly changing America, a revolutionary idea took shape: what if television could teach—and teach every child, regardless of background?

The result was Sesame Street—a bold experiment that blended entertainment with rigorous educational research, puppets with purpose, and joy with social responsibility. From Big Bird and Cookie Monster to lessons on letters, numbers, empathy, and loss, the show didn't just entertain generations of children—it reshaped childhood itself.

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In 1908, Dudley Allen Sargent, a professor at Harvard University, shocked the nation by announcing he had scientifically identified the "perfect woman."

Her name was Annette Kellerman — a fearless swimmer, vaudeville star, early film actress, and social rebel who once caused scandal simply by wearing a one-piece swimsuit.

This episode explores the bizarre collision of early science, beauty standards, and celebrity culture — and how a woman who broke every rule became the symbol of physical perfection.

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n this episode of History Shorts, we explore how an unlikely bequest sparked the creation of America's great national museums, the struggles to bring them to life, and how the Smithsonian grew into a global center for science, culture, and preservation. From dinosaur bones to space capsules, presidential relics to priceless art, the Smithsonian became the keeper of the nation's memory — and a window into humanity's past.

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In this Conversation Series episode of History Shorts, Peter sits down with the undisputed master of alternative history, Harry Turtledove, to explore how a single changed moment in the past can reshape the entire course of human history.

From Civil War battlefields altered by future technology to alien invasions colliding with World War II in his sweeping Worldwar, Turtledove has spent decades asking one powerful question: what if? In this wide-ranging conversation, he reveals how real historical research underpins even his wildest scenarios, why turning points matter more than famous figures, and how alternate history helps us better understand the world we actually live in.

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In 1789, one of the most famous rebellions in maritime history exploded aboard the British ship HMS Bounty.

After months at sea under the harsh command of Captain William Bligh, a group of sailors led by Fletcher Christian seized control of the ship in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Bligh and his loyal men were cast adrift in a small open boat — a death sentence that somehow turned into one of the greatest survival voyages in history.

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In the summer of 1916, along a quiet stretch of countryside in northern France, one of the deadliest battles in human history erupted — and forever changed the nature of warfare.

In this episode of History Shorts, we dive into the Battle of the Somme, a brutal World War I offensive meant to break the stalemate of trench warfare.

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In the ancient Greek imagination, there existed a society unlike any other — a nation of fierce, independent women who lived by the sword, rode into battle on horseback, and struck fear into the hearts of even the greatest heroes of myth.

In this episode of History Shorts, we explore the legend of the Amazons — warrior women said to live beyond the edges of the known world. From their epic clashes with Hercules and Theseus to their role in the Trojan War, the Amazons stood as both rivals and reflections of Greek society's deepest fears and fascinations.

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