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The ba form attached to the end of an adjective creates an “If…then…” sentence. Sentences that use the ba form are less colloquial than the other conditional form tara (which we won’t cover in this lesson). The main clause (i.e. the first half of a sentence) can be a desire, hope, command, suggestion, or statement of one’s will.

In order to conjugate an i-adjective into the ba form, you simply replace the final hiragana character い with ければ (kereba). 

* いい (ii, good) has to be changed back into its dictionary form 良い (yoi) before it can be conjugated into the ba form.

高い  ➝ 高ければ takai  ➝ takakereba expensive  ➝ Iif it’s expensive

寒い  ➝ 寒ければ samui  ➝ samukereba cold  ➝ If it’s cold

面白い  ➝ 面白ければ omoshiroi  ➝ omoshirokereba interesting  ➝ If it’s interesting

美味しい  ➝ 美味しければ oishii  ➝ oishikereba delicious  ➝ If it’s delicious

いい  ➝ 良い  ➝ 良ければ ii  ➝ yoi  ➝ yokereba good  ➝ If it’s good

時計は高ければ、買いません。

Tokei wa takakereba, kaimasen.

If the watch is expensive, I won’t buy it.

ヨーロッパは寒ければ、行きません。

Yooroppa wa samukereba, ikimasen.

If Europe is cold, I won’t go.

映画は面白ければ、見ましょう！

Eiga wa omoshirokereba, mimashou!

If the movie is interesting, let’s see it!

In order to conjugate na–adjectives into the ba form, you simply leave out the な and add ならば (naraba) instead. The “ba” at the end of “naraba” is optional. 

便利  ➝ 便利なら(ば) benri  ➝ benrinara(ba) convenient  ➝ If it’s convenient

必要  ➝ 必要なら(ば) hitsuyou  ➝ hitsuyounara(ba) necessary  ➝ If it’s necessary

だめ  ➝ だめなら(ば) dame  ➝ damenara(ba) unacceptable  ➝ If it’s unacceptable

有名  ➝ 有名なら(ば) yuumei  ➝ yuumeinara(ba) famous  ➝ If it’s famous

安全  ➝ 安全なら(ば) anzen  ➝ anzennara(ba) safe  ➝ If it’s safe

あのラーメンは有名ならば、食べたいです！

Ano raamen wa yuumeinaraba, tabetai desu!

If that ramen is famous, I want to try it!

この国は安全ならば、ここに住みたいです。

Kono kuni  wa anzennaraba, koko ni sumitai desu.

If this country is safe, I want to live here.

東京の方が便利ならば、そこで会いましょうか？

Toukyou no hou ga benrinaraba, soko de aimashou ka?

If Tokyo is more convenient for you, shall we meet there?

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「あげます」 is the Japanese word for "to give" seen from the speaker's point of view. You must use this verb when you are giving something or doing something for someone else.

私は友達にプレゼントをあげます。

- I gave present to friend.

車を買ってあげます。

- I'll give you the favor of buying a car.

私は友達にいいことを教えてあげました。

- I taught something good to my friend. (looking at it from the my point of view)

「くれます」 is also a verb meaning "to give" but unlike 「あげます」, it is from the receiver's point of view. You must use this verb when someone else is giving something or doing something for you (effectively the opposite of 「あげます」).

友達は私にプレゼントをくれました。

- Friend gave present to me.

車を買ってくれますか？

- You'll give me the favor of buying a car for me?

友達は私にいいことを教えてくれました。

- Friend gave favor of teaching something good to me. (looking at it from the friend's point of view)

「もらいます」 meaning, "to receive" has only one version unlike 「あげます／くれます」 so there's very little to explain. One thing to point out is that since you receive from someone, 「から」 is also appropriate in addition to the 「に」 target particle.

私は友達にプレゼントをもらいます。

- I will receive a present from my friend.

これは友達に買ってもらいました。

- About this, received the favor of buying it from friend.

宿題をチェックしてもらいたかったけど、時間がなくて無理だった。

- I wanted to receive the favor of checking homework but there was no time and it was impossible.

