The Innovators Studio with Phil McKinney

The most innovative creators don't use AI as a replacement – they use it as a strategic partner in a carefully choreographed dance of human and machine intelligence.

Welcome to Part 4 of our series, Creative Thinking in the AI Age – on strengthening your uniquely human creativity while using AI as a partner, not a replacement.

In Part 1, we explored the alarming decline in creative thinking as we've grown dependent on AI. In Part 2, we discovered how neuroplasticity allows us to rebuild and enhance our creative capabilities. And in Part 3, I gave you a practical 10-minute daily workout to strengthen the neural pathways essential for innovative thinking.

Today, we're bringing it all together with something immediately actionable: a framework for creating productive partnerships with AI that enhance rather than diminish your creative capabilities.

This isn't about rejecting AI – it's about using it strategically to amplify your uniquely human abilities. When used properly, AI can handle routine cognitive tasks while freeing your mind for the breakthrough thinking that algorithms simply cannot replicate.

Let me start by clarifying the fundamental difference between human and machine intelligence that drives this partnership:

Convergent thinking is the process of analyzing existing data to find optimal solutions within defined parameters. This is what AI excels at – processing vast amounts of information to identify patterns and generate options based on probability distributions of what has worked before.

Divergent thinking is the ability to generate novel ideas by making unexpected connections, breaking conventional patterns, and imagining what doesn't yet exist. This is where humans uniquely excel – our capacity for intuitive leaps, metaphorical thinking, and insight that transcends existing data.

The most powerful creative partnerships leverage both: AI's computational strength and the human capacity for originality. Let me demonstrate with a simple example.

If I asked an AI to design a chair, it would analyze thousands of existing chair designs and generate variations based on established patterns. The results would be functional but predictable.

But what if I first engaged in divergent thinking by questioning the very concept of sitting? What if I reimagined a chair as something that supports the body in motion rather than at rest? This human insight – this conceptual leap – changes everything about how we might approach the design.

Now when I engage AI, I'm not asking it to "design a chair" but to help explore a completely new approach to supporting the human body. The AI becomes a tool for expanding and refining my original insight rather than a replacement for it.

This is the heart of creative partnership: human divergent thinking provides the spark of originality, while AI convergent thinking helps develop and refine that spark into something practical.

Before we dive into our five-step framework, let's talk about what makes an effective AI prompt for creative work. The way you communicate with AI dramatically impacts the quality and originality of what you receive in return.

Throughout this episode, I've included actual prompts formatted in code blocks that you can copy, edit, and paste directly into your favorite AI tool – whether that's ChatGPT, Claude, or others. These aren't theoretical; they're battle-tested approaches I've used with innovation teams.

The most powerful creative prompts share three key characteristics:

1. They express curiosity rather than certainty – Phrases like "I'm exploring," "I'm curious about," or "Help me understand" signal to the AI that you're in an exploratory mode rather than seeking definitive answers. This subtle shift encourages broader, more nuanced responses.
2. They use specific framing devices – Notice how our example prompts use structures like "What aspects are overlooked?" or "What contradictions exist?" These frames direct the AI's analytical power toward particular angles of exploration. The formula prompts I've shared provide ready-to-use framing devices for different situations.
3. They maintain creative tension – Effective prompts don't ask for immediate solutions but instead create a productive tension by examining contradictions, assumptions, or overlooked aspects. This tension generates the creative friction from which original insights emerge.

When using the example prompts throughout this episode, customize them to your specific challenge, but maintain these structural elements that encourage exploration rather than premature convergence. The goal is to shape AI responses that serve as thought-provoking material for your own creative thinking, not as final answers.

Here's a quick formula for effective prompts:

• "What aspects of [problem] are most overlooked?"
• "What contradictions exist in how people approach [challenge]?"
• "What assumptions might be limiting how we think about [issue]?"
• "What perspectives on [problem] have we never considered?"
• "What patterns in [issue] are repeating historically?"
• "What barriers prevent solving [challenge] with existing solutions?"

Now, let's explore our five-step framework for forming creative partnerships with AI that enhance rather than diminish your creative capabilities.

The most common mistake I see is turning to AI too early in the creative process. This typically happens because facing a blank page is uncomfortable – we're seeking the path of least resistance.

But this short-circuits your brain's ability to make original connections. Instead, I recommend priming your brain before engaging any AI tools.

Here's how:

1. Begin with a 5-minute session from our creative workout (Episode 3). The Perspective Shifting or Random Word Fusion exercises are particularly effective for this purpose.
2. After your brief workout, spend 10 minutes in open ideation on your challenge. Use a piece of paper – not a digital device – and rapidly jot down any ideas that come to mind without judging them.
3. Look for unexpected combinations or patterns in your ideas. Circle anything that feels surprising or that challenges conventional thinking.

This priming step activates your associative thinking networks – the neural pathways that connect seemingly unrelated concepts. When you later engage AI, you'll do so with your creative faculties already warmed up and ready to evaluate AI outputs critically.

How you engage with AI fundamentally shapes what you get from it. The key is to position AI as a thought partner exploring a problem space rather than a solution generator.

Instead of asking: "Generate ideas for a new water bottle design"

Try: "What are the unsolved problems in how people stay hydrated throughout the day?"

The first prompt tells AI to generate variations on a water bottle – convergent thinking within established parameters. The second prompt opens a problem space that invites exploration of the underlying challenge.

Similarly, rather than asking AI to "write a marketing campaign," ask it to "identify emotional tensions between consumers and existing products in this category."

This framing preserves your role in the most crucial part of creativity – defining the right problem. It positions AI as an explorer rather than a solver, helping you see facets of the challenge you might otherwise miss.

Example Problem-Framing Prompts:

Example 1:

Example 2:

While AI excels at convergent thinking, we can strategically use it to accelerate certain aspects of divergent thinking as well. The key is to use AI to generate raw material that you then transform through your human creativity.

Here's the technique:

1. After your initial ideation, identify 2-3 promising directions that feel original.
2. For each direction, use AI to generate adjacent possibilities: "What related ideas exist in [completely different field]?"
3. Use these outputs not as solutions but as stimuli for your own associative thinking. The goal is to use AI outputs as creative springboards.

For example, if you're designing a new learning app, you might ask AI: "How do master chefs structure the process of teaching complex skills?" or "What principles do video game designers use to maintain engagement during difficult challenges?"

The AI responses become raw material for your own divergent thinking process. You aren't adopting the AI's suggestions directly – you're using them to trigger new neural connections in your own thinking.

This approach leverages AI's knowledge breadth while preserving your uniquely human ability to make unexpected connections across domains.

Example Divergence Acceleration Prompts:

Example 1:

1. How do elite athletic coaches create lasting habit changes in their athletes?
2. How do environmental conservation programs successfully change community behaviors?
3. How do immersive theater experiences create memorable emotional impacts?

Example 2:

1. Theme park queue design
2. Airport VIP lounges
3. Mindfulness retreat check-in processes
4. Fine dining restaurant pacing and atmosphere

Once you've generated truly original directions through divergent thinking, AI becomes extraordinarily valuable for convergent activities – developing, refining, and optimizing your creative insights.

This is where many people go wrong – they either overuse AI (surrendering the creative process entirely) or underuse it (ignoring its analytical strengths).

Here are specific convergent tasks ideally suited for AI delegation:

1. Detail expansion – Once you have a core concept, ask AI to help flesh out the details, specifications, or implementation steps.
2. Pattern recognition – Have AI identify similarities between your idea and existing approaches to uncover potential refinements.
3. Gap analysis – Ask AI to identify potential weaknesses or unanswered questions in your concept.
4. Variation generation – Once you have an original direction, AI can help you explore variations within that direction.

The key principle: Use AI for expansion and refinement of ideas that originated from your divergent thinking, not as the source of the original insight itself.

For example, if you've conceptualized a novel approach to remote team collaboration, you might ask AI to:

• Identify potential implementation challenges
• Suggest how the concept might be adapted for different industries
• Compare your approach to existing solutions to identify differentiation opportunities

This leverages AI's analytical power while preserving your role in the creative breakthrough.

Example Convergence Delegation Prompts:

Example 1:

1. Identifying potential technical, regulatory, and user adoption challenges
2. Suggesting the minimum viable features needed for an initial pilot
3. Outlining how this approach differs from existing energy-sharing models
4. Recommending how the concept might need to adapt for different housing environments (urban apartments vs. suburban homes vs. rural communities)

Example 2:

1. Creating a detailed implementation framework with clear steps
2. Identifying potential resistance points and how to address them
3. Suggesting metrics to measure effectiveness
4. Recommending variations for different organizational contexts (startups vs. large enterprises)
5. Outlining technology requirements to support the program

The final step is perhaps the most important: consciously maintaining your creative authority throughout the process.

AI tools are designed to be persuasive – they present information confidently and comprehensively. This creates what psychologists call the "authority bias" – our tendency to accept information from perceived authorities without sufficient scrutiny.

To maintain creative authority:

1. Question AI outputs – Actively look for assumptions or limitations in what the AI generates.
2. Inject constraints – Deliberately introduce constraints that force original thinking: "How would this work without internet connectivity?" or "How would this change if it needed to be completely sustainable?"
3. Transform, don't transfer – Always transform AI outputs through your unique perspective rather than directly transferring them into your work.
4. Take incubation breaks – After receiving AI outputs, step away to allow your subconscious mind to process. Research shows that creative insights often emerge during periods of mental rest after information intake.

Remember, the goal isn't to reject AI's contributions but to engage with them critically and creatively. Your unique human perspective – your lived experience, intuition, and values – should always remain the guiding force.

Example Creative Authority Prompts:

Example 1:

1. Identify three assumptions embedded in the approach we've been discussing
2. Suggest how the concept would need to change if it had to work without [key resource or technology]
3. Describe how this idea might be received by someone from a completely different cultural background than my own
4. Identify ethical considerations I may not have considered

Example 2:

1. For each idea, identify the historical precedent or existing model it most closely resembles
2. Point out which suggestions fall into conventional thinking patterns
3. Identify any suggestions that might unintentionally reinforce problematic systems or assumptions
4. Challenge me with three questions that might completely reframe how I'm approaching this challenge

Let me share how this framework transformed the product development process at a consumer electronics company I worked with recently.

Their team had been using AI tools extensively, but primarily as idea generators – essentially asking the AI to design new products directly. The results were predictably mediocre – variations on existing products with marginal improvements.

We implemented the five-step framework, beginning with creative priming exercises before any AI engagement. Then, instead of asking the AI to generate product concepts, we asked it to explore unresolved tensions in how people interact with technology in their homes.

This exploration revealed something fascinating – people were increasingly concerned about technology fragmenting family attention rather than enhancing connection. This human-centered insight came not from the AI directly, but from the team's analysis of the problem space with AI assistance.

This led to a breakthrough concept: a family gaming system designed specifically for collaborative rather than competitive or individual play, with features that actively encouraged rich social interaction rather than isolated immersion.

Once this novel direction was established through human divergent thinking, the team then used AI extensively for convergent tasks – researching existing collaborative technologies, identifying potential technical challenges, and developing implementation variations.

The result was a genuinely innovative product that addressed deeply human needs in ways that AI alone could never have conceptualized. The product has since become one of their most successful launches, precisely because it originated from human insight about social connection rather than algorithmic prediction.

We've now completed our five-step framework for creative partnerships with AI: prime your brain first, frame challenges not solutions, use AI for divergence acceleration, delegate convergence, and maintain creative authority.

Each step is designed to leverage both human and machine intelligence in their respective domains of strength – your divergent thinking and AI's convergent capabilities.

This approach represents a middle path between two extremes. On one side is complete AI dependency – surrendering our creative faculties to algorithms and experiencing the cognitive atrophy we discussed in earlier episodes. On the other side is AI rejection – ignoring powerful tools that could genuinely enhance our creative capabilities when used properly.

The creative partnership I've outlined offers something better: a complementary relationship that amplifies your uniquely human creativity while leveraging AI's computational power.

Remember the key principles we've explored throughout this series:

1. Your creative thinking abilities physically exist as neural networks in your brain
2. These networks strengthen or weaken based on how you use them
3. Deliberate practice rebuilds these networks even if they've weakened through AI dependency
4. The most innovative thinking emerges from partnerships that preserve human divergent thinking while leveraging AI convergent capabilities

As we move deeper into the AI age, the ability to form these productive partnerships will increasingly distinguish those who merely execute from those who truly innovate. By understanding the complementary relationship between human and machine intelligence, you can develop creativity that no algorithm can replicate.

