Leftist Reading

Episode 99:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-10]
3. From February to October 1917
Dual Power
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
The Aspirations of Soldiers and Workers
The Provisional Government in Crisis

[Part 11 - This Week]
Revolution in the Village - 0:25
The Nationalist Challenge - 10:43
Class, Nation and Gender - 26:04

[Part 12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 16?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 17 - 19?]
5. War Communism

[Part 20 - 22?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 23 - 26?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 27?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:
55) 0:32
Orlando Figes, Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside in Revolution, 1917–1921 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989); John Channon, ‘The Peasantry in the Revolutions of 1917’, in E. R. Frankel et al. (eds), Revolution in Russia: Reassessments of 1917 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 105–30.

56) 2:41
Graeme J. Gill, Peasants and Government in the Russian Revolution (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1979), 46–63, 75–88.

57) 3:29
J. L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution: A Study in Mass Mobilization (New York: Norton, 1976), 179.

58) 5:35
Keep, Russian Revolution, 160.

59) 7:52
Channon, ‘The Landowners’, in Service (ed.), Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution, 120–46.

60) 8:47
Aaron B. Retish, Russia’s Peasants in Revolution and Civil War: Citizenship, Identity, and the Creation of the Soviet State, 1914–1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008); John Channon, ‘The Bolsheviks and the Peasantry: The Land Question during the First Eight Months of Soviet Rule’, Slavonic and East European Review, 66:4 (1988), 593–624.

61) 10:20
V. V. Kabanov, Krest’ianskaia obshchina i kooperatsiia Rossii XX veka (Moscow: RAN, 1997), 81.

62) 10:59
Ronald G. Suny, ‘Nationalism and Class in the Russian Revolution: A Comparative Discussion’, in Frankel et al. (eds), Revolution in Russia, 219–46; Ronald G. Suny, The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution and the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993), ch. 2.

63) 11:21
Mark von Hagen, ‘The Great War and the Mobilization of Ethnicity in the Russian Empire’, in B. R. Rubin and Jack Snyder (eds), Post-Soviet Political Order: Conflict and State Building (London: Routledge, 1998), 34–57.

64) 12:58
John Reshetar, The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917–1920 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1952); Bohdan Krawchenko, Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Ukraine (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1985), ch. 1.

65) 15:35
Steven L. Guthier, ‘The Popular Base of Ukrainian Nationalism in 1917’, Slavic Review, 38:1 (1979).

66) 16:11
David G. Kirby, Finland in the Twentieth Century (London: Hurst, 1979), 46; Anthony F. Upton, The Finnish Revolution, 1917–1918 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980), ch. 6.

67) 22:57
Ronald G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), ch. 9.

68) 24:06
Tadeusz Świętochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), ch. 4.

69) 29:23
Boris I. Kolonitskii, ‘Antibourgeois Propaganda and Anti-“Burzhui” Consciousness in 1917’, Russian Review, 53 (1994), 183–96 (187–8).

70) 29:44
Donald J. Raleigh, Revolution on the Volga: 1917 in Saratov (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986).

71) 30:20
T. A. Abrosimova, ‘Sotsialisticheskaia ideeia v massovom soznanii 1917g.’, in Anatomiia revoliutsii. 1917 god v Rossii: massy, partii, vlast’ (St Petersburg: Glagol’, 1994), 176–87 (177).

72) 30:46
Steinberg, Voices, 17.

73) 31:22
Michael C. Hickey, ‘The Rise and Fall of Smolensk’s Moderate Socialists: The Politics of Class and the Rhetoric of Crisis in 1917’, in Donald J. Raleigh (ed.), Provincial Landscapes: Local Dimensions of Soviet Power, 1917–53 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001), 14–35.

74) 32:57
Kolonitskii, ‘Antibourgeois Propaganda’, 190, 191.

75) 32:49
Kolonitskii, ‘Antibourgeois Propaganda’, 189.

76) 33:00
Figes and Kolonitskii, Interpreting, 154.

