Consumer goods as well as fuel and cocoa are all crossing Ghana’s northern border illegally, and in large volumes.

It's costing the government billions of dollars in lost revenues.

Ed Butler looks at perhaps the biggest illegal trade - gold - Ghana’s number one cash export.

But even as the informal economy, unmonitored and untaxed, continues to grow, some are asking: isn’t there also a specific economic solution to the problem?

In the second of two programmes, based at the northern Ghanaian border with Burkina Faso, he finds out what some are suggesting could be done to change the criminals’ incentives.

Produced and presented by Ed Butler

(Image: Illegal gold mining in northern Ghana)