Leftist Reading

Episode 119:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 17]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 18 - 22]
5. War Communism

[Part 23 - 26]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 27 - 30]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 31 - This Week]
Conclusion (first half) - 0:23

[Part 32]
Conclusion

Footnotes:
1) 7:37
The phrase was Lenin’s. See V. I. Lenin, ‘Our Tasks and the Soviet of Workers’ Deputies’, 2–4 Nov. 1905, in Lenin Collected Works (Moscow: Progress, 1965), 10. 17–28.

2) 22:49
Lynne Viola, ‘Collectivization in the Soviet Union: Specificities and Modalities’, in Constantin Iordachi and Arnd Bauerkämper (eds), The Collectivization of Agriculture in Communist Eastern Europe: Comparison and Entanglements (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2014), 49–78 (64–5).

3) 24:17
Ronald Suny suggests that empire is ‘a composite state in which the centre dominates the periphery to the latter’s disadvantage’. Ronald G. Suny, ‘Ambiguous Categories: States, Empires and Nations’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 11:2 (1995), 185–96 (187).

4) 25:55
Peter Holquist, ‘Violent Russia’.

5) 26:45
Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Cambridge: Polity, 1989), 13; David L. Hoffmann, Cultivating the Masses: Modern State Practices and Soviet Socialism, 1914–1939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011).

6) 28:57
Landis, Bandits.

7) 29:16
Liudmila G. Novikova, ‘Russia’s Red Revolutionary and White Terror: A Provincial Perspective’, Europe-Asia Studies, 65:9 (2013), 1755–70.

8) 29:40
Felix Schnell, Räume des Schreckens: Gewalt und Gruppenmilitanz in der Ukraine, 1905–1933 (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2012); Stefan Plaggenborg, ‘Gewalt und Militanz in Sowjetrußland 1917–1930’, Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas, 44 (1996), 409–30.

9) 30:23
Stephen P. Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856–1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 245–8.

Episode 118:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 17]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 18 - 22]
5. War Communism

[Part 23 - 26]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 27 - 29]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture
Social Order Restored
Designing a Welfare State
The Arts and Utopia
Family and Gender Relations
Youth a Wavering Vanguard
Propaganda and Popular Culture

[Part 30 - This Week]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture
Cultural Revolution - 0:38
The Attack on Religion - 24:51
Epilogue - The “Great Break” 1928 - 1931 - 42:38

[Part 31 - 32?]
Conclusion

Figure 7.6 - 6:45
Kazakh peasants learn to read.

Figure 7.7 - 30:25
The seizure of church valuables, 1922.

Footnotes:

96) 0:54
Zenovia A. Sochor, Revolution and Culture: The Bogdanov–Lenin Controversy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988).

97) 2:39
Oktiabr’skaia revoliutsiia i fabzavkomy (The October Revolution and the Factory Committees), (2 vols), vol. 2, ed. S. A. Smith (Millwood, NY: Kraus International Publications, 1983), 89.

98) 4:58
Michael David-Fox, ‘What is Cultural Revolution?’, Russian Review, 58 (Apr. 1999), 181–201.

99) 5:46
Ella Winter, Red Virtue: Human Relationships in the New Russia (London: Gollancz, 1933), 35.

100) 6:48
Charles E. Clark, Uprooting Otherness: The Literacy Campaign in NEP-Era Russia (Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 2000).

101) 7:50
Charles E. Clark, ‘Uprooting Otherness: Bolshevik Attempts to Refashion Rural Russia via the Reading Rooms of the 1920s’, Canadian Slavonic Papers, 38:3–4 (1996), 305–29 (320).

102) 8:51
N. Rosnitskii, Litso derevni. Po materialam obsledovaniia 28 volostei i 32,730 krest’ianskikh khoziaistv Penzenskoi gubernii (Leningrad: Gos. Izd-vo, 1926), 103.

103) 10:00
Régine Robin, ‘Popular Literature of the 1920s: Russian Peasants as Readers’, in Fitzpatrick, Rabinowitch, and Stites (eds), Russia in the Era of NEP, 253–67, (256).

104) 10:39
Robin, ‘Popular Literature’, 261.

105) 11:26
Gorsuch, Youth in Revolutionary Russia, 19.

106) 11:50
Antireligioznik, 10 (1926), 53.

107) 12:28
N. B. Lebina, Povsednevnaia zhizn’ sovetskogo goroda: normy i anomalii: 1920–1930 gody (St Petersburg: Neva, 1999), ch. 2, part 3.

108) 13:24
Andy Willimott, Living the Revolution: Urban Communes & Soviet Socialism, 1917–1932 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).

109) 13:56
Hugh D. Hudson, Blueprints and Blood: The Stalinization of Soviet Architecture, 1917–37 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).

110) 14:15
Anatole Kopp, Town and Revolution: Soviet Architecture and City Planning, 1917–1935 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1970).

111) 15:21
Eric Aunoble, Le Communisme tout de suite! Le mouvement des communes en Ukraine soviétique (1919–20) (Paris: Les Nuits rouges, 2008).

112) 16:25
S. A. Smith, ‘The Social Meanings of Swearing: Workers and Bad Language in Late-Imperial and Early-Soviet Russia’, Past and Present, 160 (1998), 167–202.