Join me next time for "Measuring Creative Growth: Tracking Your Progress and Amplifying Results." We'll explore how to assess your creative development and build systems that continuously enhance your innovative thinking.

Until then, I'm Phil McKinney, and remember – in an age of artificial intelligence, the most valuable thinking happens at the intersection of human insight and computational power. That intersection exists in only one place: your creatively engaged mind.

Your support means everything to this channel. And if you're passionate about creativity and innovation, consider becoming a patron on Patreon or a paid subscriber on Substack.

Your support helps make this content possible.

To learn more about harnessing AI, listen to this week's show: Human-AI Creative Partnership: How to Harness AI While Preserving Your Innovative Edge.

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Humans who committed to four thinking exercises for 10 minutes daily generated 43% more original solutions than the most advanced AI systems.

Welcome to Part 3 of our series, Creative Thinking in the AI Age – on strengthening your uniquely human creativity while using AI as a partner, not a replacement.

In Part 1, we explored the concerning 30% decline in creative thinking as our use of AI tools has increased. In Part 2, we discovered how neuroplasticity – your brain's lifelong ability to reorganize itself – offers us a pathway to not just recover but enhance our creative abilities.

Today, I'm giving you something concrete and practical: a complete 10-minute creative thinking workout based on cutting-edge neuroplasticity research. This isn't just theory – it's a systematic approach to rebuilding the neural pathways essential for innovative thinking.

What makes today's episode especially valuable is that these exercises directly target the four core domains of creative thinking we identified last time:

These aren't just abstract concepts – they're distinct neural networks in your brain that physically strengthen or weaken based on how you use them. Neuroscience has clearly mapped these networks using fMRI studies. When we frequently outsource creative challenges to AI, these networks get less exercise and gradually atrophy. This atrophy directly affects not just our individual capabilities but our collective ability to solve complex problems as a society.

Think of these four domains as the core muscle groups of creative thinking. Just as a neglected muscle weakens over time, these neural networks diminish when underutilized. And just as physical weakness limits our bodily capabilities, creative atrophy limits our problem-solving potential, career advancement, and ability to address society's most pressing challenges.

The research I shared last time showed that consistent practice leads to measurable changes:

This gives us a clear roadmap for strengthening our creative capacities: commit to eight weeks of practice, with meaningful milestones along the way.

Before we dive in, I want to emphasize something important: consistency matters more than duration. Research shows that 10 minutes daily produces significantly better results than 70 minutes once a week. This aligns with what neuroscientists call “spaced practice” – shorter, regular sessions that allow your brain to consolidate learning between sessions.

Also, approach these exercises with playfulness rather than pressure. Neuroplasticity research shows that stress inhibits the very neural changes we're trying to promote, while curiosity and enjoyment accelerate them.

Ready to begin? Let's start with our first exercise.

Our first exercise targets Cognitive Flexibility – your ability to switch between different thinking modes and see situations from multiple perspectives.

This exercise activates your prefrontal cortex – the brain region responsible for cognitive flexibility. This region weakens with routine AI assistance, as algorithms typically present optimized single perspectives rather than multiple viewpoints.

Here's how the exercise works:

The key is to shift rapidly between perspectives rather than dwelling on any single viewpoint. Each shift creates new neural firing patterns that strengthen cognitive flexibility.

Let me show you some examples with this coffee mug:

Now it's your turn. Find an object near you, pause the video, and spend 2 minutes shifting through different perspectives.

When you're done, take a deep breath. You've just activated neural pathways associated with cognitive flexibility.

What you'll notice with consistent practice is that this ability to shift perspectives begins extending to all areas of your thinking – helping you see multiple angles in business challenges, personal relationships, and creative projects.

Our second exercise targets Associative Thinking – your ability to connect seemingly unrelated concepts to form novel ideas.

This practice activates your brain's default mode network. This network gets less exercise when we regularly use AI for creative solutions, but rebuilds with exercises that create unexpected connections.

Here's the exercise:

Let me demonstrate with my three random words: “mountain,” “keyboard,” and “breakfast.”

I might create a concept for: “Summit Typing Café” – a mountain-top co-working space that offers spectacular views and serves breakfast all day. Digital nomads can work at ergonomic keyboard stations while enjoying high-altitude inspiration and nourishing food.

Or perhaps: A new productivity app called “Peak Breakfast” that uses keyboard shortcuts to help you plan your most important tasks during your morning meal – the idea being that like reaching a mountain summit, completing your most challenging task first thing gives you perspective for the rest of your day.

Now try it yourself. Generate three random words, pause the video, and spend 2 minutes creating a concept that combines them.

The magic of this exercise is that it forces your brain to create connections where none previously existed. Each time you practice, you're physically strengthening the neural pathways involved in associative thinking.

With regular practice, you'll notice your ability to connect disparate ideas improving in all areas of your life – leading to more original solutions and creative insights.

Our third exercise targets Divergent Thinking – your ability to generate multiple solutions to an open-ended problem.

This exercise stimulates your frontal and temporal lobes. These brain regions show increased connectivity after divergent thinking practice but get less activation when we habitually ask AI to generate ideas.

Here's how it works:

Let me demonstrate with a simple rubber band:

Now it's your turn. Choose an object, pause the video, and list as many uses as you can in 2 minutes.

The first few uses typically come from memory – things you've seen before. As you push beyond those obvious answers, different neural pathways activate.

Research shows that the most creative ideas emerge after the obvious ones are exhausted. By generating many options, you train your brain to access deeper, more original ideas more readily.

With consistent practice, you'll notice yourself spontaneously generating more options in everyday situations – whether designing products, solving problems, or making decisions.

Our final exercise targets Constraint Breaking – your ability to identify and overcome hidden assumptions limiting your thinking.

This exercise activates your anterior cingulate cortex – the brain region that detects cognitive conflicts. This area receives less stimulation when we frequently use AI systems that operate within established parameters rather than questioning basic assumptions.

Here's the exercise:

Let me demonstrate with a common product: a refrigerator.

Assumptions about refrigerators:

Now, let's reverse these:

Your turn now. Choose a product or service, pause the video, and spend 2 minutes listing and challenging its assumptions.

This exercise reveals invisible constraints we place on our thinking without realizing it. Each practice session strengthens your ability to identify and question assumptions – essential for breakthrough innovation.

With consistent practice, you'll begin questioning assumptions automatically in various contexts, finding original approaches others miss.

Now that we've explored each exercise individually, let's discuss how to incorporate them into your routine and apply them to specific situations.

Think of these four creative thinking domains like the major muscle groups in your body. Just as physical fitness requires working all muscle groups – not just your favorites – cognitive fitness demands exercising all four creative domains. Without this balance, your creative abilities will develop unevenly.

We've all seen the bodybuilder with massive upper body development but skinny legs – what trainers call “chicken leg syndrome.” The same imbalance happens in creative thinking when we only exercise our preferred domains. You might excel at divergent thinking (generating many options) but struggle with constraint breaking (questioning assumptions).

The most effective approach for building complete creative fitness is to practice all four exercises in sequence, allocating 2 minutes to each, with a brief transition between them. This provides balanced “cross-training” across all four creative thinking neural networks.

I recommend starting your day with this workout, ideally before checking email or social media. Research from the University of California shows that creative thinking is significantly higher in the morning, before our brains become loaded with external inputs.

However, these exercises are also incredibly versatile for specific situations. Consider bookmarking this video to quickly access the exact exercise you need for different challenges:

Each exercise serves as a targeted tool you can deploy in specific professional and personal contexts. The timestamps in the video description make it easy to jump directly to the exercise you need in the moment.

Just as with physical training, these exercises might feel challenging at first – that's normal and actually a good sign. The neural equivalent of “muscle soreness” means you're creating productive disruption that leads to growth. And just as physical training requires progressive challenge to avoid plateaus, you should gradually increase the difficulty of these exercises by setting more ambitious targets or tighter time constraints.

Also like physical training, consistency trumps intensity. A daily 10-minute workout will produce far better results than an occasional hour-long session. Neuroscientists call this “spaced practice” – shorter, frequent sessions that allow your brain to consolidate learning between workouts.

To track your progress, I suggest keeping a simple creativity journal. After each workout, spend 30 seconds noting:

Over time, you'll notice patterns – exercises that initially felt difficult become easier, and your idea generation becomes more fluid and original.

Let me share how one innovation team I worked with integrated these exercises into their process.

This team was developing new healthcare technologies and had hit a creative plateau. They began each day with this 10-minute workout, then immediately applied the activated thinking patterns to their current challenges.

Within three weeks, they reported two significant breakthroughs:

First, the Perspective Shifting exercise helped them reimagine their user interface from the viewpoint of different stakeholders – leading to a design that accommodated both clinical and patient needs in ways their competitors had missed.

Second, the Assumption Reversal exercise helped them question fundamental assumptions about data security – leading to a novel approach that provided better protection while actually improving system performance.

The team leader described it as “mental cross-training” that enhanced their collective intelligence beyond what AI tools alone could have contributed.

You can apply this same process to your challenges:

Over time, you'll develop what neuroscientists call “trained intuition” – generating creative insights without consciously applying techniques.

We've now completed our creative brain workout – four exercises that systematically strengthen the neural networks essential for innovative thinking.

As we discussed in our previous episodes, the increasing integration of AI tools into our daily work has led to measurable changes in how we approach creative challenges. But the science of neuroplasticity offers us a powerful counterbalance – the ability to deliberately strengthen our innovative thinking capabilities throughout our lives.

This research applies to everyone, regardless of age or background. Whether you're a student, professional, entrepreneur, or retiree, these exercises enhance creative capabilities through physical changes in your brain structure.

Remember the key milestones we discussed:

The choice ultimately comes down to being intentional about how we use technology. You can automate creative processes entirely with AI and potentially experience the gradual atrophy of these essential cognitive abilities. Or you can strategically partner with AI while deliberately strengthening your uniquely human capabilities that drive breakthrough innovation.

My hope is that you'll choose the latter path – not just for your individual benefit, but for our collective future. The challenges we face as a society – from climate change to healthcare access to sustainable energy – require precisely the kind of boundary-breaking, assumption-challenging thinking these exercises develop.

Join me next time for “The AI Creativity Multiplier: 5 Steps to Amplify Your Innovative Thinking.” 

Ever wondered how top innovators use AI to amplify their creativity rather than replace it? I'll reveal the surprising “creative handoff points” where AI transforms from a creativity killer to creative rocket fuel. You'll discover how to craft AI prompts that break through creative barriers instead of building new ones, turning your favorite AI tools into innovation accelerators unlike anything you've experienced.

If this episode gave you the exercises to strengthen your creative thinking muscles, the next one will show you how to apply that strength in partnership with AI – creating results neither could achieve alone.

Until then, I'm Phil McKinney, and remember – in an age of artificial intelligence, your creative brain remains your most valuable asset. Take 10 minutes to strengthen it today.

Your support means everything to this channel. And if you're passionate about creativity and innovation, consider becoming a patron on Patreon or a paid subscriber on Substack.

Your support helps make this content possible.

To learn more about strengthening creative thinking, listen to this week's show: How to Strengthen Creative Thinking: The 10-Minute Daily Brain Workout Based on Neuroplasticity Research.

Humans who committed to four thinking exercises for 10 minutes daily generated 43% more original solutions than the most advanced AI systems.

Welcome to Part 3 of our series, Creative Thinking in the AI Age – on strengthening your uniquely human creativity while using AI as a partner, not a replacement.

In Part 1, we explored the concerning 30% decline in creative thinking as our use of AI tools has increased. In Part 2, we discovered how neuroplasticity – your brain's lifelong ability to reorganize itself – offers us a pathway to not just recover but enhance our creative abilities.

Today, I'm giving you something concrete and practical: a complete 10-minute creative thinking workout based on cutting-edge neuroplasticity research. This isn't just theory – it's a systematic approach to rebuilding the neural pathways essential for innovative thinking.

What makes today's episode especially valuable is that these exercises directly target the four core domains of creative thinking we identified last time:

1. Cognitive Flexibility – your ability to switch between different thinking modes and consider multiple perspectives
2. Associative Thinking – your ability to connect seemingly unrelated concepts
3. Divergent Thinking – your ability to generate multiple solutions to open-ended problems
4. Constraint Breaking – your ability to identify and overcome hidden assumptions

These aren't just abstract concepts – they're distinct neural networks in your brain that physically strengthen or weaken based on how you use them. Neuroscience has clearly mapped these networks using fMRI studies. When we frequently outsource creative challenges to AI, these networks get less exercise and gradually atrophy. This atrophy directly affects not just our individual capabilities but our collective ability to solve complex problems as a society.