77) 34:00
A. Ia. Livshin and I. B. Orlov, ‘Revolutsiia i spravedlivost’: posleoktiabr’skie “pis’ma vo vlast’ ”, in 1917 god v sud’bakh Rossii i mira: Oktiabr’skaia revoliutsiia (Moscow: RAN, 1998), 254, 255, 259.

78) 34:12
Howard White, ‘The Urban Middle Classes’, in Service (ed.), Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution, 64–85.

79) 34:35
Bor’ba za massy v trekh revoliutsiiakh v Rossii: proletariat i srednie gorodskie sloi (Moscow: Mysl’, 1981), 19.

80) 35:18
O. N. Znamenskii, Intelligentsiia nakanune velikogo oktiabria (fevral’-oktiabr’ 1917g.) (Leningrad: Nauka, 1988), 8–9.

81) 35:53
Bor’ba za massy, 169.

82) 36:45
Michael C. Hickey, Competing Voices from the Russian Revolution (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011), 387.

83) 38:05
Michael Hickey, ‘Discourses of Public Identity and Liberalism in the February Revolution: Smolensk, Spring 1917’, Russian Review, 55:4 (1996), 615–37 (620); V. V. Kanishchev, ‘ “Melkoburzhuaznaia kontrrevoliutsiia”: soprotivlenie gorodskikh srednikh sloev stanovleniiu “diktatury proletariata” (oktiab’r 1917–avgust 1918g.)’, in 1917 god v sud’bakh Rossii i mira, 174–87.

84) 39:14
Stockdale, Paul Miliukov, 258.

85) 40:53
Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste 1917g. (razgrom Kornilovskogo miatezha) (Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1959), 407.

86) 41:58
V. F. Shishkin, Velikii oktiabr’ i proletarskii moral’ (Moscow: Mysl’, 1976), 57.

87) 42:18
Steinberg, Voices, 113.

88) 44:32
O. Ryvkin, ‘ “Detskie gody” Komsomola’, Molodaia gvardiia, 7–8 (1923), 239–53 (244); Krupskaya, ‘Reminiscences of Lenin’.

89) 45:58
Ruthchild, Equality and Revolution, 227.

90) 46:36
Engel, Women in Russiā, 135; Ruthchild, Equality, 231.

91) 47:49
Jane McDermid and Anna Hillyard, Women and Work in Russia, 1880–1930 (Harlow: Longman, 1998), 167.

92) 48:31
Engel, Women in Russia, 141.

93) 49:01
Sarah Badcock, ‘Women, Protest, and Revolution: Soldiers’ Wives in Russia during 1917’, International Review of Social History, 49 (2004), 47–70.

94) 49:19
Steinberg, Voices, 98.

95) 50:03
D. P. Koenker and W. G. Rosenberg, Strikes and Revolution in Russia, 1917 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 314.

96) 50:21
Smith, Red Petrograd, 193.

97) 51:37
Z. Lilina, Soldaty tyla: zhenskii trud vo vremia i posle voiny (Perm’: Izd-vo Petrogradskogo Soveta, 1918), 8.

98) 51:59
L. G. Protasov, Vserossiiskoe uchreditel’noe sobranie: istoriia rozhdeniia i gibeli (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1997), 233.

99) 52:31
Beate Fieseler, ‘The Making of Russian Female Social Democrats, 1890–1917’, International Review of Social History, 34 (1989), 193–226.

Episode 98:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9]
3. From February to October 1917
Dual Power

[Part 10 - This Week]
Lenin and the Bolsheviks - 0:31
The Aspirations of Soldiers and Workers - 13:31
The Provisional Government in Crisis - 25:42

[Part 11 -12?]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 16?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 17 - 19?]
5. War Communism

[Part 20 - 22?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 23 - 26?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 27?]
Conclusion

Figure 3.2 - 23:54
A factory meeting on May Day 1917. The banners read: ‘Long live the holiday of the world proletariat’ and ‘If we repair a single steam engine it means we bring the end of hunger and poverty nearer and thereby bring an end to capitalism’.
Figure 3.3 - 29:00
Kerensky tours the front June 1917. He here is greeting the Czech Legion.
[see figures on AbnormalMapping.com here]

Footnotes:
26) 0:41
Christopher Read, Lenin: A Revolutionary Life (Abingdon: Routledge, 2005).