113) 17:58
This and the statistics on baptisms and funerals are taken from N. S. Burmistrov, ‘Religioznye obriady pri rozhdeniiakh, smertiakh, brakakh po statistichekim dannym administrativnykh otdelov Mossoveta’, Antireligioznik, 6 (1929), 89–94.

114) 20:03
Golos naroda, 170–2.

115) 20:44
Catherine Merridale, Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Russia (London: Granta, 2000).

116) 22:53
N. N. Kozlova, Gorizonty povsednevnosti sovetskoi epokhi. Golosa iz khora (Moscow: RAN, 1996), 128; Litvak, ‘Zhizn’ krest’ianina’, 194.

117) 25:14
V. P. Buldakov, Krasnaia smuta: Priroda I posledstviia revoliutsionnogo nasiliia (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1997).

118) 25:42
Koenker and Bachman (eds), Revelations from the Russian Archives, 456–8.

119) 27:26
State Archive of the Russian Federation: ГАРФ, ф.Р-5407, оп.2, д.177, л.22.

120) 28:56
<http://www.grad-kirsanov.ru/article.php?id=orthodox.11>.

121) 31:25
N. A. Krivova, ‘The Events in Shuia: A Turning Point in the Assault on the Church’, Russian Studies in History, 46:2 (2007), 8–38.

122) 31:44
Edward E. Roslof, Red Priests: Renovationism, Russian Orthodoxy, and Revolution, 1905–1946 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002).

123) 32:41
Gregory Freeze, ‘Counter-Reformation in Russian Orthodoxy: Popular Response to Religious Innovation, 1922–1925’, Slavic Review, 54:2 (1995), 305–39.

124) 34:10
A. Iu. Minakov, ‘Sektanty i revoliutsiia’, < http://dl.biblion.realin.ru/text/14_Disk_EPDS_-_vse_seminarskie_konspekty/Uchebnye_materialy_1/sekt_novosibirsk/Documents/sekt_revol.html>.

125) 35:41
Mustafa Tuna, Imperial Russia’s Muslims: Islam, Empire, and European Modernity, 1788–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 237.

126) 36:55
Daniel Peris, Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998).

127) 39:08
Nina Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983).

128) 40:49
N. Valentinov, Novaia ekonomicheskaia politika i krizis partii posle smerti Lenina (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1971), 91.

129) 49:49
Sheila Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 224–5.

130) 50:05
Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 198–237.

131) 50:29
Robert C. Tucker, Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990).

Episode 117:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 17]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 18 - 22]
5. War Communism

[Part 23 - 26]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 27]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture
Social Order Restored
Designing a Welfare State
The Arts and Utopia
Family and Gender Relations

[Part 29 - This Week]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture
Youth a Wavering Vanguard - 0:18
Propaganda and Popular Culture - 14:52

[Part 30]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 31?]
Conclusion

Figure 7.5 - 7:00
Jewish orphans in Ukraine, c.1922.

Footnotes:

66) 0:33
A. E. Gorsuch, Youth in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000).

67) 1:30
Catriona Kelly, Children’s World: Growing up in Russia, 1890–1991 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007).

68) 2:04
Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, Small Comrades: Revolutionizing Childhood in Soviet Russia, 1917–1932 (London: RoutledgeFalmer, 2001).

69) 2:49
Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution, 9.

70) 4:30
Matthias Neumann, The Communist Youth League and the Transformation of the Soviet Union (London: Routledge, 2011), 3.

71) 5:16
See Russian Wikipedia entry for: Взвейтесь кострами, синие ночи.

72) 6:21
‘Kem ia khochu byt’ Pioner 2 (1929).

73) 7:02
Alan M. Ball, And Now my Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930 (London: University of California Press, 1994).

74) 8:41
Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution, 326.

75) 9:16
Neumann, Communist Youth League, 7; Isabel A. Tirado, ‘The Revolution, Young Peasants, and the Komsomol’s Anti-Religious Campaigns (1920–1928)’, Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 26:1–3 (1999), 97–117 (97).

76) 9:33
A. Zalkind, ‘Kul’turnyi rost sovetskogo molodniaka’, Molodoi Bol’shevik, 19–20 (1927).

77) 11:39
Tirado, ‘The Revolution’, 105.

78) 11:52
Gorsuch, Youth in Revolutionary Russia.

79) 12:51
Vladimir Slepkov, ‘Komsomol’skii zhargon i Komsomol’skii “obychai” ’, in A. Slepkov (ed.), Byt i molodezh, (2nd edn) (Moscow, 1926), 46–7.

80) 14:05
Krasnaia gazeta, 19 Mar. 1918, 4.

81) 15:01
Peter Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 7.

82) 17:19
State Archive of the Russian Federation: ГАРФ, ф.А-2313 оп. 4 д. 139, l. 47.

83) 19:01
Elizabeth Wood, Performing Justice: Agitation Trials in Early Soviet Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005).

84) 20:46
Michael S. Gorham, Speaking in Soviet Tongues: Language Culture and the Politics of Voice in Revolutionary Russia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003).

85) 21:31
Figes, Peasant Russia, Civil War.

86) 23:39
M. M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination, ed. Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981).

87) 24:02
K. Selishchev, Lazyk revoliutstonnoi epokhi: iz nabluzhdenii nad russkim iazykom poslednykh let, 1917–26 (Moscow, 1928).

88) 24:20
Smith, Language and Power, 113.

89) 25:07
Slepkov, ‘Komsomol’sku zhargon’, 46–7.