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~ことができます (Koto Ga Dekimasu):  Formal Potential Form With Verbs

If you want to use the potential form with verbs, one way is to use the present tense form of the verb followed by ことができる. This phrase directly translates to “be able to do ~ing,” where the “ing” is the verb being used. Take a look at the following example sentence for a more in-depth explanation. 

私は日本語を話すことができます。

watashi wa nihongo wo hanasu koto ga dekimasu

Meaning: I can speak Japanese. (ability to speak Japanese)

～ができます (ga dekimasu) : Noun + dekimasu

できる can be used in various ways to communicate potential; for example, it can communicate skill or capability when used with a noun. 

私はテニスができます。

watashi wa tenisu ga dekimasu

Meaning: I can play tennis. (ability to play tennis)

Group 1 : Potential form

To write 書きます (kakimasu) 書けます (kakemasu)

To speak 話します (hanashimasu) 話せます (hanasemasu)

To stand 立ちます (tachimasu) 立てます (tatemasu)

To drink 飲みます (nomimasu) 飲めます (nomemasu)

Group 2 : Potential form

To see, look, watch 見ます (mimasu) 見られます (miraremasu)

To wear 着ます (kimasu) 着られます (kiraremasu)

To eat 食べます (tabemasu) 食べられます (taberaremasu)

To answer 答えます (kotaemasu) 答えられます (kotaeraremasu)

Group 3 : Potential form

To do します (shimasu) できます (dekimasu)

To come きます (kimasu) 来られます (koraremasu)

私は日本語が話せます。

watashi wa nihongo ga hanasemasu

I can speak Japanese

兄は泳げます。

ani wa oyogemasu

My elder brother can swim.

弟は自転車に乗れます。

otouto wa jitensha ni noremasu

My younger brother can ride the bicycle.

明日パーティーに行けません。

ashita pa-ti- ni ikemasen

I can't go to the party tommorrow.

昨日晩御飯が食べられませんでした。

kinou bangohan ga taberaremasendeshita

I couldn't eat dinner yesterday.

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いくら～ても (ikura~temo)

no matter how 

Verb (て-form) も、

い-Adj (～い) くても、

な-Adj でも、

Noun でも、

いくら頑張ってもよくならない。

Ikura ganbattemo yoku naranai.

No matter how hard I try, it doesn't go well.

いくら遅くても五時までに着きたい。

Ikura osokutemo go ji made ni tsukitai.

I want to arrive there by five at the latest.

いくら安くても、買いたくない。

Ikura yasukute mo, kaitakunai.

I don’t want to buy it no matter how cheap it is.

いくら可愛くても、この犬は持って帰ることができません。

Ikura kawaikute mo, kono inu wa motte kaeru koto ga dekiamsen.

No matter how cute this dog is, I cannot bring him back home.

いくら野菜が嫌いでも、食べた方がいいです。

Ikura yasai ga kirai demo tabeta hou ga iidesu

No matter how much you hate vegetables, it's better to eat them.

いくら調べても、意味がわかりません。

Ikura shirabete mo imi ga wakarimasen

No matter how much I look it up, I don't understand the meaning.

いくら眠くても、今はまだ寝ることができません。

Ikura nemukutemo, ima wa mada neru koto ga dekimasen.

No matter how sleepy I am, I still can't sleep.

てForm＋も、てForm＋もis the same as いくら～ても (ikura~temo) 

働いても働いても、疲れません。

hataraitemohataraitemo, tsukaremasen.

No matter how much I work, I won't be tired

食べても食べても、お腹が空きます。

tabetemotabetemo, onaka ga sukimasu.

No matter how much I eat I still feel hungry.

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ても (temo) Sentence is used to indicate a reverse condition.

It's used when an action which is expected to be taken or an event which is expected to happen naturally under the given circumstances does not materialize or a thing turns out in a way opposite to a socially accepted idea.