Think of these four domains as the core muscle groups of creative thinking. Just as a neglected muscle weakens over time, these neural networks diminish when underutilized. And just as physical weakness limits our bodily capabilities, creative atrophy limits our problem-solving potential, career advancement, and ability to address society's most pressing challenges.

The research I shared last time showed that consistent practice leads to measurable changes:

• Within days: Increased neural activity in creative regions
• After two weeks: Noticeable improvements in creative output
• By six weeks: Formation of new white matter pathways
• At eight weeks: Stable neural changes that maintain creative thinking abilities even amid regular AI use.

This gives us a clear roadmap for strengthening our creative capacities: commit to eight weeks of practice, with meaningful milestones along the way.

Before we dive in, I want to emphasize something important: consistency matters more than duration. Research shows that 10 minutes daily produces significantly better results than 70 minutes once a week. This aligns with what neuroscientists call "spaced practice" – shorter, regular sessions that allow your brain to consolidate learning between sessions.

Also, approach these exercises with playfulness rather than pressure. Neuroplasticity research shows that stress inhibits the very neural changes we're trying to promote, while curiosity and enjoyment accelerate them.

Ready to begin? Let's start with our first exercise.

Our first exercise targets Cognitive Flexibility – your ability to switch between different thinking modes and see situations from multiple perspectives.

This exercise activates your prefrontal cortex – the brain region responsible for cognitive flexibility. This region weakens with routine AI assistance, as algorithms typically present optimized single perspectives rather than multiple viewpoints.

Here's how the exercise works:

1. Choose any object in your environment. It could be a coffee mug, a book, or even your smartphone.
2. For 2 minutes, rapidly adopt different perspectives on this object. Consider it from:
   • The perspective of different professions (How would an engineer, artist, child, or historian view this object?)
   • Different time periods (How would someone 100 years ago view it? Someone 100 years in the future?)
   • Different scales (How would it appear to an ant? To a giant?)
   • Different emotional states (How might someone feeling joyful, anxious, or curious perceive it?)

The key is to shift rapidly between perspectives rather than dwelling on any single viewpoint. Each shift creates new neural firing patterns that strengthen cognitive flexibility.

Let me show you some examples with this coffee mug:

• As an engineer, I notice the thermal properties, the handle design for ergonomics
• As an archaeologist from the future, this might be an artifact revealing daily rituals of 21st century humans
• To an ant, this would be a vast curved wall, perhaps offering shelter
• To someone feeling anxious, this might represent a moment of comforting routine in an uncertain day

Now it's your turn. Find an object near you, pause the video, and spend 2 minutes shifting through different perspectives.

When you're done, take a deep breath. You've just activated neural pathways associated with cognitive flexibility.

What you'll notice with consistent practice is that this ability to shift perspectives begins extending to all areas of your thinking – helping you see multiple angles in business challenges, personal relationships, and creative projects.

Our second exercise targets Associative Thinking – your ability to connect seemingly unrelated concepts to form novel ideas.

This practice activates your brain's default mode network. This network gets less exercise when we regularly use AI for creative solutions, but rebuilds with exercises that create unexpected connections.

Here's the exercise:

1. You'll need three random words. You can:
   • Open a book to three random pages and point to a word on each
   • Use a random word generator online
   • Ask someone to give you three unrelated words
2. For 2 minutes, create a coherent concept that combines all three words. This concept could be:
   • A new product or service
   • The plot for a story
   • A solution to a problem you're facing

Let me demonstrate with my three random words: "mountain," "keyboard," and "breakfast."

I might create a concept for: "Summit Typing Café" – a mountain-top co-working space that offers spectacular views and serves breakfast all day. Digital nomads can work at ergonomic keyboard stations while enjoying high-altitude inspiration and nourishing food.

Or perhaps: A new productivity app called "Peak Breakfast" that uses keyboard shortcuts to help you plan your most important tasks during your morning meal – the idea being that like reaching a mountain summit, completing your most challenging task first thing gives you perspective for the rest of your day.

Now try it yourself. Generate three random words, pause the video, and spend 2 minutes creating a concept that combines them.

The magic of this exercise is that it forces your brain to create connections where none previously existed. Each time you practice, you're physically strengthening the neural pathways involved in associative thinking.

With regular practice, you'll notice your ability to connect disparate ideas improving in all areas of your life – leading to more original solutions and creative insights.

Our third exercise targets Divergent Thinking – your ability to generate multiple solutions to an open-ended problem.

This exercise stimulates your frontal and temporal lobes. These brain regions show increased connectivity after divergent thinking practice but get less activation when we habitually ask AI to generate ideas.

Here's how it works:

1. Choose an everyday object. Classic examples include a brick, paperclip, or rubber band, but any common object will work.
2. For 2 minutes, list as many possible uses for this object as you can – aiming for quantity over quality. The goal is to push past obvious uses to increasingly creative ones.
3. Challenge yourself to reach at least 10 uses, but don't stop there if ideas keep flowing.

Let me demonstrate with a simple rubber band:

• Hold papers together
• Launch small objects
• Create resistance for finger exercises
• Mark pages in a book
• Seal a bag
• Make a tiny basketball hoop with your fingers
• Create a musical instrument by stretching it over a box
• Use as a hair tie
• Make a grip for slippery objects
• Create a boundary marker on a desk
• Use as a reminder by wearing it on your wrist
• Make emergency suspenders

Now it's your turn. Choose an object, pause the video, and list as many uses as you can in 2 minutes.

The first few uses typically come from memory – things you've seen before. As you push beyond those obvious answers, different neural pathways activate.

Research shows that the most creative ideas emerge after the obvious ones are exhausted. By generating many options, you train your brain to access deeper, more original ideas more readily.

With consistent practice, you'll notice yourself spontaneously generating more options in everyday situations – whether designing products, solving problems, or making decisions.

Our final exercise targets Constraint Breaking – your ability to identify and overcome hidden assumptions limiting your thinking.

This exercise activates your anterior cingulate cortex - the brain region that detects cognitive conflicts. This area receives less stimulation when we frequently use AI systems that operate within established parameters rather than questioning basic assumptions.

Here's the exercise:

1. Choose any common product, service, or process. It could be a smartphone, a restaurant experience, or your morning routine.
2. For 2 minutes, list all the assumptions or "rules" that typically apply to this thing. These are the constraints that everyone takes for granted.
3. For each assumption, ask: "What if the opposite were true?" or "How could we eliminate this requirement completely?"

Let me demonstrate with a common product: a refrigerator.

Assumptions about refrigerators:

• They must be kept in the kitchen
• They need electricity to function
• They should be cold inside
• They must be box-shaped
• They should store primarily food items
• They must maintain a constant temperature

Now, let's reverse these:

• What if refrigerators were distributed throughout the house?
• What if they required no electricity? (Perhaps using geothermal cooling or new materials)
• What if they were hot inside? (Preserving food through different methods)
• What if they weren't box-shaped? (Perhaps conforming to room architecture)
• What if they stored other things besides food? (Specialized cooling for medications, electronics, etc.)
• What if they had variable temperature zones that fluctuated intentionally?

Your turn now. Choose a product or service, pause the video, and spend 2 minutes listing and challenging its assumptions.

This exercise reveals invisible constraints we place on our thinking without realizing it. Each practice session strengthens your ability to identify and question assumptions - essential for breakthrough innovation.

With consistent practice, you'll begin questioning assumptions automatically in various contexts, finding original approaches others miss.

Now that we've explored each exercise individually, let's discuss how to incorporate them into your routine and apply them to specific situations.

Think of these four creative thinking domains like the major muscle groups in your body. Just as physical fitness requires working all muscle groups – not just your favorites – cognitive fitness demands exercising all four creative domains. Without this balance, your creative abilities will develop unevenly.

We've all seen the bodybuilder with massive upper body development but skinny legs – what trainers call "chicken leg syndrome." The same imbalance happens in creative thinking when we only exercise our preferred domains. You might excel at divergent thinking (generating many options) but struggle with constraint breaking (questioning assumptions).

The most effective approach for building complete creative fitness is to practice all four exercises in sequence, allocating 2 minutes to each, with a brief transition between them. This provides balanced "cross-training" across all four creative thinking neural networks.

I recommend starting your day with this workout, ideally before checking email or social media. Research from the University of California shows that creative thinking is significantly higher in the morning, before our brains become loaded with external inputs.

However, these exercises are also incredibly versatile for specific situations. Consider bookmarking this video to quickly access the exact exercise you need for different challenges:

• Before brainstorming sessions: Use Exercise 3 (Alternative Uses) to prime your brain for divergent thinking
• When facing a stubborn problem: Try Exercise 4 (Assumption Reversal) to break through invisible barriers
• Before important negotiations: Exercise 1 (Perspective Shifting) helps you anticipate different viewpoints
• When innovation feels stale: Exercise 2 (Random Word Fusion) creates fresh connections

Each exercise serves as a targeted tool you can deploy in specific professional and personal contexts. The timestamps in the video description make it easy to jump directly to the exercise you need in the moment.

Just as with physical training, these exercises might feel challenging at first – that's normal and actually a good sign. The neural equivalent of "muscle soreness" means you're creating productive disruption that leads to growth. And just as physical training requires progressive challenge to avoid plateaus, you should gradually increase the difficulty of these exercises by setting more ambitious targets or tighter time constraints.

Also like physical training, consistency trumps intensity. A daily 10-minute workout will produce far better results than an occasional hour-long session. Neuroscientists call this "spaced practice" – shorter, frequent sessions that allow your brain to consolidate learning between workouts.

To track your progress, I suggest keeping a simple creativity journal. After each workout, spend 30 seconds noting:

• Which exercise felt most challenging
• Any interesting ideas that emerged
• How your thinking evolved during the workout

Over time, you'll notice patterns – exercises that initially felt difficult become easier, and your idea generation becomes more fluid and original.

Let me share how one innovation team I worked with integrated these exercises into their process.

This team was developing new healthcare technologies and had hit a creative plateau. They began each day with this 10-minute workout, then immediately applied the activated thinking patterns to their current challenges.

Within three weeks, they reported two significant breakthroughs:

First, the Perspective Shifting exercise helped them reimagine their user interface from the viewpoint of different stakeholders – leading to a design that accommodated both clinical and patient needs in ways their competitors had missed.

Second, the Assumption Reversal exercise helped them question fundamental assumptions about data security – leading to a novel approach that provided better protection while actually improving system performance.

The team leader described it as "mental cross-training" that enhanced their collective intelligence beyond what AI tools alone could have contributed.

You can apply this same process to your challenges:

1. Complete the appropriate exercise for your specific situation
2. Immediately afterward, spend 5 minutes applying the activated thinking patterns to your problem
3. Document any insights or novel approaches that emerge

Over time, you'll develop what neuroscientists call "trained intuition" – generating creative insights without consciously applying techniques.

We've now completed our creative brain workout – four exercises that systematically strengthen the neural networks essential for innovative thinking.

As we discussed in our previous episodes, the increasing integration of AI tools into our daily work has led to measurable changes in how we approach creative challenges. But the science of neuroplasticity offers us a powerful counterbalance – the ability to deliberately strengthen our innovative thinking capabilities throughout our lives.

This research applies to everyone, regardless of age or background. Whether you're a student, professional, entrepreneur, or retiree, these exercises enhance creative capabilities through physical changes in your brain structure.

Remember the key milestones we discussed:

• Within days: Increased neural activity
• After two weeks: Noticeable improvements
• By six weeks: Formation of new neural pathways
• At eight weeks: Stable changes that persist even with regular AI use

The choice ultimately comes down to being intentional about how we use technology. You can automate creative processes entirely with AI and potentially experience the gradual atrophy of these essential cognitive abilities. Or you can strategically partner with AI while deliberately strengthening your uniquely human capabilities that drive breakthrough innovation.

My hope is that you'll choose the latter path – not just for your individual benefit, but for our collective future. The challenges we face as a society – from climate change to healthcare access to sustainable energy – require precisely the kind of boundary-breaking, assumption-challenging thinking these exercises develop.

Join me next time for "The AI Creativity Multiplier: 5 Steps to Amplify Your Innovative Thinking."

Ever wondered how top innovators use AI to amplify their creativity rather than replace it? I'll reveal the surprising "creative handoff points" where AI transforms from a creativity killer to creative rocket fuel. You'll discover how to craft AI prompts that break through creative barriers instead of building new ones, turning your favorite AI tools into innovation accelerators unlike anything you've experienced.

If this episode gave you the exercises to strengthen your creative thinking muscles, the next one will show you how to apply that strength in partnership with AI – creating results neither could achieve alone.