90) 27:51
Aleksandr Rozhkov, ‘Pochemu kuritsa povesilas’: Narodnye ostroslovtsy o zhizni v “bol’shevizii” ’, Rodina, 10 (1999), 60–4.

91) 29:38
G. F. Dobronozhenko, VChK-OGPU o politicheskh nastroeniiakh severnogo krest’ianstva 1921–27 godov (Syktyvkar: Syktyvkarskii gos. Universitet, 1995), 54.

92) 30:27
A. V. Golubev, ‘Sovetskoe obshchestvo i “voennye trevogi” 1920-kh godov’, Otechestvennaia istoriia, 1 (2008), 36–58 (38).

93) 30:44
Golubev, ‘Sovetskoe obshchestvo’, 50.

94) 31:39
‘And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: and that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.’ Revelation 13:16–17.

95) 32:19
F. M. Putintsev, Kulatskoe svetoprestavlenie (Moscow: Bezbozbnik, 1930), 13, 25.

Episode 116:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 17]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 18 - 22]
5. War Communism

[Part 23 - 26]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 27]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture
Social Order Restored
Designing a Welfare State

[Part 28 - This Week]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture
The Arts and Utopia - 0:22
Family and Gender Relations - 29:47

[Part 29 - 30]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 31?]
Conclusion

Figure 7.2 - 9:47
Liubov’ Popova, ‘Jug on a table’.

Figure 7.3 - 11:03
Vladimir Tatlin and assistant in front of a model of his Monument to the Third International, 1919.

Figure 7.4 - 35:33
A demonstration for women’s liberation in Baku, Azerbaijan, c.1925.

Footnotes:

36) 2:48
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ‘Communist Manifesto’ (1848), <https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Manifesto.pdf>.

37) 3:44
Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Catriona Kelly and David Shepherd, Russian Cultural Studies: An Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).

38) 5:13
Alexander Bogdanov, Red Star: The First Bolshevik Utopia, trans. Charles Rougle (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984); J. A. E. Curtis, The Englishman from Lebedian: A Life of Evgeny Zamiatin (Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2013).

39) 5:54
Lenin, State and Revolution.

40) 6:05
J. Bowlt and O. Matich (eds), Laboratory of Dreams: The Russian Avant-Garde and Cultural Experiment (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996).

41) 6:33
The Great Utopia: The Russian and Soviet Avant-Garde, 1917–1932 (New York: Guggenheim Museum, 1992).

42) 8:04
Mayakovsky, ‘150 million’, in René Fülöp-Miller, The Mind and Face of Bolshevism (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), 159.

43) 11:42
E. A. Dobrenko and Marina Balina (eds), The Cambridge Companion to 20th-Century Russian Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Robert A. Maguire, Red Virgin Soil: Soviet Literature in the 1920s (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968).

44) 14:42
Richard Taylor, The Politics of the Soviet Cinema, 1917–1929 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Peter Kenez, Cinema and Soviet Society, 1917–1953 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

45) 18:45
Lesley Chamberlain, Lenin’s Private War: The Voyage of the Philosophy Steamer and the Exile of the Intelligentsia (London: St Martin’s Press, 2007).

46) 19:54
Il’ina, Obshchestvennye organizatsii Rossii, 32, 74.

47) 20:39
T. M. Goriaeva (ed.), Istoriia sovetskoi politicheskoi tsenzury: dokumenty i kommentarii (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1997), 444.

48) 21:29
Goriaeva, Istoriia, 277, 430–2.

49) 22:15
Michael David-Fox, Revolution of the Mind: Higher Learning among the Bolsheviks, 1918–1929 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997).

50) 24:35
R. W. Davies and Maureen Perrie, ‘Social Context’, in Davies (ed.), From Tsarism, 36.

51) 26:04
Christopher Read, Culture and Power in Revolutionary Russia (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1990); Fitzpatrick, The Cultural Front.

52) 27:05
Sheila Fitzpatrick, Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928–1931 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978).

53) 29:58
Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution.

54) 31:01
Barbara A. Engel, Breaking the Ties that Bind: The Politics of Marital Strife in Late Imperial Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011), 6.

55) 32:15
K. N. Samoilova, Rabotnitsy v Rossiiskoi revoliutsii (Petrograd: Gosizdat, 1920), 3.

56) 32:33
Chernykh, Stanovlenie Rossii sovetskoi, 179.

57) 33:15
Beatrice Farnsworth, Aleksandra Kollontai: Socialism, Feminism and the Bolshevik Revolution (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1980); Barbara E. Clements, Bolshevik Feminist: The Life of Aleksandra Kollontai (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979).

58) 36:02
Douglas Northrup, Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004); Marianne Kamp, The New Woman of Uzbekistan (Seattle: Washington University Press, 2006), 162–78. Shoshana Keller, To Moscow, Not Mecca: The Soviet Campaign against Islam in Central Asia, 1917–1941 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001).

59) 37:13
Beatrice Penati, ‘On the Local Origins of the Soviet Attack on the “Religious” Waqf in the Uzbek SSR (1927)’, Acta Slavonica Iaponica, 36 (2015), 39–72.

60) 37:19
Karen Petrone, ‘Masculinity and Heroism in Imperial and Soviet Military-Patriotic Cultures’, in B. E. Clements, Rebecca Friedman, and Dan Healey (eds), Russian Masculinities in History and Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002), 172–93.