Verb (て-form) も、

い-Adj (～い) くても、

な-Adj でも、

Noun でも、

If you continue doing this for weeks, normally it's natural that you'll . In this case, you can use the と (to) sentence to describe the situation.

たくさん働くと、疲れます。

takusan hatarakuto, tsukaremasu

If I work a lot, I will become tired.

However, if the opposite result happens, you should use ても (temo) sentence to describe the situation.

For ても (temo) sentence, what happens is opposite to what people normally expected.

たくさん働いても、疲れません。

takusan hataraitemo, tsukaremasen.

Even if I work alot, I won't be tired

たくさんはたらきます → つかれます ← naturally happen use と sentence

たくさんはたらきます → つかれます ← opposite result happen use ても sentence

たくさん食べても、お腹が空きます。

takusan tabetemo, onaka ga sukimasu.

Even if I eat a lot, I still feel hungry.

高くても買います

takaku temo kaimasu.

I'll buy it even if it's expensive.

にちようびでも、はたらきます。

nichiyoubi demo, hatarakimasu.

I work even on Sundays.

暇でも、外に行きません。

hima demo soto ni ikimasen.

Even if I'm free, I won't go outside

Verb ない-form (～ない) なくても、

い-Adj (～い) くなくても、

な-Adj でなくても、

Noun でなくても、

勉強しなくても試験に合格します

benkyou shinakute mo shiken ni goukaku shimasu

Even if I don't study, I will pass the exam

おいしくなくても、食べます

oishikunakutemo tabemasu

I will eat even if it is not delicios

静かでなくても、勉強することができます。

shizuka denakutemo, benkyou surukoto ga dekimasu

Even if it's not quiet, I can study.

いい天気でなくても、洗濯します。

ii tenki denakutemo, sentaku shimasu

Even if the weather is not good, I'll do the laundry.

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〜たら is a conjugation pattern which expresses a causal relationship. The action or state expressed by the sentence which precedes 〜たら is the condition of the event or situation expressed by the rest of the sentence.

Depending on the context, it is interpreted differently—as time sequences like "when" and "after," or conditions like "if."

Verb 食べます　→　食べた　+　ら　=　食べたら

Noun 夏です　→　夏だった　+　ら　=　夏だったら

な-adjective 静かです　→　静かだった　+　ら　=　静かだったら

い-adjective 難しいです　→　難しかった　+　ら　=　難しかったら

もし あめ がふったら  ほん を よみます

Moshi Ame Ga Futtara Hon Wo Yomimasu

If it rains I will read a book

We start with MOSHI to emphasise the conditional at the beginning of the sentence .

We then explain the condition which is “If it rains” あめがふったら

ふる here has been changed to the past form verb ふった and then ら has been added to the end. 

もし日本に行ったら日本語を勉強します

moshi nihon ni ittara nihongo o benkyou shimasu

If I go to Japan, I will learn Japanese

The condition here implies that IF the speaker goes to Japan they will study Japanese 

コートを着たら、寒くありません。

ko-to wo kitara, samukuarimasen

If i wear a coat, I will not be cold. 

This condition here is “wearing a coat”. If that condition is met the speaker will no longer be cold.

やすかったら、パソコンをかいたいです。

yasukattara, pasokon o kaitai desu.

If it's cheap, I'd like to buy a computer.

ひまだったら、てつだってください。

hima dattara, tetsudatte kudasai.

If you're free, please help me out.

Verb 食べません　→　食べなかった　+　ら　=　食べなかったら

Noun 夏ではありません　→　夏ではなかった　+　ら　=　夏ではなかったら

な-adjective 静かではありません　→　静かではなかった　+　ら　=　静かではなかったら

い-adjective 難しくないです　→　難しくなかった　+　ら　=　難しくなかったら

あめではなかったら、うみにいきます

ame dewa nakattara umi ni ikimasu

If it will not rain, I will go to the beach

おもしろくなかったら、あのえいがはみません

omoshirokunakattara, ano eiga wa mimasen

If it is not interesting, I will not watch that movie

じかんがなかったら、テレビをみません。

jikan ga nakattara, terebi o mimasen.