Until then, I'm Phil McKinney, and remember – in an age of artificial intelligence, your creative brain remains your most valuable asset. Take 10 minutes to strengthen it today.

Your support means everything to this channel. And if you're passionate about creativity and innovation, consider becoming a patron on Patreon [LINK] or a subscriber on Substack [LINK].

Your support helps make this content possible.

Harvard neuroscientists confirm: creative thinking uses neural pathways that AI can't replicate – and never will.

Hello, I'm Phil McKinney, and welcome to my innovation studio.

Welcome to Part 2 of our series, Creative Thinking in the AI Age – on strengthening your uniquely human creativity while using AI as a partner, not a replacement.

In Part 1, we explored the alarming decline in creative thinking as we've grown dependent on AI. We saw how our ability to solve complex problems without algorithmic assistance has dropped by 30% in just five years, and how this cognitive atrophy affects everyone from students to seasoned professionals.

Today, we're moving from problem to solution – exploring the revolutionary science of neuroplasticity and how we can deliberately rebuild and enhance our creative thinking skills.

What's at stake here goes far beyond individual convenience. If we continue to surrender our creative thinking abilities to AI, we risk a future where innovation slows, where original ideas become increasingly rare, and where our unique human capacity for breakthrough thinking gradually fades. More critically, we may lose the very cognitive tools required to solve society's most pressing challenges – disease, pandemic response, clean energy development, food security – precisely when we need these abilities most.

We're already seeing early evidence of this decline, but the science I'll share today offers a powerful alternative – a path to not just preserve but dramatically enhance the creative abilities that drive human progress.

I've seen this firsthand in my work leading innovation teams. Years ago, I noticed that even brilliant engineers and designers would hit creative walls. When I introduced specific neuroplasticity-based thinking exercises into our daily routines, the transformation was remarkable. Teams that had been spinning their wheels suddenly generated breakthrough concepts. Projects that seemed stuck found fresh momentum. And the most exciting part? The improvements continued long after the initial training.

These transformations aren't magic – they're biology in action. Your brain is changing right now as you watch this video. Every thought you have, every skill you practice, and every challenge you undertake physically reshapes your neural architecture. This isn't metaphorical – it's literal, structural change happening at the cellular level.

This phenomenon – called neuroplasticity – is the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. And our key to reclaiming and enhancing our creative thinking abilities in the age of AI.

For decades, scientists believed that brain development stopped after childhood. We now know that's completely false. Your brain remains malleable throughout your entire life, capable of dramatic transformation well into your 80s and beyond.

Research has shown that our brains continually remodel themselves based on our experiences and practices. Think of it like a path in a forest – the routes you travel most frequently become wider and clearer, while those rarely used gradually disappear.

Now, I understand some skepticism here.

We've all seen dubious claims about “brain training” games and apps that promise to boost intelligence. Most of these have been rightfully criticized for overpromising and underdelivering.

The difference with creative neuroplasticity training is that it's not about playing generic puzzles – it's about targeted exercises that specifically engage the neural networks involved in creative thinking. And unlike those commercial products, these approaches have substantial peer-reviewed research supporting their effectiveness.

The implications are profound. If our cognitive abilities are declining due to AI dependency, as we discussed in the last episode, we can deliberately reverse this trend through targeted exercises and practice.

Let's be honest – breaking AI dependency isn't easy. Many of us have developed reflexive habits of turning to algorithms before engaging our own thinking. Our brains naturally seek the path of least resistance. But the research is clear: the effort to rebuild these creative pathways is absolutely worth it. And the good news is that even small, consistent practice can yield significant results.

The science behind this is compelling. A landmark study at Harvard Medical School used functional MRI to track brain activity before and after an 8-week creative thinking training program. The results were striking.

Before training, participants showed activity primarily in conventional problem-solving regions when tackling creative challenges. After training, their brains revealed significantly increased activity in regions associated with novel idea generation and reduced activity in regions associated with conventional thinking.

What's even more fascinating is that the neural training correlated with a 43% increase in measured creative output. The participants weren't just thinking differently – they were producing significantly more original ideas.

This is neuroplasticity in action – physical changes in your brain leading to measurable improvements in creative capacity.

But neuroplasticity works both ways. When we outsource our thinking to AI, the neural pathways associated with creative problem-solving literally weaken from disuse. It's a biological principle called “competitive plasticity” – the brain reallocates resources away from underused functions toward frequently used ones.

The good news is that this process is reversible. Even if you've grown dependent on AI for creative tasks, your brain can rebuild these pathways through deliberate practice.

Let me share a personal experience from my own work.

I once coached a senior product designer and their team at a major tech company who were tasked with developing disruptive ideas in an area where three major competitors were already investing heavily. When we started working together, they were stuck, repeatedly generating variations of the same concepts and feeling increasingly frustrated.

Brain science would suggest their neural pathways had become rigid through years of conventional problem-solving. So we implemented a series of targeted creative thinking exercises. Within eight weeks, something remarkable happened.

Not only did their idea generation rate triple, but the quality of their concepts ‌shifted. They developed a breakthrough approach that combined elements no one had previously connected, essentially creating an entirely new product category.

When we brought in AI tools to analyze the solution space, the team's most innovative concepts fell completely outside the AI's prediction patterns. What does this mean? The neural connections they had formed with their training weren't following the statistical patterns the AI model had learned.

The product they launched went on to capture significant market share precisely because it operated from a different conceptual framework than competitors. This wasn't just a professional transformation. It had a personal impact. This senior product designer reported feeling a renewed sense of cognitive confidence that extended into other areas of their life as well.

These transformations aren't random. The science of neuroplasticity has identified four core domains of creative thinking that respond most dramatically to training:

Each of these domains weakens with AI dependency but rebuilds with targeted practice.

What excites me most is that there are practical exercises anyone can use. In my innovation workshops, we've adapted these into simple daily practices that build creative muscle memory:

These aren't complex or time-consuming – they're deliberate mental practices that target the exact neural networks we need to strengthen. And remarkably, participants report greater idea fluency within just days of consistent practice.

Let me demonstrate one of these domains with a quick exercise that you can do right now. We'll focus on cognitive flexibility.

I want you to visualize a circle. Just a simple circle. Now, in your mind, transform this circle into something else by adding just one line. Now add one more line and transform it again. One more time – add another line and see what new object emerges.

I will give you 30 seconds. Imagine a simple circle and transform it three times, adding a line each time.

I will wait. Go!

How did you do?

This exercise activates your prefrontal cortex – the brain region responsible for cognitive flexibility. Most people initially create predictable objects: a face, a sun, or a balloon. But as you practice, your brain begins forming less common connections. Advanced practitioners might see a clock becoming a bomb becoming a planet becoming an eye.

Brain scans reveal increased neural firing in creative regions even during this simple 30-second exercise. You're literally strengthening synaptic connections that enhance your creative thinking.

The timeline of these changes follows a clear and consistent pattern:

This gives us a clear roadmap for reclaiming our creative capacities: commit to eight weeks of practice, with meaningful milestones along the way.

This transformation is remarkably accessible. Just 10 minutes of daily practice can trigger these changes. In our next episode, I'll guide you through a complete workout, but here's a preview of the two core approaches we'll use:

These aren't just theoretical concepts – they're the foundation of the 10-minute daily workout I'll guide you through in our next episode. Each exercise targets explicitly the neural networks involved in the four creative thinking domains we've explored today.

What makes these practices so powerful is the underlying principle we've discussed throughout: our brains physically change based on how we use them. This biological fact puts the choice squarely in our hands. Either we surrender our cognitive processes to algorithms, or we deliberately strengthen these uniquely human abilities.

The stakes are higher than we might realize.

If we do nothing, then we face a future of diminished creativity, which means technological progress that plateaus, businesses that can only optimize rather than reimagine, and education that produces technically proficient but intellectually passive graduates.

This is precisely what Bonhoeffer warned about in writing on “stupidity” – not as a lack of intelligence, but as the voluntary surrender of independent thinking. As we discussed in the first episode, Bonhoeffer observed that people become ‘stupid' not because they lack capacity, but because they willingly abandon critical and creative thought to “others”. This surrender happens gradually, unnoticed, as we choose comfort over challenge.

With AI, we face exactly this choice.

Will we surrender our creative faculties to algorithms, essentially choosing a form of ‘creative stupidity'?

Will we create a society where independent thinking grows rare, not because it's forbidden, but because it's surrendered?

Will we accept a world where ideas are judged by their conformity to algorithmic patterns rather than their originality?

But that's not the future we have to choose.

Join me in the next video in the series for “The Creative Brain Workout,” where I will guide you through 10 minutes of exercises that trigger the neural changes that will help you build stronger, uniquely human creative thinking skills that AI simply cannot replicate.

Until then, I'm Phil McKinney, and remember – in an age of artificial intelligence, your mind remains remarkably adaptable. The power to reshape your creative thinking is literally in your hands.

If you found value in today's video, please hit that like button and subscribe so you don't miss the next episode in this series.

Your support means everything to this channel. And if you're passionate about creativity and innovation, consider becoming a patron on Patreon or a paid subscriber on Substack.

Your support helps make this content possible.

Thanks for watching, and I'll see you in the next episode.

To learn more about outthinking AI, listen to this week's show: Train Your Brain to Outthink AI: Boost Creativity 40% (2025).

Harvard neuroscientists confirm: creative thinking uses neural pathways that AI can't replicate – and never will.

Hello, I'm Phil McKinney, and welcome to my innovation studio.

Welcome to Part 2 of our series, Creative Thinking in the AI Age – on strengthening your uniquely human creativity while using AI as a partner, not a replacement.

In Part 1, we explored the alarming decline in creative thinking as we've grown dependent on AI. We saw how our ability to solve complex problems without algorithmic assistance has dropped by 30% in just five years, and how this cognitive atrophy affects everyone from students to seasoned professionals.

Today, we're moving from problem to solution – exploring the revolutionary science of neuroplasticity and how we can deliberately rebuild and enhance our creative thinking skills.

What's at stake here goes far beyond individual convenience. If we continue to surrender our creative thinking abilities to AI, we risk a future where innovation slows, where original ideas become increasingly rare, and where our unique human capacity for breakthrough thinking gradually fades. More critically, we may lose the very cognitive tools required to solve society's most pressing challenges – disease, pandemic response, clean energy development, food security – precisely when we need these abilities most.

We're already seeing early evidence of this decline, but the science I'll share today offers a powerful alternative – a path to not just preserve but dramatically enhance the creative abilities that drive human progress.

I've seen this firsthand in my work leading innovation teams. Years ago, I noticed that even brilliant engineers and designers would hit creative walls. When I introduced specific neuroplasticity-based thinking exercises into our daily routines, the transformation was remarkable. Teams that had been spinning their wheels suddenly generated breakthrough concepts. Projects that seemed stuck found fresh momentum. And the most exciting part? The improvements continued long after the initial training.

These transformations aren't magic – they're biology in action. Your brain is changing right now as you watch this video. Every thought you have, every skill you practice, and every challenge you undertake physically reshapes your neural architecture. This isn't metaphorical – it's literal, structural change happening at the cellular level.

This phenomenon – called neuroplasticity – is the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. And our key to reclaiming and enhancing our creative thinking abilities in the age of AI.

For decades, scientists believed that brain development stopped after childhood. We now know that's completely false. Your brain remains malleable throughout your entire life, capable of dramatic transformation well into your 80s and beyond.

Research has shown that our brains continually remodel themselves based on our experiences and practices. Think of it like a path in a forest – the routes you travel most frequently become wider and clearer, while those rarely used gradually disappear.

Now, I understand some skepticism here.

We've all seen dubious claims about "brain training" games and apps that promise to boost intelligence. Most of these have been rightfully criticized for overpromising and underdelivering.

The difference with creative neuroplasticity training is that it's not about playing generic puzzles – it's about targeted exercises that specifically engage the neural networks involved in creative thinking. And unlike those commercial products, these approaches have substantial peer-reviewed research supporting their effectiveness.

The implications are profound. If our cognitive abilities are declining due to AI dependency, as we discussed in the last episode, we can deliberately reverse this trend through targeted exercises and practice.

Let's be honest – breaking AI dependency isn't easy. Many of us have developed reflexive habits of turning to algorithms before engaging our own thinking. Our brains naturally seek the path of least resistance. But the research is clear: the effort to rebuild these creative pathways is absolutely worth it. And the good news is that even small, consistent practice can yield significant results.

The science behind this is compelling. A landmark study at Harvard Medical School used functional MRI to track brain activity before and after an 8-week creative thinking training program. The results were striking.