61) 39:04
Victoria E. Bonnell, ‘The Representation of Women in Early Soviet Political Art’, Russian Review, 50 (1991), 267–88.

62) 42:10
S. G. Strumilin, ‘Biudzhet vremeni rabochikh v 1923–24gg.’, in S. G. Strumilin, Problemy ekonomiki truda (Moscow: Nauka, 1982).

63) 44:09
Golos naroda, 157.

64) 47:52
Frances Bernstein, The Dictatorship of Sex: Gender, Health, and Enlightenment in Revolutionary Russia, 1918–1931 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2007).

65) 48:57
Eric Naiman, Sex in Public: The Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), 92.

Episode 115:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 17]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 18 - 22]
5. War Communism

[Part 23 - 26]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 27 - This Week]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture - 0:22
Social Order Restored - 2:20
Designing a Welfare State - 21:04

[Part 28 - 30?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 31?]
Conclusion

Figure 7.1 - 26:31
Young Pioneers demonstrate against the dangers of alcohol, 1929.
[See image at https://www.abnormalmapping.com/leftist-reading-rss/2022/2/15/leftist-reading-russia-in-revolution-part-27]

Footnotes:

1) 0:34
On aspects of society and culture in NEP Russia see the two collections of essays: Fitzpatrick, Rabinowitch, and Stites (eds), Russia in the Era of NEP; Abbot Gleason, Peter Kenez, and Richard Stites (eds), Bolshevik Culture: Experiment and Order in the Russian Revolution (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985).

2) 5:02
Sheila Fitzpatrick, ‘Ascribing Class: The Construction of Soviet Identity in Soviet Russia’, in S. Fitzpatrick (ed.), Stalinism: New Directions (London: Routledge, 1999), 20–46.

3) 5:57
Naselenie Rossii v XX veke, vol. 1, 149.

4) 7:52
Shanin, Awkward Class.

5) 8:41
Danilov, Rural Russia, 275.

6) 9:17
Merl, ‘Socio-economic Differentiation of the Peasantry’, in Davies (ed.), From Tsarism, 47–65.

7) 10:42
Moshe Lewin, Russian Peasants and Soviet Power (London: Allen and Unwin, 1968).

8) 11:17
I. I. Klimin, Rossiiskoe krest’ianstvo v gody novoi ekonomicheskoi politiki (1921–1927), chast’ pervaia (St Petersburg: Izd-do Politekhnicheskogo universiteta, 2007), 208.

9) 13:31
Golos naroda, 152.

10) 14:14
Alan M. Ball, Russia’s Last Capitalists: The Nepmen, 1921–1929 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).

11) 16:51
Daniel T. Orlovsky, ‘The Antibureaucratic Campaign of the 1920s’ in Taranovski (ed.), Reform, 290–315.

12) 17:57
Krasil’nikov, Na izlomakh sotsial’noi struktury, table 1.

13) 19:47
V. I. Tikhonov, V. S. Tiazhel’nikova, and I. F. Iushin, Lishenie izbiratel’nykh prav v Moskve v 1920–1930-e gody (Moscow: Mosgorarkhiv, 1998), 132.

14) 21:44
Hoffman and Kotsonis (eds), Russian Modernity.

15) 21:57
Susan Gross Solomon and John F. Hutchinson (eds), Health and Society in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).

16) 22:50
A. Iu. Rozhkov, V krugu sverstnikov: Zhiznennyi mir molodogo cheloveka v sovetskoi Rossii 1920-kh godov (Krasnodar: OIPTs, 2002).

17) 24:05
Neil B. Weissman, ‘Origins of Soviet Health Administration: Narkomzdrav, 1918–1928’, in Solomon and Hutchinson (eds), Health and Society, 97–120.

18) 26:49
Neil Weissman, ‘Prohibition and Alcohol Control in the USSR: The 1920s Campaign against Illegal Spirits’, Soviet Studies, 38:3 (1986), 349–68.

19) 28:38
James Riordan Sport in Soviet Society: Development of Sport and Physical Education in Russia and the USSR (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).

20) 29:12
Robert Edelman, Serious Fun: A History of Spectator Sports in the USSR (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 46.

21) 29:39
Smena, 21 Aug. 1925, 5.

22) 31:20
Larry E. Holmes, The Kremlin and the Schoolhouse (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991).

23) 32:23
Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility, ch. 1.

24) 32:45
For contrasting evaluations of experimentalism: V. L. Soskin, Obshchee obrazovanie v sovetskoi Rossii: pervoe desiatiletie, chast’ 2, 1923–1927gg. (Novosibirsk: Novosibirskii gos. universitet, 1999); Balashov, Shkola.

25) 34:44
William Partlett, ‘Breaching Cultural Worlds with the Village School: Educational Visions, Local Initiative, and Rural Experience at S. T. Shatskii’s Kaluga School System 1919–32’, Slavonic and East European Review, 82:4 (2004), 847–85 (859).

26) 36:15
Holmes, The Kremlin, 94.

27) 36:51
Shkaratan, Problemy, 289.

28) 37:14
Gimpel’son, Sovetskie upravlentsy; Chernykh, Stanovlenie Rossii sovetskoi.

29) 38:44
E. O. Kabo, Ocherki rabochego byta (Moscow: Iz-do VTsSPS, 1926), 175.

30) 39:21
Il’iukhov, Zhizn’, 151.