If I had no time, I wouldn't watch any TV.

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koto can be used as a nominalizer. When “koto” is placed after a verb or a verb phrase, “koto” can turn that verb/verb phrase into what is essentially a long, multi-word noun.

For example:

本を読みます hon o yomimasu means “[someone] reads/will read books.” But,

本を読む事 hon o yomu koto means “the idea/act of [someone] reading books.”

ことKoto quite simply adds “ING” to the end of a verb.

To Eat becomes Eating

たべます tabemasu

たべること taberukoto

To Walk becomes Walking

あるきます arukimasu

あるくこと arukukoto

To Drink becomes Drinking

のみます nomimasu

のむこと nomukoto

こと（KOTO）turns a verb into a noun.

It is an extremely useful thing to use when describing what actions you like or dislike doing. 

うどんをたべることがすきです

UDON WO TABERU KOTO GA SUKI DESU

I like “eating” udon

かれはこうえんをあるくことがすきです

KARE WA KOUEN WO ARUKU KOTO GA SUKI DESU.

He likes “walking” in the Park

わたしのしゅみはりょうりをつくることです。

watashi no shumi wa ryouri o tsukuru koto desu.

My hobby is cooking.

When used to nominalize the preceding clause, the nominalized phrase expresses a fact which is already accomplished or which the speaker supposes will be accomplished. koto tends to be taken as an object by verbs of mental activity such as knowing, recognizing, understanding, hoping, learning, etc.

田中さんがヨーロッパに行ったことを知っていますか？

Tanaka-san san ga youroppa ni itta koto o shitte imasu ka.

Do you know that Mr. Tanaka has gone to Europe?

ラオさんが国にかえったことをしっていますか？

Rao san ga kuni ni kaetta koto o shitteimasu ka?

Do you know that Mr. Rao went back to his country?

あしたテストがあることをききましたか？

ashita tesuto ga aru koto o kikimashita ka?

Did you hear that there is a test tomorrow?

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A relative clause is a clause that is used to modify a noun or a noun phrase. In English, a clause must contain a subject and a predicate at a minimum in order to be grammatical, but a Japanese clause only requires a predicate. 

Forming the relative clause - step by step:

​1

In your mind, change the verb in 私は本をかいました to the plain form,  かった​ 

The verbs in relative clauses is always in the plain form. They can be in the past or present tenses or in the volitional (-tai) form, but they will always be in the plain form.

​2

Next, we have to change the word order so that 本 (book), the main thing we're talking about, comes at the end of the clause . . .  

私は本をかった (I bought a book) changes to 私がかった​本 (the book that I bought)

Note that the topic marker は changes to が in the relative clause. This is because 私 is no longer the topic of the sentence.​ In fact, our new main topic is the book.

​3

We can use the phrase we have just constructed in a sentence, by adding our second idea, which is  おもしろいです:

私がかった本は、おもしろいです。

​The book that I bought is interesting.

There is no Japanese equivalent to English relative pronouns (i.e. “Who“, “Which“, and “That“). In other words, Japanese relative clauses directly connect to the noun or noun phrase and any particles or pronouns associated with the noun / noun phrase are erased.

大きい犬 [The big dog] This is simply an い-Adjective, but it functions grammatically identically to a more complex relative clause.

寝ている犬 [A sleeping dog] Notice that (1) the relative clause can consist of a lone verb, and (2) the relative clause directly precedes the noun that it modifies.

目が大きい人 [A preson with big eyes] This relative clause is slightly more complex with both a subject and a predicate.

頭がいい学生[a smart student] Note that the relative clause connects directly to the noun that it modifies.