Before training, participants showed activity primarily in conventional problem-solving regions when tackling creative challenges. After training, their brains revealed significantly increased activity in regions associated with novel idea generation and reduced activity in regions associated with conventional thinking.

What's even more fascinating is that the neural training correlated with a 43% increase in measured creative output. The participants weren't just thinking differently – they were producing significantly more original ideas.

This is neuroplasticity in action – physical changes in your brain leading to measurable improvements in creative capacity.

But neuroplasticity works both ways. When we outsource our thinking to AI, the neural pathways associated with creative problem-solving literally weaken from disuse. It's a biological principle called "competitive plasticity" – the brain reallocates resources away from underused functions toward frequently used ones.

The good news is that this process is reversible. Even if you've grown dependent on AI for creative tasks, your brain can rebuild these pathways through deliberate practice.

Let me share a personal experience from my own work.

I once coached a senior product designer and their team at a major tech company who were tasked with developing disruptive ideas in an area where three major competitors were already investing heavily. When we started working together, they were stuck, repeatedly generating variations of the same concepts and feeling increasingly frustrated.

Brain science would suggest their neural pathways had become rigid through years of conventional problem-solving. So we implemented a series of targeted creative thinking exercises. Within eight weeks, something remarkable happened.

Not only did their idea generation rate triple, but the quality of their concepts ‌shifted. They developed a breakthrough approach that combined elements no one had previously connected, essentially creating an entirely new product category.

When we brought in AI tools to analyze the solution space, the team's most innovative concepts fell completely outside the AI's prediction patterns. What does this mean? The neural connections they had formed with their training weren't following the statistical patterns the AI model had learned.

The product they launched went on to capture significant market share precisely because it operated from a different conceptual framework than competitors. This wasn't just a professional transformation. It had a personal impact. This senior product designer reported feeling a renewed sense of cognitive confidence that extended into other areas of their life as well.

These transformations aren't random. The science of neuroplasticity has identified four core domains of creative thinking that respond most dramatically to training:

1. Cognitive Flexibility – your ability to switch between different thinking modes and consider multiple perspectives simultaneously. For example, seeing a coffee cup not just as a vessel for liquid but also as a plant holder, a pencil container, or a sound amplifier. This domain is largely governed by the prefrontal cortex, which neuroimaging studies show becomes significantly more active after flexibility training.
2. Associative Thinking – your ability to connect seemingly unrelated concepts to form novel ideas. Like combining the principles of bird migration with urban traffic patterns to create a new adaptive traffic light system. This involves the default mode network, which strengthens with exercises that encourage unexpected connections.
3. Divergent Thinking – your ability to generate multiple solutions to an open-ended problem. For instance, coming up with twenty different uses for a brick beyond construction, such as a doorstop, paperweight, art canvas, or heat reservoir. This engages the frontal and temporal lobes, which show increased connectivity after divergent thinking practice.
4. Constraint Breaking – your ability to identify and overcome hidden assumptions limiting your thinking. Such as recognizing that when asked to "connect nine dots with four straight lines," the assumption that you can't go outside the imaginary square is self-imposed. This correlates with increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, which helps detect cognitive conflicts.

Each of these domains weakens with AI dependency but rebuilds with targeted practice.

What excites me most is that there are practical exercises anyone can use. In my innovation workshops, we've adapted these into simple daily practices that build creative muscle memory:

• Five-minute morning sessions of rapid association between unrelated concepts
• Brief midday "constraint-breaking" challenges where teams identify and discard hidden assumptions
• End-of-day reflection exercises that alternate between focused and diffuse thinking modes

These aren't complex or time-consuming – they're deliberate mental practices that target the exact neural networks we need to strengthen. And remarkably, participants report greater idea fluency within just days of consistent practice.

Let me demonstrate one of these domains with a quick exercise that you can do right now. We'll focus on cognitive flexibility.

I want you to visualize a circle. Just a simple circle. Now, in your mind, transform this circle into something else by adding just one line. Now add one more line and transform it again. One more time – add another line and see what new object emerges.

I will give you 30 seconds. Imagine a simple circle and transform it three times, adding a line each time.

I will wait. Go!

How did you do?

This exercise activates your prefrontal cortex – the brain region responsible for cognitive flexibility. Most people initially create predictable objects: a face, a sun, or a balloon. But as you practice, your brain begins forming less common connections. Advanced practitioners might see a clock becoming a bomb becoming a planet becoming an eye.

Brain scans reveal increased neural firing in creative regions even during this simple 30-second exercise. You're literally strengthening synaptic connections that enhance your creative thinking.

The timeline of these changes follows a clear and consistent pattern:

1. Within days of consistent practice, creative neural pathways strengthen, showing up as increased activity in brain scans
2. After two weeks, you'll notice measurable improvements in your creative output
3. By six weeks, researchers have documented the formation of new white matter pathways – the brain's information highways, meaning participants' brains were physically different.
4. At eight weeks, these changes become stable enough to resist the pull back toward AI dependency.

This gives us a clear roadmap for reclaiming our creative capacities: commit to eight weeks of practice, with meaningful milestones along the way.

This transformation is remarkably accessible. Just 10 minutes of daily practice can trigger these changes. In our next episode, I'll guide you through a complete workout, but here's a preview of the two core approaches we'll use:

1. Mindful Creativity – approaching familiar tasks with deliberate curiosity. For example, during your morning routine, challenge yourself to notice five new details about objects you use every day. This simple practice activates the cognitive flexibility networks we discussed earlier.
2. Alternating – deliberately switching between focused thinking and relaxed daydreaming. This might look like setting a timer for 3 minutes of intense problem-solving followed by 2 minutes of completely unfocused mind-wandering. This oscillation strengthens the associative thinking pathways that AI dependency weakens.

These aren't just theoretical concepts – they're the foundation of the 10-minute daily workout I'll guide you through in our next episode. Each exercise targets explicitly the neural networks involved in the four creative thinking domains we've explored today.

What makes these practices so powerful is the underlying principle we've discussed throughout: our brains physically change based on how we use them. This biological fact puts the choice squarely in our hands. Either we surrender our cognitive processes to algorithms, or we deliberately strengthen these uniquely human abilities.

The stakes are higher than we might realize.

If we do nothing, then we face a future of diminished creativity, which means technological progress that plateaus, businesses that can only optimize rather than reimagine, and education that produces technically proficient but intellectually passive graduates.

This is precisely what Bonhoeffer warned about in writing on "stupidity" – not as a lack of intelligence, but as the voluntary surrender of independent thinking. As we discussed in the first episode, Bonhoeffer observed that people become 'stupid' not because they lack capacity, but because they willingly abandon critical and creative thought to "others". This surrender happens gradually, unnoticed, as we choose comfort over challenge.

With AI, we face exactly this choice.

Will we surrender our creative faculties to algorithms, essentially choosing a form of 'creative stupidity'?

Will we create a society where independent thinking grows rare, not because it's forbidden, but because it's surrendered?

Will we accept a world where ideas are judged by their conformity to algorithmic patterns rather than their originality?

But that's not the future we have to choose.

Join me in the next video in the series for "The Creative Brain Workout," where I will guide you through 10 minutes of exercises that trigger the neural changes that will help you build stronger, uniquely human creative thinking skills that AI simply cannot replicate.

Until then, I'm Phil McKinney, and remember – in an age of artificial intelligence, your mind remains remarkably adaptable. The power to reshape your creative thinking is literally in your hands.

If you found value in today's video, please hit that like button and subscribe so you don't miss the next episode in this series.

Your support means everything to this channel. And if you're passionate about creativity and innovation, consider becoming a patron on Patreon or a paid subscriber on Substack – links are in the description below.

Your support helps make this content possible.

Thanks for watching, and I'll see you in the next episode.

Our ability to solve complex problems without AI has plummeted 30% in just five years.

That's not just a statistic – it's the sound of your brain cells surrendering.

We are announcing a new series we are calling – Creative Thinking in the AI Age – on strengthening your uniquely human creativity while using AI as a partner, not a replacement.

Today, we will explore how AI dependency is creating a pandemic of reduced creative thinking and why this matters more than you might realize.

Look around. We've all seen it – colleagues endlessly prompting AI for answers, friends asking their devices the same questions with slight variations, and kids who reach for ChatGPT before trying to solve a problem themselves. It's happening everywhere. We're witnessing a slow, subtle decline in our collective ability to think deeply, creatively, and independently.

This cognitive shift is measurable. Recent research from the University of Toronto found that college students today show a 42% decrease in divergent thinking scores – our ability to generate multiple solutions to problems – compared to students just five years ago. The difference? The widespread adoption of AI tools.

This isn't just happening in schools. Creative professionals show similar patterns. Marketing agencies report that junior staff increasingly struggle to generate original campaign concepts without AI prompting. Engineering teams face growing difficulties when asked to ideate without computational assistance.

But this isn't a rant against technology. AI is here to stay, and it offers tremendous benefits. The real issue is how our relationship with these tools is reshaping our cognitive capabilities.

Remember when calculators became widespread? Many feared we'd lose our ability to do basic math. They weren't entirely wrong, but we adapted. The difference now is that AI doesn't just handle calculations – it's beginning to think for us.

This surrender of our thinking faculties brings us to an uncomfortable but powerful concept from theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Writing from a Nazi prison in 1943, he described a phenomenon he called "stupidity" – not as a lack of intelligence, but as a social contagion where independent thinking is surrendered to external forces.

Bonhoeffer wasn't talking about AI, obviously. But his insight that humans will easily surrender their thinking faculties to external authorities is profoundly relevant today. We're increasingly outsourcing our cognitive heavy lifting to algorithms, and our brains are adapting accordingly.

Let me show you what I mean with a quick demonstration. Take 30 seconds right now to list five uncommon uses for a paperclip. No use of AI. I'll wait.

How'd you do? If you struggled, you're not alone. In tests conducted before widespread AI adoption, the average person could generate 8-12 unique ideas. Today, that number has dropped to 3-5.

This decline in creative thinking ability is not only disappointing – it has neurological implications. When we regularly outsource thinking, the neural pathways associated with creative problem-solving literally weaken. It's cognitive atrophy – it's like any other muscle, use it or lose it. And with AI, you aren't using it.

The consequences are more serious than you might think. Here's what's happening: AI is great at finding the optimal solution within defined boundaries using "convergent thinking." Give AI the parameters of a problem, and it'll efficiently identify the best answers within a set of constraints.

But what humans uniquely excel at is "divergent thinking" – our ability to break through boundaries, reimagine the entire problem, and make unexpected connections between seemingly unrelated ideas. This is where breakthroughs happen. Recent research from the University of Bergen shows that while AI can generate more ideas than the average person, the most creative human solutions significantly outperform AI in originality and innovation.

Here's the paradox: the more we rely on AI, the more we get trapped in what psychologists call "AI-reinforced conventional thinking." Let me demonstrate.

In a creative thinking workshop I ran not long ago, I asked participants to design a new coffee cup. Most drew variants of the same cylindrical container with a handle. When asked why, they couldn't explain – they'd simply imposed an invisible constraint.

But when one participant suggested a coffee cup that could be worn as a ring, the floodgates opened. Suddenly, people were designing coffee cups that doubled as plant holders, that changed color with temperature, and that folded flat for storage.

This mental breakthrough reveals what neuroscientists call the "first insight phenomenon" – that moment when one disruptive idea shatters the invisible walls of conventional thinking and unleashes a cascade of creative possibilities. We're not just limited by what we know, but by what we don't realize we're assuming.

When we look at history's greatest innovations, this ability to think beyond self-imposed constraints becomes even more critical. The transistor. Penicillin. The theory of relativity. The internet itself. None of these came from incremental optimization.

They required creative leaps that defied conventional thinking – precisely the kind of thinking we're at risk of losing in our growing dependency on AI.

But here's the good news – research from cognitive neuroscience and psychology confirms what I've seen firsthand: our thinking skills can be systematically improved. We can rebuild and strengthen these creative pathways with the right techniques.

This is where the concept of neuroplasticity becomes crucial. Like muscles, cognitive abilities respond to consistent, targeted exercise. And just as we've developed scientific approaches to physical fitness, we now have evidence-based methods for improving creative thinking skills.

The research findings are encouraging: In just minutes a day of targeted practice, people show measurable improvements in creative output. And unlike many skills that decline with age, creative thinking can actually improve throughout our lives – if we nurture it.

We stand at a crossroads. One path – cognitive surrender – is seductively easy. The other path requires effort but leads to something extraordinary: a partnership where AI handles the routine while we cultivate our uniquely human capacity to imagine what has never existed before.