31) 39:52
William J. Chase, Workers, Society and the Soviet State: Labor and Life in Moscow, 1918–1929 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 185.

32) 40:29
Gimpel’son, Sovetskie upravlentsy, 205.

33) 41:36
Andrei Platonov, Chevengur, trans. Anthony Olcott (Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis, 1978), 135.

34) 42:14
Victor Serge, Memoirs of a Revolutionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963), 198.

35) 43:30
Vladimir Mayakovsky, ‘Vziatochniki’, <http://www.stihi-rus.ru/1/Mayakovskiy/7.htm>.

Episode 114:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 17]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 18 - 22]
5. War Communism

[Part 23 - 25]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy
New Economic Policy and Agriculture
New Economic Policy and Industry
New Economic Policy and Labour
The Inner Party Struggle
The Party State
Instituting Law

[Part 26 - This Week]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy
Governing the Countryside - 0:31
Foreign Policy and Promoting Revolution - 13:39
Nation Building - 29:31
The Limits of NEP - 37:48
Discussion - 41:26

[Part 27 - 30?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 31?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:

92) 2:02
Priestland, Stalinism, 150.

93) 2:13
Velikanova, Popular Perceptions, 138.

94) 3:08
T. V. Pankova-Kozochkina, ‘Rabotniki sel’skikh sovetov 1902-kh godov: nomenklaturnye podkhody bol’shevikov i sotsial’nye trebovaniia krest’ianstva (na materialakh Iuga Rossii)’, Rossiiskaia istoriia, 6 (2011), 136–46.

95) 3:40
Golos naroda, 215.

96) 4:11
Olga A. Narkiewicz, The Making of the Soviet State Apparatus (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1970), 61.

97) 4:42
I. N. Il’ina, Obshchestvennye organizatsii Rossii v 1920-e gody (Moscow: RAN, 2000), 72.

98) 5:02
A. A. Kurënyshev, Vserossiiskii krest’anskii soiuz, 1905–1930 (Moscow: AIRO-XX, 2004).

99) 5:35
Velikanova, Popular Perceptions, 158.

100) 6:01
McDonald, Face to the Village, 104–5.

101) 6:30
Diane P. Koenker and Ronald D.Bachman (eds), Revelations from the Russian Archives: Documents in English Translation (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1997), 38.

102) 7:24
Gill, Origins, 113.

103) 7:56
M. Ia. Fenomenov, Sovremennaia derevnia. Opyt kraevedcheskogo obsledovaniia odnoi derevni, vol. 2 (Leningrad: Goz. izd-vo, 1925), 39.

104) 9:09
Litvak, “Zhizn’ krest’ianina’, 194.

105) 9:30
D. Kh. Ibragimova, NEP i perestroika: massovoe soznanie sel’skogo naseleniia v usloviiakh perekhoda k rynku (Moscow: Pamiatniki istoricheskoi mysli, 1997).

106) 11:47
Litvak, ‘Zhizn’ krest’ianina’, 194.

107) 14:24
Tooze, Deluge, 11.

108) 22:09
Alexander Vatlin and S. A. Smith, ‘The Comintern’, Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), ch. 10.

109) 23:55
John Riddell (ed.), To See the Dawn: Baku, 1920—First Congress of the Peoples of the East (New York: Pathfinder, 1993), 45.

110) 24:12
Riddell, To See the Dawn, 70.

111) 24:39
H. G. Wells, Russia in the Shadows (New York: Doran, 1921), 96.

112) 25:01
Stephen White, ‘Communism and the East: The Baku Congress, 1920’, Slavic Review, 33:3 (1974), 492–514 (501).

113) 25:25
Riddell, To See the Dawn, 204–7.

114) 25:46
E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, vol. 2 (London: Macmillan 1952), 265.

115) 27:11
S. A. Smith, A Road is Made: Communism in Shanghai, 1920–1927 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2000).

116) 28:01
Jon Jacobson, When the Soviet Union Entered World Politics (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994), 50.

117) 29:29
Velikanova, Popular Perceptions, ch. 1.

118) 30:35
Lewin, Lenin’s Last Struggle, ch. 4.

119) 32:49
Francine Hirsch, Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2005), 229, 331.

120) 33:39
Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001).

121) 35:43
Yuri Slezkine, ‘The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism’, Slavic Review, 53:2 (1994), 415.

122) 37:05
Michael G. Smith, Language and Power in the Creation of the USSR, 1917–1953 (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1998), 125, 134.

Episode 113:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 17]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 18 - 22]
5. War Communism

[Part 23]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy
New Economic Policy and Agriculture
New Economic Policy and Industry
New Economic Policy and Labour

[Part 25 - This Week]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy
The Inner Party Struggle - 0:30
The Party State - 25:46
Instituting Law - 40:20

[Part 26?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 27 - 30?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 31?]
Conclusion

Figure 6.1 - 4:33
Soviet leaders in 1919. From left, Joseph Stalin, Vladimir Lenin, Mikhail Kalinin.
[see on www.abnormalmapping.com/leftist-reading-rss/2022/2/15/leftist-reading-russia-in-revolution-part-25]

Footnotes:

54) 1:33
V. P. Vilkova (ed.), VKP(b): vnutripartiinaia bor’ba v dvadtsatye gody: dokumenty i materialy, 1923g. (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2004).

55) 2:05
<https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/party-congress/10th/16.htm>.

