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The Invictus curriculum continues to expand with new lectures, emphasized content, transcripts, and multiple-choice questions, with Matt Delaney now helping with development. We explore pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium through a simple balloon analogy: two lungs squishing around the heart where air can leak into potential spaces, sometimes tracking into the neck or even dissecting into the pericardium.

• Invictus curriculum growing with new features and comprehensive content for residents
• Continuous board review is valuable throughout a medical career
• Pneumomediastinum occurs when air leaks into the mediastinum from lungs, esophagus, or trachea
• Air can track into subcutaneous tissues or dissect into the pericardium
• Most pneumomediastinum cases need no treatment and resolve spontaneously
• Tension pneumomediastinum or pneumopericardium may require intervention
• Pneumopericardium can cause tamponade requiring drainage
• Chris Riley demonstrates varying examples of pneumomediastinum on chest x-rays

Check out the full radiology x-ray fundamentals series on EM:RAP for more examples.

Link to YouTube Video

We explore the essential techniques for accurately interpreting elbow X-rays, focusing on key lines, fat pad signs, and common fracture patterns that help reveal hidden injuries.

• Standard elbow series includes AP, lateral, and oblique views, with the lateral being the most critical "money shot"
• Two essential lines to draw: anterior humeral line (should pass through middle third of capitellum) and radiocapitellar line (should bisect the capitellum)
• Fat pad signs are crucial indicators – posterior fat pads are NEVER normal and always indicate pathology
• Pediatric injuries typically involve supracondylar fractures (60% of all pediatric elbow fractures)
• Adult injuries commonly involve radial head fractures, with 20-40% showing only fat pad signs initially
• Always check and document neurovascular status before and after any intervention
• Displaced or comminuted fractures require urgent orthopedic consultation
• Simple non-displaced fractures can be splinted with outpatient orthopedic follow-up

Check out the complete lecture and more educational content coming soon to the Invictus Board Review site.

Link to Scott Course: https://guidewirecoaching.com/unburnable/

Scott Weingart discusses his journey into physician executive coaching, focusing on helping emergency medicine physicians overcome burnout through mindset shifts and practical skills development. 

• Burnout often stems from inner voice negativity that physicians mistake as their core identity
• Cognitive distancing teaches docs to separate unhelpful thoughts from themselves
• Stoic philosophy helps physicians accept unchangeable situations while finding meaningful challenges
• Communication techniques like nonviolent communication transform difficult consultant interactions
• "Fundies" (fundamentals) include maintaining basic physical needs during shifts
• Optimal pace is sustainable rather than superhuman, like a marathoner not a sprinter
• Sleep optimization requires avoiding alcohol after 5 pm and limiting caffeine
• Lifelong mastery and continued learning provide meaning and purpose
• Group coaching costs around $3000 for 12 sessions over 24 weeks
• Meditation practice is "the game changer" for emergency medicine physicians

The work matters and we need to help people stay in the game. If we can't fix the system yet, we need to focus on how to maintain ourselves within it.

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We explore the clinical management of foodborne and waterborne illnesses, focusing on key differences between viral and bacterial causes that determine treatment approaches. Understanding when to use supportive care versus antimicrobial therapy helps clinicians provide appropriate management for this common presentation.

• The vast majority of diarrheal illnesses are viral, self-limited, and need no testing or treatment beyond oral rehydration
• Oral rehydration solutions are preferred over sports drinks, which can worsen diarrhea unless diluted
• Homemade solution can be made with half teaspoon salt, six teaspoons sugar, and one liter of water
• Anti-motility agents like loperamide should be avoided in children under two and patients with bloody diarrhea
• Bloody diarrhea with fever (dysentery syndrome) typically indicates bacterial causes like Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli O157:H7, or Campylobacter
• Azithromycin is now preferred over fluoroquinolones for treating bacterial diarrhea due to less resistance
• Antimicrobials should be avoided in children with suspected E. coli O157:H7 due to risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome

Watch for more detailed content on managing diarrheal illnesses in high-risk groups coming soon to the pit.

Links:

YouTube Version

Dirty White Coat

The Pitt

Necrotizing soft tissue infections demand immediate recognition and aggressive treatment to prevent devastating outcomes and death. Dr. Mellick reviews critical diagnostic features, treatment protocols, and exam-relevant information about these life-threatening conditions through a series of board-style questions.