Here's what gives me tremendous hope: our brains remain remarkably adaptable throughout our entire lives.

In the next episode, we'll dive into this revolutionary science and learn how to rewire our thinking for an AI-augmented world without losing what makes us human.

Join me for "Creative Neuroplasticity: The Science of Enhanced Creative Thinking."

Until then, I'm Phil McKinney, and remember – in an age of artificial intelligence, authentic human thinking has never been more important.

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In 2007, two designers struggling to pay rent in San Francisco had a seemingly simple thought: “What if people could rent out their spare rooms to travelers?” This question—posed by Brian Chesky and Joe Gebbia—sparked what would become Airbnb, a company now valued at over $100 billion that has fundamentally reshaped how millions of people travel.

The power of their question wasn't just in identifying a market gap. It challenged fundamental assumptions about hospitality, property use, and trust between strangers. It wasn't just incremental—it was transformative.

And here lies the innovation paradox most organizations face today: Companies invest heavily in expertise, data, and answers, yet rarely invest in improving the quality of their questions. They hire specialists who know the current state of the art but don't necessarily know how to question it. They gather mountains of data but ask the same questions of it that competitors do. They reward employees who provide answers, not those who challenge assumptions with powerful questions.

This explains why true breakthroughs remain rare. The uncomfortable truth is that the quality of your innovation is directly proportional to the quality of the questions you're asking. Transformative innovations don't come from having slightly better answers to the same questions everyone else is asking—they come from asking entirely different questions altogether.

In this episode, you'll discover five specific questioning techniques that have demonstrably led to breakthrough innovations across industries. These aren't generic “think outside the box” prompts, but precise question formulations with clear applications and proven results. Master these, and you'll have the keys to unlock innovation possibilities others can't even see.

Before diving into specific questioning techniques, it's worth understanding why questions—rather than answers—drive innovation so powerfully.

Neurologically, questioning activates different brain pathways than analytical thinking. When we search for answers, we typically engage in convergent thinking, narrowing possibilities until we arrive at what seems optimal. This activates primarily the brain's prefrontal cortex, the region associated with logical reasoning and decision-making.

But when we ask open questions, particularly those that challenge assumptions, we activate regions associated with divergent thinking and novel connections. According to research from the Center for Neural Decision Making at Temple University, individuals who regularly engage in questioning and curiosity-driven thinking show greater activation in areas associated with insight and creative problem-solving.

This neurological difference has led innovative organizations to replace traditional brainstorming—which often produces incremental ideas at best—with what innovation facilitators call “question-storming.” In these sessions, participants generate only questions about a challenge, focusing on quantity and provocativeness rather than immediate answers.

Data supports this approach: A McKinsey study of over 300 companies found that those with formalized questioning methodologies in their innovation processes outperformed industry peers by an average of 34% in innovation output as measured by successful new products and services.

Even more compelling is research from Harvard Business School professor Amy Edmondson, which demonstrates that teams that regularly engage in question-based inquiry rather than assertion-based advocacy show significantly higher rates of breakthrough thinking and successful innovation implementation.

The science is clear: Better questions create better innovations. Now let's examine the five specific questions that have demonstrated the power to unlock breakthrough thinking.

Formula: “What if this limitation was actually an advantage?”

Most innovators instinctively fight against constraints. Limited budget? Try to get more funding. Restrictive regulations? Look for loopholes. Legacy technology? Plan a complete overhaul.

But true innovators know that constraints, reframed through the right question, can become catalysts for breakthrough thinking.

Consider Southwest Airlines. When launching in the 1970s, the company faced severe financial constraints that limited them to purchasing only one type of aircraft—the Boeing 737. Rather than viewing this as a disadvantage, founder Herb Kelleher asked, “What if having only one type of aircraft is actually an advantage?”

This question led to a cascade of innovations: The airline developed unparalleled expertise in maintaining and operating that specific aircraft. They simplified crew training since every pilot could fly any plane in the fleet. They streamlined parts inventory and maintenance processes. And they created a model for rapid turnaround at gates, since every plane had identical configurations.

The result? Southwest became one of the most consistently profitable airlines in an industry where competitors regularly went bankrupt.

Application Techniques:

To apply the constraint-flipping question in your context:

Implementation Exercise:

With your team, identify your three most significant constraints. For each, complete this sentence:

“This limitation could become our greatest innovation advantage if we…”

Herb Kelleher's answer was: “This limitation could become our greatest innovation advantage if we built our entire operational model around mastering one aircraft type rather than offering variety.”

What's yours?

Formula: “How has another entirely unrelated industry solved a similar problem?”

Industries develop their own orthodoxies and blind spots. What seems innovative within one sector might be standard practice in another. The cross-industry inspiration question breaks through these silos by forcing connections between seemingly unrelated domains.

One of the most powerful examples comes from healthcare. In 2005, Great Ormond Street Hospital in London was struggling with patient handoffs between surgery and intensive care—a critical moment when communication failures regularly led to complications. Instead of looking to other hospitals for solutions, someone asked a revolutionary question: “Who else handles high-stakes handoffs with precision and speed?”

The answer came from an unexpected source: Formula 1 racing pit crews.

The hospital sent a team to observe Ferrari's pit stops, where 20 people perform complex, sequential tasks in under seven seconds. This cross-industry inspiration led to the development of new handoff protocols that reduced technical errors by over 40% and information handoff omissions by nearly 50%.

Application Techniques:

To apply the cross-industry inspiration question effectively:

Implementation Exercise:

For your current innovation challenge, complete this statement:

“At its core, we're really trying to solve the problem of ____________.”

Then identify three completely unrelated industries that might excel at solving that core problem. For each, research their approaches and identify at least one principle you could adapt to your context.

Formula: “What would we do if we started completely from scratch, ignoring all precedent?”

Most innovation is built on existing foundations, iterating on what came before. But the most disruptive innovations come from challenging fundamental assumptions and rethinking problems from first principles.

Elon Musk famously applied this questioning approach to space technology. When starting SpaceX, conventional wisdom held that rockets were necessarily expensive, with costs running into hundreds of millions of dollars. Rather than accepting this, Musk asked: “What would rocket design look like if we started completely from scratch, questioning every assumption?”

This led his team to break down rockets into their basic components and reconsider each one. They found that the raw materials for rockets cost only about 2% of the typical price of a rocket. This insight drove them to vertically integrate production, building components in-house rather than purchasing them from traditional aerospace suppliers with 100-year-old designs.

The result was the development of rockets at roughly one-tenth the cost of traditional designs, fundamentally changing the economics of space access.

Application Techniques:

To apply the first principles question:

Implementation Exercise:

For your next innovation challenge, hold a “first principles session” where:

Formula: “What would delight our most demanding users so much they couldn't imagine going back?”

Average users give you feedback for incremental improvements. Extreme users—those with the most demanding needs, unusual use cases, or challenging contexts—can point the way to breakthrough innovations.

Apple's development of voice-activated technology provides a compelling example. While voice control is now mainstream, its origins lie partly in designing for users with disabilities. By asking “What would create a transformative experience for users who cannot use traditional interfaces?” Apple developed technologies that eventually evolved into Siri and voice control features that millions now use daily.

Similarly, OXO built a kitchen tool empire by focusing first on users with arthritis and other grip limitations. The question “What would make tools usable for people with the most limited grip strength?” led to innovations in handle design that turned out to create better experiences for all users.

Application Techniques:

To leverage the extreme user question:

Implementation Exercise:

Select three “extreme user” categories for your product or service. For each, arrange to interview or observe at least two users in that category. Focus on understanding their workarounds, frustrations, and ideal scenarios. Then ask: “What features would make this so perfect for them that they would become evangelists for our solution?”

Formula: “What if the opposite of our current approach is true?”

Our mental models and industry conventions often limit our thinking in ways we don't even recognize. The counterintuitive question deliberately inverts these models to reveal new possibilities.

Netflix revolutionized talent management by asking precisely this type of question. While most companies aim to build controls to minimize the damage that could be caused by disengaged employees (detailed procedures, approval hierarchies, expense limits), Netflix asked, “What if we did the opposite? What if we maximized freedom instead of minimizing abuse?”

This led to their famous “Freedom and Responsibility” culture, which eliminated vacation tracking, expense approval processes, and rigid reporting structures. The counterintuitive approach helped Netflix attract exceptional talent and build a culture of high performance and innovation that supported their transformation from DVD delivery to streaming pioneer.

Application Techniques:

To apply the counterintuitive question:

Implementation Exercise:

List the three most firmly held beliefs about “how things work” in your industry. For each one, complete the sentence: “What if the opposite is true? If so, we would…”

Then identify one small-scale experiment you could run to test elements of the inverted approach.

These five questions are most powerful when used systematically rather than in isolation. The Innovation Question Cascade provides a framework for sequencing these questions within your innovation process:

This cascade can be embedded in existing innovation processes through question-centered workshops, where each phase focuses on one of these questioning techniques. Innovation teams can be trained in facilitating these sessions and capturing the insights they generate.

Common obstacles to implementing questioning approaches include impatience for answers (especially among senior leaders), cultural norms that reward quick solutions over thoughtful inquiry, and the cognitive discomfort that comes with leaving questions open.

To overcome these obstacles, start small. Introduce one questioning technique in a low-stakes context, demonstrate its value, and gradually expand. Create explicit permission for “question time” where the pursuit of answers is temporarily suspended.

For your first week, try this simple practice plan:

– Day 1: Ask the First Principles Question about one aspect of your work

– Day 3: Apply the Constraint-Flipping Question to a current limitation

– Day 5: Experiment with the Counterintuitive Question in a team discussion

How do you know if better questioning is actually improving your innovation outcomes? The key is to track both process measures (how questioning is changing your approach) and outcome measures (how those changes affect results).

Process measures might include:

– Question diversity (number of different question types raised in innovation discussions)

– Assumption identification (number of previously hidden assumptions surfaced)

– Exploration breadth (number of distinct solution approaches considered)

Outcome measures could include:

– Innovation novelty (degree of departure from existing approaches)

– Implementation success (percentage of innovations that achieve desired results)

– Time to breakthrough (how quickly fundamental insights emerge)

Organizations like IDEO and Google Ventures actively measure question effectiveness in their innovation processes. IDEO, for example, tracks “How Might We” questions generated during design thinking sessions, analyzing their characteristics against ultimate project outcomes.

A simple assessment tool for evaluating your team's current questioning patterns is the Question Quotient (QQ) framework:

This is an opportunity to test an AI tool to transcribe and extract the “Question Quotient” metrics for your innovation sessions. 

Returning to the Airbnb story, there's a fascinating detail often overlooked. Before their breakthrough question about renting spare rooms, the founders had been pursuing a completely different business model focused on roommate matching. It wasn't superior market knowledge or technical expertise that led to their breakthrough—it was their willingness to question fundamental assumptions about how the hospitality industry should work.

This pattern repeats across innovation history. The transformative power of questioning has been the hidden force behind countless breakthroughs, from Netflix's reinvention of video distribution to Toyota's reinvention of manufacturing with the simple question: “Why do we need inventory?”

Before we wrap up today's episode, I want to thank all of you for joining me on this journey. I'm grateful for each and every one of you who takes the time to watch and engage.

If you found value in our content, please hit that like button and subscribe to our channel. It helps more innovators like you discover these concepts. Its our collective way to “pay-it-forward”. 

Don't forget to tap the notification bell so you never miss an episode. 

For those who want to go deeper with these concepts of questions and their role in innovation and creativity, you can check out my book, Beyond the Obvious and the Killer Questions Card deck. All of our tools are at Innovation [DOT] Tools. 100% of the profits are donated to charity. 

 You'll find the link in the description below.

Have you used any of these questioning approaches in your work? I'd love to hear your experiences in the comments section. Your stories inspire this community and help us all grow.

And speaking of community, a special shout-out to our Patreon patrons and paid subscribers on Substack who support the channel and get exclusive access to our special content and live streams. If you're interested in joining, become a supporter at either: 

Remember, the quality of your innovation is directly proportional to the quality of the questions you're asking. One powerful question can change everything.

Until next week, keep questioning, keep creating, and keep pushing boundaries. 

I'm Phil McKinney, and as always, thank you for being part of this innovation journey.

To learn more about unlocking breakthrough innovation, listen to this week's show: The Five Questions That Unlock Breakthrough Innovation.

In 2007, two designers struggling to pay rent in San Francisco had a seemingly simple thought: "What if people could rent out their spare rooms to travelers?" This question—posed by Brian Chesky and Joe Gebbia—sparked what would become Airbnb, a company now valued at over $100 billion that has fundamentally reshaped how millions of people travel.