56) 2:53
Gimpel’son, Formirovanie, 177.

57) 5:38
Moshe Lewin, Lenin’s Last Struggle (London: Faber, 1969).

58) 11:05
For an interesting interpretation of the inner-party conflict that sees it as rooted in an underlying difference between ‘revivalist’ and ‘technicist’ types of Bolshevism, see Priestland, Stalinism, ch. 2.

59) 12:06
Richard B. Day, Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973).

60) 13:07
Stephen F. Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888–1938 (New York: Knopf, 1973).

61) 14:31
David R. Stone, Hammer and Rifle: The Militarization of the Soviet Union 1926–1933 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2000).

62) 15:24
G. L. Olekh, Krovnye uzy: RKP(b) i ChK/GPU v pervoi polovine 1920-x godov: mekhanizm vzaimootnoshenii (Novosibirsk: NGAVT 1999), 92–3.

63) 18:08
Stephen Kotkin, Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 (London: Penguin, 2015), 432.

64) 18:31
Harris, ‘Stalin as General Secretary, in Davies and Harris (eds), Stalin: A New History, 63–82 (69).

65) 20:!2
Excellent biographies of Stalin include Robert Service, Stalin: A Biography (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2004); Oleg V. Khlevniuk, Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015).

66) 22:14
I. V. Stalin, ‘The October Revolution and the Tactics of the Russian Communists’, <https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1924/12.htm>.

67) 23:27
James Harris, ‘Stalin and Stalinism’, The Oxford Handbook of Modern Russian History, Oxford Handbooks Online,1–21 (6).

68) 24:18
Alfred J. Rieber, ‘Stalin as Georgian: The Formative Years’, in Davies and Harris (eds), Stalin: A New History, 18–44.

69) 24:34
E. A. Rees, Political Thought from Machiavelli to Stalin (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2004), 222.

70) 25:17
‘Stalin i krizis proletarskoi diktatury’, <http://scepsis.net/library/id_941.html>.

71) 27:09
R. W. Davies, The Industrialization of Soviet Russia, vol. 3: The Soviet Economy in Turmoil (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1929), xxiii.

72) 27:55
Heinzen says 70,000 were employed in the Commissariat of Agriculture by the end of the decade. Heinzen, Inventing, 2.

73) 29:13
Michael Voslenskii, Nomenklatura: The Soviet Ruling Class (New York: Doubleday, 1984); Harris, ‘Stalin as General Secretary’, 69.

74) 31:15
Shkaratan, Problemy, 272.

75) 32:00
Golos Naroda, 199.

76) 32:50
Graeme Gill, Origins of the Stalinist Political System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 118.

77) 34:28
Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921–1934 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).

78) 38:31
E. A. Wood, The Baba and the Comrade: Gender and Politics in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997).

79) 39:10
Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917–1936 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 111.

80) 39:35
Olekh, Krovnye uzy, 90.

81) 40:09
Golos naroda, 152.

82) 41:19
Nikita Petrov, ‘Les Transformations du personnel des organes de sécurité soviétiques, 1922–1953’, Cahiers du monde russe, 22:2 (2001), 375–96 (376).

83) 41:47
S. A. Krasil’nikov, Na izlomakh sotsial’noi struktury: marginaly v poslerevoliutsionnom rossiiskom obshchestve (1917—konets 1930-kh godov) (Novosibirsk: NGU, 1998), table 4.

84) 42:33
V. K. Vinogradov, ‘Ob osobennostiakh informatsionnykh materialov OGPU kak istochnik po istorii sovetskogo obshchestva’, in ‘Sovershenno sekretno’: Liubianka- Stalinu o polozhenii v strane (1922–1934), vol. 1, part 1: 1922–23 (Moscow: RAN, 2001), 31–76

85) 43:42
Roger Pethybridge, One Step Backwards, Two Steps Forward: Soviet Society and Politics in the New Economic Policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).

86) 44:44
Solomon, Soviet Criminal Justice.

87) 45:38
Neil B. Weissman, ‘Local Power in the 1920s: Police and Administrative Reform’, in Theodore Taranovski (ed.), Reform in Modern Russian History (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center and Cambridge University Press, 1995), 265–89.

88) 45:59
Neil Weissman, ‘Policing the NEP Countryside’, in Sheila Fitzpatrick, A. Rabinowitch, and R. Stites (eds), Russia in the Era of NEP (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991), 174–91 (177); R. S. Mulukaev and N. N. Kartashov, Militsiia Rossii (1917–1993gg.) (Orël: Oka, 1995), 43.

89) 46:48
Joan Neuberger, Hooliganism: Crime, Culture and Power in St Petersburg, 1900–1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).

90) 47:09
Tracy McDonald, Face to the Village: The Riazan Countryside under Soviet Rule, 1921–1930 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011), 90.

91) 47:41
David A. Newman, ‘Criminal Strategies and Institutional Concerns in the Soviet Legal System: An Analysis of Criminal Appeals in Moscow Province, 1921–28’, Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA (2013), 183.

Episode 112:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 17]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 18 - 22]
5. War Communism

[Part 23]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy
New Economic Policy and Agriculture

[Part 24 - This Week]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy
New Economic Policy and Industry - 0:31
New Economic Policy and Labour - 15:14

[Part 25 - 26?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 27 - 30?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 31?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:

22) 3:30
R. W. Davies, ‘Introduction’, in Davies (ed.), From Tsarism, 13.