• Necrotizing infections in IV drug users present with severe pain, woody edema, and require immediate surgical exploration
• Hemorrhagic bullae and crepitus are "hard findings" strongly suggesting necrotizing fasciitis
• Clindamycin plus broad spectrum antibiotics are essential to reduce toxin production and address polymicrobial nature
• CT scan offers the best combination of sensitivity and availability for diagnosing necrotizing infections
• Specific pathogens like Vibrio vulnificus should be considered in patients with exposure to coastal waters
• Risk factors include immunocompromise, diabetes, cirrhosis, and injection drug use
• Early surgical consultation and intervention are more important than waiting for imaging results

If you're triggered or experiencing PTSD from medical content, please seek help - modern therapies including ketamine can be effective treatment options.

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We share exciting updates from our clinical experiences in Kenya and celebrate the authentic portrayal of emergency medicine in the television show "The Pit," which features emergency physician Joe Sachs as a key writer and producer.

• Emergency medicine residency match rates have recovered to 97.9%, approaching the traditional 98-99% fill rate after dropping to 80% during COVID
• A case study from Kenya featuring a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome following measles demonstrates the challenges of global medicine
• IVIG therapy indications include Guillain-Barré syndrome, ITP, Kawasaki disease, optic neuritis, and some cases of necrotizing fasciitis
• Cost barriers in resource-limited settings often necessitate alternative treatment approaches - the IVIG for this one patient would have cost the equivalent of 1,000 inpatient days
• Upcoming Invictus study resources include comprehensive text materials, AI-powered search capability, and thousands of QBank questions
• New preparation tools for the revised oral board examination format are being developed to address candidate anxiety

Email us with topics you'd like us to cover in upcoming episodes as we move beyond recent discussions of rashes, chickenpox, and measles.

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Measles and chickenpox are often confused despite having significant differences in symptoms, severity, and treatment options. We break down the key distinctions between these two infectious diseases, highlighting why measles is significantly more dangerous and why vaccination remains critical for public health.

• Measles starts on head and neck, spreads downward through the body
• Measles is highly contagious with an R0 of 18, spreading through respiratory droplets
• Patients are infectious for four days before and after rash appears
• Serious complications include pneumonia, encephalitis, and potentially fatal SSPE years later
• No specific treatment exists for measles beyond supportive care
• Chickenpox presents as vesicular lesions, commonly on face, chest and back
• Chickenpox is less severe with lower mortality rates than measles
• Antiviral treatments like acyclovir are effective for high-risk chickenpox patients
• Herpesvirus nature of chickenpox means it can reactivate later as shingles (zoster)
• Vaccination has reduced global measles deaths from millions to about 100,000 annually
• Current Texas outbreak has already caused two deaths among unvaccinated individuals

Vaccination saves lives. The diseases we prevent are far worse than unfounded concerns about vaccine safety.

Quick note on a travel pause then we will be back at it!

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Pediatric emergency medicine is highlighted through a detailed discussion on torus fractures, their management, and the implications for treatment approaches. Ilene Claudius provides valuable insights into pediatric care, emphasizing the importance of community feedback and ongoing education for healthcare professionals.

• Ilene Claudius is our expert 
• Overview of torus fractures and typical causes related to childhood injuries 
• New evidence on treating torus fractures with minimal intervention 
• The role of removable splints in pediatric fracture management 
• Feedback from listeners shapes future podcast content 
• Discussion of a potential subscription-based educational model 
• Exciting future projects and upcoming announcements in pediatric care

Mel presents a case of weakness. Don't read on or you will get the spoiler.

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Eaton-Lambert syndrome presents a unique clinical challenge, especially when linked to underlying malignancies. In this episode, we delve into the connections between muscle weakness, potential cancer diagnoses, and the importance of early recognition in enhancing patient care. 
• Case study of a 60-year-old man with muscle weakness highlights critical symptoms 
• Discussion of differential diagnosis for bulbar muscle weakness 
• Detailed explanation of Eaton-Lambert syndrome and its association with small cell carcinoma 
• Examination of pathophysiology involving autoimmune responses 
• Overview of treatment options focused on addressing underlying conditions 
• Historical context provided about the original researchers, Eaton and Lambert 
• Promotion of "The Pit" show highlighting authentic emergency medicine scenarios