The power of their question wasn't just in identifying a market gap. It challenged fundamental assumptions about hospitality, property use, and trust between strangers. It wasn't just incremental—it was transformative.

And here lies the innovation paradox most organizations face today: Companies invest heavily in expertise, data, and answers, yet rarely invest in improving the quality of their questions. They hire specialists who know the current state of the art but don't necessarily know how to question it. They gather mountains of data but ask the same questions of it that competitors do. They reward employees who provide answers, not those who challenge assumptions with powerful questions.

This explains why true breakthroughs remain rare. The uncomfortable truth is that the quality of your innovation is directly proportional to the quality of the questions you're asking. Transformative innovations don't come from having slightly better answers to the same questions everyone else is asking—they come from asking entirely different questions altogether.

In this episode, you'll discover five specific questioning techniques that have demonstrably led to breakthrough innovations across industries. These aren't generic "think outside the box" prompts, but precise question formulations with clear applications and proven results. Master these, and you'll have the keys to unlock innovation possibilities others can't even see.

Before diving into specific questioning techniques, it's worth understanding why questions—rather than answers—drive innovation so powerfully.

Neurologically, questioning activates different brain pathways than analytical thinking. When we search for answers, we typically engage in convergent thinking, narrowing possibilities until we arrive at what seems optimal. This activates primarily the brain's prefrontal cortex, the region associated with logical reasoning and decision-making.

But when we ask open questions, particularly those that challenge assumptions, we activate regions associated with divergent thinking and novel connections. According to research from the Center for Neural Decision Making at Temple University, individuals who regularly engage in questioning and curiosity-driven thinking show greater activation in areas associated with insight and creative problem-solving.

This neurological difference has led innovative organizations to replace traditional brainstorming—which often produces incremental ideas at best—with what innovation facilitators call "question-storming." In these sessions, participants generate only questions about a challenge, focusing on quantity and provocativeness rather than immediate answers.

Data supports this approach: A McKinsey study of over 300 companies found that those with formalized questioning methodologies in their innovation processes outperformed industry peers by an average of 34% in innovation output as measured by successful new products and services.

Even more compelling is research from Harvard Business School professor Amy Edmondson, which demonstrates that teams that regularly engage in question-based inquiry rather than assertion-based advocacy show significantly higher rates of breakthrough thinking and successful innovation implementation.

The science is clear: Better questions create better innovations. Now let's examine the five specific questions that have demonstrated the power to unlock breakthrough thinking.

Formula: "What if this limitation was actually an advantage?"

Most innovators instinctively fight against constraints. Limited budget? Try to get more funding. Restrictive regulations? Look for loopholes. Legacy technology? Plan a complete overhaul.

But true innovators know that constraints, reframed through the right question, can become catalysts for breakthrough thinking.

Consider Southwest Airlines. When launching in the 1970s, the company faced severe financial constraints that limited them to purchasing only one type of aircraft—the Boeing 737. Rather than viewing this as a disadvantage, founder Herb Kelleher asked, "What if having only one type of aircraft is actually an advantage?"

This question led to a cascade of innovations: The airline developed unparalleled expertise in maintaining and operating that specific aircraft. They simplified crew training since every pilot could fly any plane in the fleet. They streamlined parts inventory and maintenance processes. And they created a model for rapid turnaround at gates, since every plane had identical configurations.

The result? Southwest became one of the most consistently profitable airlines in an industry where competitors regularly went bankrupt.

Application Techniques:

To apply the constraint-flipping question in your context:

1. Identify your most frustrating constraints. List the limitations you believe are holding back innovation—budget restrictions, regulatory requirements, technology limitations, etc.
2. For each constraint, explicitly ask: "What if this limitation is actually an advantage? How might it force us to innovate in ways we wouldn't otherwise consider?"
3. Generate at least seven possibilities for how this constraint could drive rather than inhibit innovation.
4. Develop the most promising responses into concrete innovation concepts.

Implementation Exercise:

With your team, identify your three most significant constraints. For each, complete this sentence:

"This limitation could become our greatest innovation advantage if we..."

Herb Kelleher's answer was: "This limitation could become our greatest innovation advantage if we built our entire operational model around mastering one aircraft type rather than offering variety."

What's yours?

Formula: "How has another entirely unrelated industry solved a similar problem?"

Industries develop their own orthodoxies and blind spots. What seems innovative within one sector might be standard practice in another. The cross-industry inspiration question breaks through these silos by forcing connections between seemingly unrelated domains.

One of the most powerful examples comes from healthcare. In 2005, Great Ormond Street Hospital in London was struggling with patient handoffs between surgery and intensive care—a critical moment when communication failures regularly led to complications. Instead of looking to other hospitals for solutions, someone asked a revolutionary question: "Who else handles high-stakes handoffs with precision and speed?"

The answer came from an unexpected source: Formula 1 racing pit crews.

The hospital sent a team to observe Ferrari's pit stops, where 20 people perform complex, sequential tasks in under seven seconds. This cross-industry inspiration led to the development of new handoff protocols that reduced technical errors by over 40% and information handoff omissions by nearly 50%.

Application Techniques:

To apply the cross-industry inspiration question effectively:

1. Abstract your challenge to its fundamental pattern. Rather than "How do we improve patient handoffs?" ask "How do we execute complex, time-critical processes with minimal error?"
2. Identify industries that excel at that fundamental pattern, even if they seem completely unrelated to your field.
3. Study those industries' approaches, looking for transferable principles rather than surface-level practices.
4. Adapt and test the principles in your context, modifying as needed for your specific constraints.

Implementation Exercise:

For your current innovation challenge, complete this statement:

"At its core, we're really trying to solve the problem of ____________."

Then identify three completely unrelated industries that might excel at solving that core problem. For each, research their approaches and identify at least one principle you could adapt to your context.

Formula: "What would we do if we started completely from scratch, ignoring all precedent?"

Most innovation is built on existing foundations, iterating on what came before. But the most disruptive innovations come from challenging fundamental assumptions and rethinking problems from first principles.

Elon Musk famously applied this questioning approach to space technology. When starting SpaceX, conventional wisdom held that rockets were necessarily expensive, with costs running into hundreds of millions of dollars. Rather than accepting this, Musk asked: "What would rocket design look like if we started completely from scratch, questioning every assumption?"

This led his team to break down rockets into their basic components and reconsider each one. They found that the raw materials for rockets cost only about 2% of the typical price of a rocket. This insight drove them to vertically integrate production, building components in-house rather than purchasing them from traditional aerospace suppliers with 100-year-old designs.

The result was the development of rockets at roughly one-tenth the cost of traditional designs, fundamentally changing the economics of space access.

Application Techniques:

To apply the first principles question:

1. List all assumptions in your current approach. What do you take for granted about how things must work?
2. Challenge each assumption by asking, "Why must this be true? What would happen if the opposite were true?"
3. Break down the problem to its fundamental elements. What are the irreducible components or factors?
4. Rebuild your approach from these elements, ignoring precedent and tradition.

Implementation Exercise:

For your next innovation challenge, hold a "first principles session" where:

1. You list all assumptions about how your product, service, or process must work
2. Explicitly challenge each one with "What if this wasn't true?"
3. Identify the three assumptions that, if challenged, would most dramatically change your approach

Formula: "What would delight our most demanding users so much they couldn't imagine going back?"

Average users give you feedback for incremental improvements. Extreme users—those with the most demanding needs, unusual use cases, or challenging contexts—can point the way to breakthrough innovations.

Apple's development of voice-activated technology provides a compelling example. While voice control is now mainstream, its origins lie partly in designing for users with disabilities. By asking "What would create a transformative experience for users who cannot use traditional interfaces?" Apple developed technologies that eventually evolved into Siri and voice control features that millions now use daily.

Similarly, OXO built a kitchen tool empire by focusing first on users with arthritis and other grip limitations. The question "What would make tools usable for people with the most limited grip strength?" led to innovations in handle design that turned out to create better experiences for all users.

Application Techniques:

To leverage the extreme user question:

1. Identify your extreme users. These might be power users who push your product to its limits, users in challenging contexts (extreme climates, resource-limited settings), users with special needs, or even non-users who have rejected your category entirely.
2. Study them intensively, through interviews, observation, and collaborative design.
3. Ask explicitly: "What would transform your experience so dramatically you couldn't imagine going back to the current approach?"
4. Test whether solutions for extreme users reveal unmet needs for mainstream users as well.

Implementation Exercise:

Select three "extreme user" categories for your product or service. For each, arrange to interview or observe at least two users in that category. Focus on understanding their workarounds, frustrations, and ideal scenarios. Then ask: "What features would make this so perfect for them that they would become evangelists for our solution?"

Formula: "What if the opposite of our current approach is true?"

Our mental models and industry conventions often limit our thinking in ways we don't even recognize. The counterintuitive question deliberately inverts these models to reveal new possibilities.

Netflix revolutionized talent management by asking precisely this type of question. While most companies aim to build controls to minimize the damage that could be caused by disengaged employees (detailed procedures, approval hierarchies, expense limits), Netflix asked, "What if we did the opposite? What if we maximized freedom instead of minimizing abuse?"

This led to their famous "Freedom and Responsibility" culture, which eliminated vacation tracking, expense approval processes, and rigid reporting structures. The counterintuitive approach helped Netflix attract exceptional talent and build a culture of high performance and innovation that supported their transformation from DVD delivery to streaming pioneer.

Application Techniques:

To apply the counterintuitive question:

1. Identify your organization's core practices or beliefs about how to approach your market, product development, or operations.
2. For each practice or belief, ask: "What if the opposite approach is actually more effective? What would that look like?"
3. Explore the inverted approach thoroughly before dismissing it, looking for elements that challenge your assumptions constructively.
4. Test small-scale inversions to see if they yield unexpected benefits.

Implementation Exercise:

List the three most firmly held beliefs about "how things work" in your industry. For each one, complete the sentence: "What if the opposite is true? If so, we would..."

Then identify one small-scale experiment you could run to test elements of the inverted approach.

These five questions are most powerful when used systematically rather than in isolation. The Innovation Question Cascade provides a framework for sequencing these questions within your innovation process:

1. Start with the First Principles Question to clear away limiting assumptions and establish a blank slate of possibilities.
2. Apply the Extreme User Question to identify meaningful problems worth solving and generate initial solution concepts.
3. Explore the Cross-Industry Inspiration Question to bring in novel approaches from unrelated domains.
4. Use the Constraint-Flipping Question to turn limitations into advantages in your emerging concepts.
5. Finish with the Counterintuitive Question to check whether inversions of your approach might yield even better results.

This cascade can be embedded in existing innovation processes through question-centered workshops, where each phase focuses on one of these questioning techniques. Innovation teams can be trained in facilitating these sessions and capturing the insights they generate.

Common obstacles to implementing questioning approaches include impatience for answers (especially among senior leaders), cultural norms that reward quick solutions over thoughtful inquiry, and the cognitive discomfort that comes with leaving questions open.

To overcome these obstacles, start small. Introduce one questioning technique in a low-stakes context, demonstrate its value, and gradually expand. Create explicit permission for "question time" where the pursuit of answers is temporarily suspended.

For your first week, try this simple practice plan:

- Day 1: Ask the First Principles Question about one aspect of your work

- Day 3: Apply the Constraint-Flipping Question to a current limitation

- Day 5: Experiment with the Counterintuitive Question in a team discussion

How do you know if better questioning is actually improving your innovation outcomes? The key is to track both process measures (how questioning is changing your approach) and outcome measures (how those changes affect results).

Process measures might include:

- Question diversity (number of different question types raised in innovation discussions)

- Assumption identification (number of previously hidden assumptions surfaced)

- Exploration breadth (number of distinct solution approaches considered)

Outcome measures could include:

- Innovation novelty (degree of departure from existing approaches)

- Implementation success (percentage of innovations that achieve desired results)

- Time to breakthrough (how quickly fundamental insights emerge)

Organizations like IDEO and Google Ventures actively measure question effectiveness in their innovation processes. IDEO, for example, tracks "How Might We" questions generated during design thinking sessions, analyzing their characteristics against ultimate project outcomes.

A simple assessment tool for evaluating your team's current questioning patterns is the Question Quotient (QQ) framework:

1. Record a typical innovation meeting
2. Count the ratio of questions to statements
3. Analyze what percentage of questions challenge assumptions versus merely seeking information
4. Track how these metrics change as you implement the questioning techniques outlined above

This is an opportunity to test an AI tool to transcribe and extract the "Question Quotient" metrics for your innovation sessions.