23) 4:09
Davies, ‘Introduction’, in Davies (ed.), From Tsarism, 5.

24) 4:45
M. M. Gorinov, ‘Sovetskaia istoriia 1920–30-kh godov: ot mifov k real’nosti’, in Istoricheskie issledovaniia v Rossii: Tendentsii poslednikh let (Moscow: AIRO-XX, 1996).

25) 5:09
Mark Harrison, ‘National Income’, in and Davies et al. (eds), Economic Transformation, 38–56, 42.

26) 7:43
Lewis Siegelbaum, Soviet State and Society between Revolutions, 1918–29 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 110.

27) 9:45
Cited in Steve Smith, ‘Taylorism Rules OK? Bolshevism, Taylorism and the Technical Intelligentsia: The Soviet Union, 1917–41’, Radical Science Journal, 13 (1983), 3–27; Mark R. Beissinger, Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline and Soviet Power (London: I. B. Tauris, 1988).

28) 11:34
Diane P. Koenker, ‘Factory Tales: Narratives of Industrial Relations in the Transition to NEP’, Russian Review, 55:3 (1996), 384–411 (386).

29) 12:16
Golos naroda, 214.

30) 13:07
Olga Velikanova, Popular Perceptions of Soviet Politics in the 1920s (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013), 13.

31) 13:59
Chris Ward, Russia’s Cotton Workers and the New Economic Policy: Shop-Floor Culture and State Policy, 1921–29 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

32) 14:50
Davies (ed.), From Tsarism, 186.

33) 15:11
Siegelbaum, Soviet State, 204.

34) 15:47
L. S. Gaponenko, Vedushchaia rol’ rabochego klassa v rekonstruktsii promyshlennosti SSSR (Moscow: Akademiia obshchestvennykh nauk, 1973), 88.

35) 16:00
J. D. Barber and R. W. Davies, ‘Employment and Industrial Labour’, in Davies et al. (eds), Economic Transformation, 81–105 (84).

36) 16:16
Daniel Orlovsky, ‘The Hidden Class: White-Collar Workers in the Soviet 1920s’, in Lewis H. Siegelbaum and Ronald G. Suny (eds), Making Workers Soviet: Power, Class and Identity (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994), 220–52 (228).

37) 16:49
Shkaratan, Problemy, 269.

38) 17:53
Siegelbaum, Soviet State, 136.

39) 18:29
Wendy Goldman, Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalin’s Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 12.

40) 20:19
Barber and Davies, ‘Employment’, in Davies et al. (eds), Economic Transformation, 84.

41) 20:38
Siegelbaum, Soviet State, 205.

42) 21:56
Diane P. Koenker, ‘Men against Women on the Shop Floor in Early Soviet Russia: Gender and Class in the Socialist Workplace’, American Historical Review, 100:5 (1995), 1438–64 (1458).

43) 22:44
Rebecca Spagnolo, ‘Serving the Household, Asserting the Self: Urban Domestic Servant Activism, 1900–1917’, in Christine D. Worobec (ed.), The Human Tradition in Imperial Russia (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009), 141–54 (143).

44) 23:33
Rebecca Spagnolo, ‘Service, Space and the Urban Domestic in 1920s Russia’, in Christina Kiaer and Eric Naiman (eds), Everyday Life in Early Soviet Russia: Taking the Revolution Inside (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 230–55.

45) 24:29
Liutov, Obrechennaia reforma, 106.

46) 24:51
Siegelbaum, Soviet State, 203.

47) 26:10
Andrew Pospielovsky, ‘Strikes during the NEP’, Revolutionary Russia, 10:1 (1997), 1–34 (16).

48) 26:49
Kir’ianov, Rosenberg, and Sakharov (eds), Trudovye konflikty, 23.

49) 28:03
Liutov, Obrechennaia reforma, 124.

50) 30:02
A. Iu. Livshin, Obshchestvennye nastroeniia v Sovetskoi Rossii, 1917–1929gg. (Moscow: Universitetskii gumanitarnyi litsei, 2004); L. N. Liutov, ‘Nastroeniia rabochikh provintsii v gody nepa’, Rossiiskaia istoriia, 4 (2007), 65–74.

51) 30:55
Vladimir Brovkin, Russia after Lenin: Politics, Culture and Society (London: Routledge, 1998), 186.

52) 31:26
Gimpel’son, Formirovanie, 168.

53) 32:24
Liutov, Obrechennaia reforma, 133.

Episode 111:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 17]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 18 - 22]
5. War Communism

[Part 23 - This Week]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy - 0:43
New Economic Policy and Agriculture - 11:08

[Part 24 - 26?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 27 - 30?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 31?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:

1) 1:01
The great work on the history of these years is E. H. Carr’s fourteen-volume A History of Soviet Russia, which covers the period from 1917 to 1929. It falls into four parts: The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–23 (3 vols, 1950–3); The Interregnum, 1923–1924 (1954); Socialism in One Country, 1924–26 (4 vols, 1958–63); Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929 (6 vols, 1969–78, the first two co-authored with R. W. Davies).

2) 3:49
V. P. Danilov, ‘Vvedenie’, Kak lomali NEP: Stenogrammy plenumov TsK VKP(b), 1928–1929gg., 5 vols (Moscow: Materik, 2000), vol. 1, 5–13 (6).