髪が長い人 kami ga nagai hito [The person who has long hair]

めがねをかけている人 megane o kaketeiru hito  [The person who is wearing glasses]

猫が好きな人 neko ga sukina hito [The person who likes cats]

あそこで写真をとっている人 asoko de shashin o totteiru hito [The person who is taking a photo over there]

毎日運動をする人 mainichi undou suru hito [The person who exercises every day]

タバコを吸わない人 tabako o suwanai hito [The person who doesn’t smoke tobacco]

去年結婚した人 kyonen kekkon shita hito [The person who got married last year]

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Verb (Dictionary-form) と、 Sentence 2

い-Adj (～い) と、 Sentence 2

な-Adj だ と、 Sentence 2

Noun だ と、 Sentence 2

Verb (ない-form) と、 Sentence 2

い-Adj (～い) くない と、 Sentence 2

な-Adj でない と、 Sentence 2

Noun でない と、 Sentence 2

と (to) sentence expresses Sentence 2 inevitably as a result of Sentence 1. It means whenever the condition in Sentence 1 is set, result in Sentence 2 will always happen. Therefore expressions used in Sentence 2 are natural and predictable events/states or unavoidable facts.

Based on the above 'rules', と (to) sentence is mainly used in the following 3 types of sentences...

1. Nature-related Fact

2. Use of Machine

3. Give Direction

春になると、桜が咲きます。

haru ni naru to, sakura ga sakimasu

If Spring comes, the cherry blossom will bloom.

暑いと、喉が渇きます。

atsui to, nodo ga kawakimasu

If the weather is hot, you will get thirsty.

電気をつけると、明るくなります。

denki wo tsukeru to, akaruku narimasu

If you turn on the light, it will become brighter.

静かだと、よく寝ることができます。

shizuka da to, yoku nemuremasu

If it's quiet, you can sleep well.

夜電気をつけないと、暗いです。

yoru denki wo tsukenai to, kurai desu

If you don't turn on the light in the night, it's dark here.

静かでないと、よく眠れません。

shizuka denai to, yoku nemuremasen

If it's not quiet, you cannot sleep well.

If you don't turn on the light in the night, it's dark here.

このボタンを押すと、切符が出ます。

kono botan wo osu to, kippu ga demasu

If you press this button, a ticket will come out.

まっすぐ行くと、右に病院があります。

massugu iku to, migi ni byouin ga arimasu

If you go straight, you will find the hospital on the right.

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時 【とき】(toki) means " when; at this time ".

とき (toki) connects two sentences and expresses the time when the state or action described in the main sentence takes place.

Verb dict-form とき(toki)

Verb ない-form とき(toki)

Verb た-form とき(toki)

い-adjective とき(toki)

な-adjective + な とき(na toki)

Noun + の とき(no toki)

私はテレビを見るときコーヒを飲みます。

Watashiwa terebi wo miru toki kohi wo nomimasu.

When I watch TV, I drink a coffee.

わからないとき、先生に聞いてください。

wakaranai toki, sensei ni kiitekudasai

If you don't understand, please ask the teacher.

日本に旅行した時、桜を見ました。

Nihon ni ryokou shita toki, sakura o mimashita.

When I went to Japan, I saw the cherry blossoms.

小さいとき、東京に住んでいました。

Chiisai toki, Tokyo ni sundeimashita

When I was small, I lived in Tokyo.

ひまな時、来てください。

Hima na toki, kite kudasai.

When you are free, please come over.

大学生の時、よく勉強しました。

Daigakusei no toki yoku benkyou shimashita.

When I was in University, I studied a lot.

It can be used in both present and past tense.

Sentence A + toki + Sentence B

Verb dict-form とき(toki): Action in the sentence B occurs before the action in the sentence A.

Verb dict-form とき(toki): After the action in sentence A occurs,  sentence B occurs.

But if you use the past tense in the main sentence

東京から大阪に行く時、このかばんを買いました。

Tokyo ni Osaka ni iku toki, kono kaban o kaimashita.

When I went to Tokyo from Osaka, I bought this bag (in Tokyo).

東京から大阪に行ったとき、このかばんを買いました。

Tokyo ni Osaka ni itta toki, kono kaban o kaimashita (in Osaka).

When I went to Tokyo from Osaka, I bought this bag.

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