Returning to the Airbnb story, there's a fascinating detail often overlooked. Before their breakthrough question about renting spare rooms, the founders had been pursuing a completely different business model focused on roommate matching. It wasn't superior market knowledge or technical expertise that led to their breakthrough—it was their willingness to question fundamental assumptions about how the hospitality industry should work.

This pattern repeats across innovation history. The transformative power of questioning has been the hidden force behind countless breakthroughs, from Netflix's reinvention of video distribution to Toyota's reinvention of manufacturing with the simple question: "Why do we need inventory?"

Before we wrap up today's episode, I want to thank all of you for joining me on this journey. I'm grateful for each and every one of you who takes the time to watch and engage.

If you found value in our content, please hit that like button and subscribe to our channel. It helps more innovators like you discover these concepts. Its our collective way to "pay-it-forward".

Don't forget to tap the notification bell so you never miss an episode.

For those who want to go deeper with these concepts of questions and their role in innovation and creativity, you can check out my book, Beyond the Obvious and the Killer Questions Card deck. All of our tools are at Innovation [DOT] Tools. 100% of the profits are donated to charity.

You'll find the link in the description below.

Have you used any of these questioning approaches in your work? I'd love to hear your experiences in the comments section. Your stories inspire this community and help us all grow.

And speaking of community, a special shout-out to our Patreon patrons and paid subscribers on Substack who support the channel and get exclusive access to our special content and live streams. If you're interested in joining, become a supporter at either:

• Patreon
• Substack

Remember, the quality of your innovation is directly proportional to the quality of the questions you're asking. One powerful question can change everything.

Until next week, keep questioning, keep creating, and keep pushing boundaries.

I'm Phil McKinney, and as always, thank you for being part of this innovation journey.

While most people scramble to adapt when the unexpected happens, a select few are already three steps ahead. They saw the change coming, prepared for it, and positioned themselves to benefit. Their secret weapon? Strategic thinking.

By the end of this episode, you'll master 6 powerful strategic thinking skills and 5 practical exercises that will transform your decision-making abilities. You'll develop the same mental toolkit used by visionary leaders and innovative thinkers. And you'll discover exactly how to apply these skills to your own challenges, spotting opportunities others miss and avoiding the pitfalls that trap even the smartest people.

Before we dive into specific techniques, let's get clear on what strategic thinking actually is. Unlike tactical thinking, which focuses on immediate tasks, or operational thinking, which concentrates on efficiency, strategic thinking is about seeing the bigger picture and a longer timeframe.

Think of it like this: tactical thinking is playing the next move in chess, operational thinking is mastering the rules and standard patterns, but strategic thinking is understanding the entire board and planning several moves ahead.

Developing a strategic mindset starts with training yourself to look beyond immediate outcomes. When faced with a decision, push yourself to consider its implications not just tomorrow, but months or years from now. This sounds simple, but it's surprisingly rare. Most people get caught in the urgency of the moment.

The strategic mindset includes four key elements:

Once you shift from reacting to anticipating, you start to design the game rather than just playing it. But how exactly do you develop these abilities? That's what we're going to explore next, with six core skills that form the foundation of strategic thinking.

The first skill is second-order thinking. Most people only consider the immediate results of their actions—the first-order effects. Strategic thinkers ask, “And then what?” That’s the second-order. 

Let me give you an example. When streaming services first appeared, many film studios only saw the first-order effect: a new revenue stream. They licensed their content widely. However, Netflix, thinking several steps ahead, saw the second-order effect. By gathering data on viewing habits and building relationships with viewers, they could eventually create their own content and reduce dependence on studios. While studios were playing checkers, Netflix was playing chess.

To practice second-order thinking, get in the habit of asking follow-up questions after your initial analysis:

This simple discipline forces you to trace consequences through systems over time.

The second core skill is probabilistic reasoning—thinking in terms of likelihoods rather than certainties. Our brains naturally want yes/no answers, but reality rarely obliges.

Instead of asking “Will this work?” try asking, “What's the likelihood this will work, and under what conditions?” This shifts you from binary thinking to a more nuanced view that accounts for uncertainty.

A practical way to develop this skill is to keep a decision journal. Write down important decisions you make, along with your estimate of how likely various outcomes are. Over time, review these notes to calibrate your judgment.

The third skill is opportunity cost assessment—the understanding that every yes means saying no to something else. Resources are always limited, whether that's money, time, attention, or energy.

Strategic thinkers habitually ask, “If I pursue this option, what am I giving up?” This question prevents the common trap of chasing good opportunities at the expense of great ones.

To practice this skill, whenever you're making a significant decision, force yourself to list at least three alternatives you're giving up by choosing your preferred option. This creates the mental habit of seeing hidden trade-offs.

Our fourth skill might seem counterintuitive: inversion thinking. Instead of asking how to succeed, ask how you might fail.

Imagine you're launching a new product. Rather than just planning for success, ask: “A year from now, if this product has failed completely, what will have caused that failure?” This perspective reveals potential problems you might otherwise miss.

This approach—sometimes called a pre-mortem—is remarkably effective at exposing blind spots in your thinking and strengthening your plans.

The fifth skill is scenario development—the ability to envision multiple possible futures. The future is never a single predetermined path; it's a range of possibilities.

Strategic thinkers don't try to predict exactly what will happen. Instead, they identify a few distinct possible futures and prepare for each. This creates resilience and adaptability.

To practice this skill, identify the two or three major uncertainties in a situation, then imagine how different combinations of outcomes might play out. Don't aim for dozens of scenarios—just a few meaningful alternatives that cover the range of possibilities.

The final core skill is first principles analysis—breaking complex situations down to fundamental truths rather than relying on analogies or conventions.

When Elon Musk approached rocketry, he didn't start with the assumption that rockets are expensive. He asked what materials a rocket requires and what the raw costs of those materials are. This first-principles approach revealed that rockets could be built for a fraction of the conventional cost.

To practice this skill, when facing a challenge, ask yourself: “What are the fundamental truths I know with certainty about this situation?” Build your thinking up from these foundations rather than starting with assumptions or conventional wisdom.

Now that we've explored these six skills individually, you might be wondering how they work together in practice. Let's look at how these abilities combine to create truly strategic thinking…

The real power of strategic thinking emerges when these six skills work together. No complex challenge can be solved with just one approach. Instead, strategic thinkers draw from their full toolkit, applying different skills as the situation demands.

Think about a chess grandmaster who doesn't just rely on calculating the next move (tactical thinking) but combines pattern recognition from past games with scenario planning for future moves, all while assessing the opportunity costs of different strategic options.

Similarly, you'll find yourself naturally combining these skills. When evaluating a major decision, you might start with second-order thinking, then apply probabilistic reasoning to assess various outcomes, while using inversion to identify potential pitfalls.

So, how do you develop these skills into habits that you can apply automatically? That's what we'll explore next with five practical exercises to strengthen your strategic thinking muscles…

Like any set of skills, strategic thinking improves with practice. Here are five exercises specifically designed to strengthen the six strategic thinking skills we've explored.

Skills developed: Inversion thinking, Second-order thinking

Before starting an important project, imagine it has failed completely. Spend ten minutes writing down all the reasons for this failure. This exercise leverages inversion thinking to expose potential problems before they occur.

To conduct an effective pre-mortem:

Skills developed: Second-order thinking, Opportunity cost assessment

When making a decision, ask yourself: how will I feel about this 10 minutes from now? 10 months from now? 10 years from now? This forces you to consider different time horizons and avoid short-term thinking.

The power of this exercise lies in identifying decisions that might feel good in the moment but cause regret later—or conversely, decisions that feel difficult now but will prove valuable in the long run.

Skills developed: Scenario development, First principles analysis

Start by clearly defining a desired future state, then work backward to identify what would need to happen to reach that state. This approach often reveals steps or requirements that forward planning misses.

For example, if you want to become a senior executive in five years, work backward to identify the skills, experiences, and relationships you'd need to develop along the way.

Skills developed: Probabilistic reasoning, First principles analysis

When stuck on a problem, try viewing it from drastically different perspectives. How would a competitor see this situation? A customer? Someone from a completely different industry?

This exercise breaks you out of fixed thinking patterns by forcing you to consider alternative viewpoints and probabilities you might otherwise miss.

Skills developed: All six skills

Incorporate these questions into your thinking routine:

The key to all these exercises is consistency. Even five minutes of strategic thinking practice each day will, over time, reshape your default thinking patterns. But how do you incorporate these practices into your busy life? Let's talk about that next…

The true test of any skill is whether you use it in daily life. Here's how to make strategic thinking a natural part of your routine:

Start small. Don't try to apply strategic thinking to every decision—you'll quickly burn out. Instead, choose one significant decision each day for deeper analysis. This might be a work decision, a financial choice, or even a relationship issue.

There are four effective ways to integrate strategic thinking into your daily routine:

Balance is crucial. Strategic thinking doesn't mean getting lost in analysis paralysis. Sometimes, a quick decision is better than a perfect one made too late. The goal is appropriate thinking—matching your mental effort to the importance of the decision.

Perhaps most importantly, be patient with yourself. Strategic thinking is a lifelong journey, not a destination. You'll have days where you fall back into reactive thinking, and that's okay. The goal is progress, not perfection.

And speaking of progress, let's wrap up with the most important takeaways from our exploration of strategic thinking…

We've covered a lot of ground in this episode, from understanding the strategic mindset to developing specific skills and practices. Here

Your challenge for this week is to choose just one of the strategic thinking skills we've discussed and apply it to an important decision you're facing. Notice how it changes your perspective and possibly your choice.

Strategic thinking, at its heart, isn't just about making better decisions—it's about creating options for your future self. Every time you think strategically, you're investing in possibilities that your future self will thank you for.

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To learn more about improving strategic thinking skills, listen to this week's show: How to Improve Your Strategic Thinking Skills.

Most people react to change. They adapt, adjust, and scramble to keep up. But a small group sees change coming. They prepare for it, shape it, and position themselves to win. Their edge? Strategic thinking skills. In this article, you'll learn six powerful strategic thinking skills and five proven exercises to sharpen your thinking, decision, and act. You'll move from reacting to shaping. From being caught off guard to staying three moves ahead. Let's build the mental toolkit that visionary leaders use to navigate uncertainty—and turn disruption into opportunity.

Strategic thinking isn't about obsessing over efficiency or micromanaging tactics. It's about seeing the big picture, anticipating what's next, and setting direction when others stall. Strategic thinkers operate with four key traits:

- Long-term orientation – They think in years, not days.

- Pattern recognition – They connect signals others miss.

- Comfort with uncertainty – They decide with incomplete data.

- Proactivity – They shape the game, not just play it.

That mindset lays the foundation. Now, let's break down the six core strategic thinking skills.

Second-order thinking separates amateurs from pros. Don't just consider immediate consequences—look downstream. What happens next? What unintended effects might show up later? Netflix mastered this. Studios focused on short-term streaming revenue. Netflix saw user data as leverage for producing original content—and flipped the game.

Ask, "What's the chance this works?" instead of "Will this work?" Keep a decision journal. Estimate outcomes. Then, reflect and recalibrate. That's how you develop judgment.

Every yes is a no to something else. Strategic thinkers force themselves to list three alternatives they're giving up before choosing a path. That habit exposes trade-offs others miss.

Flip the question. Ask, "How might this fail?" Use pre-mortems before major projects. Thinking like this isn't pessimism—it's prevention.

Don't chase predictions. Instead, map out a few plausible future scenarios. Prepare for each. That's how you build flexibility into your strategy.

Start from what you know to be true. Then, build up. Forget how it's "always been done." That's how Elon Musk questioned the high cost of rockets—and built SpaceX.

• Pre-Mortem – Identify failure scenarios before you start.
• 10/10/10 Test – Ask how a decision will feel in 10 minutes, 10 months, and 10 years.
• Future-Back Planning – Start with your desired outcome and work backward.
• Perspective Shifting – Analyze decisions from multiple points of view.
• Strategic Questioning – Use prompts like "What would change my mind?" or "What's the non-obvious move?"

These sharpen your thinking. Repetition turns them into instinct.

You don't need hours. One thoughtful decision a day is enough to start. Try this:

• Create mental triggers. Pause when you feel rushed.
• Partner with someone who thinks differently.
• Schedule 15 minutes a week to think long-term.
• Reflect after decisions. Note what worked—and what didn't.

Over time, you'll default to asking better questions and spotting better options. That's the real power of strategic thinking skills.

You don't need to master everything overnight. Just choose one skill. Apply it to one big decision this week. Watch what changes. Strategic thinking isn't just for CEOs—it's for anyone who wants to stop reacting and start shaping their future.

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