3) 4:41
Mark Harrison, ‘Prices in the Politburo 1927: Market Equilibrium versus the Use of Force’, in Paul R. Gregory and Norman Naimark (eds), The Lost Politburo Transcripts (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), 224–46.

4) 7:12
V. I. Lenin, ‘On Cooperation’, <https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1923/jan/06.htm>.

5) 7:30
Moshe Lewin, The Making of the Soviet System (London: Methuen, 1985).

6) 8:25
Pirani, Russian Revolution in Retreat.

7) 8:45
L. N. Liutov, Obrechennaia reforma: promyshlennost’ Rossii v epokhu NEPa (Ul’ianovsk: Ul’ianovskii gos. universitet, 2002), 17.

8) 12:31
Danilov, ‘Vvedenie’, 6.

9) 13:35
Mark Harrison, ‘The Peasantry and Industrialization’, in Davies (ed.), From Tsarism, 110.

10) 13:58
Wheatcroft, ‘Agriculture’, in Davies (ed.), From Tsarism, 98.

11) 14:47
Harrison, ‘The Peasantry’, 113.

12) 16:20
Harrison, ‘The Peasantry’, 110.

13) 16:59
E. H. Carr and R. W. Davies, Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929, vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1969), 971.

14) 17:41
Danilov, ‘Vvedenie’, 9.

15) 18:08
Tragediia sovetskoi derevni. Kollektivizatsiia i raskulachivanie. Dokumentyi i materialy, vol. 1 (Moscow: Rossiiskaia Polit. Entsiklopediia, 1999), 37–8; James Hughes, Stalin, Siberia and the Crisis of the New Economic Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 126–33.

16) 18:36
V. P. Danilov and O. V. Khlevniuk, ‘Aprel’skii plenum 1928g.’, in Kak lomali NEP: Stenogrammy plenumov TsK VKP(b), 1928–1929gg., 5 vols (Moscow: Materik, 2000), vol. 1, 15–33 (29).

17) 20:00
V. P. Danilov, Rural Russia under the New Regime (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), 269.

18) 20:31
Danilov, Rural Russia, 171.

19) 21:20
James W. Heinzen, Inventing a Soviet Countryside: State Power and the Transformation of Rural Russia, 1917–1929 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004).

20) 23:22
Roger Pethybridge, The Social Prelude to Stalinism (Basingstoke: London, 1974), 226.

21) 24:51
K. B. Litvak, ‘Zhizn’ krest’ianina 20-kh godov: sovremennye mify i istoricheskie realii’, in NEP: Priobreteniia i poteri (Moscow: Nauka, 1994), 186–202.

Episode 110:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 17]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 18 - 21]
5. War Communism
Mobilising Industry
The Food Dictatorship
War Communism in Crisis
Social Order Overturned
Fighting the Church
Worker Unrest

[Part 22 - This Week]
5. War Communism
Peasant Wars - 0:27
The Kronstadt Rebellion - 13:58
Discussion - 28:08

[Part 23 - 25?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 26 - 29?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 30?]
Conclusion

Figure 5.2 - 14:15
The Red Army crosses the ice to crush the Kronstadt rebellion, 1921

Footnotes:

77) 0:44
The following draws on Erik Landis, Bandits and Partisans: The Antonov Movement in the Russian Civil War (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008).

78) 3:04
V. V. Kondrashin, Krest’ianskaia vandeia v Povolzh’e 1918-21gg. (Moscow: Ianus-K, 2001), 40.

79) 3:30
Pavliuchenkov, Voennyi kommunizm, 129.

80) 3:57
I. V. Shvedov and V. S. Kobzov, ‘Revoliutsionnye komitety Urala v gody grazhdanskoi voiny (istoriko-pravovoi aspekt)’, Problemy pravy, 5:43 (2013), 199–205 (202).

81) 4:59
Iarov, Krest’ianin kak politik, 62.

82) 8:10
Landis, Bandits, 316.

83) 8:50
.

84) 12:02
V. V. Moskovkin, ‘Vosstanie krest’ian v Zapadnoi Sibiri v 1921 godu’,Voprosy Istorii, 6 (1998), 46–64. For a fierce critique of this, see Vladimir I. Shishkin, ‘Zapadno-Sibirskii miatezh 1921 goda: dostizheniia i iskazheniia rossiiskoi istoriografii’, Acta Slavica Iaponica, 17 (2000), 100–29.

85) 13:26
Pavliuchenkov, Voennyi kommunizm, 136.

86) 14:17
Paul Avrich, Kronstadt, 1921 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970); Israel Getzler, Kronstadt, 1917–1921: The Fate of Soviet Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).

87) 18:20
V. P. Naumov and A. A. Kosakovskii (eds), Kronshtadt 1921: Dokumenty (Moscow: Rossiia XX vek, 1997), 60.

88) 20:11
See Russian Wikipedia entry for Дело Таганцева.

89) 23:31
Barbara C. Allen, Alexander Shlyapnikov, 1885–1938: Life of an Old Bolshevik (Leiden: Brill, 2015), 245.

90) 25:41
Gimpel’son, Formirovanie, 193.

91) 26:44
Gimpel’son, Sovetskie upravlentsy, 171.

92) 27:59
E. A. Sikorskii, ‘Sovetskaia sistema politicheskogo kontrolia nad naseleniem v 1918–1920 godakh’, Voprosy Istorii, 5 (1998), 91–100 (98).