27) 2:35
N. N. Sukhanov, The Russian Revolution 1917: A Personal Record, ed. Joel Carmichael (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 272–3.

28) 3:05
Angelica Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1964), 2.

29) 3:36
A. N. Potresov, Izbrannoe (Moscow: Mosgosarkhiv, 2002), 284.

30) 5:28
Robert Service, Lenin: A Political Life (3 vols), vol. 2: Worlds in Collision (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991).

31) 5:37
Neil Harding, Lenin’s Political Thought: Theory and Practice in the Democratic and Socialist Revolutions (Chicago: Haymarket, 2009), 59–70.

32) 7:40
V. I. Lenin, ‘The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution’, <https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm>.

33) 7:52
Robert Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution: A Study in Organizational Change (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1979).

34) 8:27
V. I. Miller, ‘K voprosu o sravnitel’noi chislennosti partii bol’shevikov i men’shevikov v 1917g.’, Voprosy istorii KPSS, 12 (1988), 109–18.

35) 9:10
There are no biographies in English of Zinoviev and Kamenev. However, the following entries are good: <http://spartacus-educational.com/RUSzinoviev.htm>; <http://spartacus-educational.com/RUSkamenev.htm>. See, too, Catherine Merridale, ‘The Making of a Moderate Bolshevik: An Introduction to L. B. Kamenev’s Political Biography’, in Julian Cooper, Maureen Perrie, and E. A. Rees (eds), Soviet History, 1917–1953: Essays in Honour of R. W. Davies (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995), 22–41.

36) 9:37
Ian D. Thatcher, Trotsky (London: Routledge, 2003); Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921 (London: Oxford University Press, 1954).

37) 10:29
Ian D. Thatcher, ‘The St Petersburg/Petrograd Mezhraionka, 1913–1917: The Rise and Fall of a Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party Unity Faction’, Slavonic and East European Review, 87: 2 (2009), 284–321.

38) 12:35
Shestoi s’’ezd RSDRP (bol’shevikov) avgust 1917 goda: Protokoly, 20, 23.

39) 13:43
Christopher Read, From Tsar to Soviets: The Russian People and their Revolution, 1917–21 (London: UCL Press, 1996), chs 4–6; Allan Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980).

40) 14:17
Evan Mawdsley, The Russian Revolution and the Baltic Fleet: War and Politics, February 1917–April 1918 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1978).

41) 15:19
<https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/1917/03/01.htm>.

42) 16:08
Pravda, 21, 30 Mar. 1917.

43) 17:09
Startsev, Vnutrenniaia politika.

44) 18:08
‘Vserossiiskaia konferentsiia frontovykh i tylovykh voennykh organizatsii RSDRP(b)’, Politicheskie deiateli Rossii 1917. Biograficheskii slovar’ (Moscow: Bol’shaia rossiiskaia entsiklopediia, 1993).

45) 18:21
K. A. Tarasov, ‘Chislennost’ voennoi organizatsii bol’shevikov nakanune oktiabria 1917 goda’, Trudy Karel’skoi nauchnogo tsentra RAN, 3 (2014), 146–8.

46) 18:36
David Mandel, The Petrograd Workers and the Fall of the Old Regime (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1983); David Mandel, The Petrograd Workers and the Soviet Seizure of Power (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1984); Diane Koenker, Moscow Workers and the 1917 Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981).

47) 20:23
Smith, Red Petrograd.

48) 25:49
Figes, People’s Tragedy, ch. 10.

49) 29:57
Izvestiia, 96, 20 June 1917.

50) 30:46
Wildman, End of the Russian Imperial Army.

51) 31:44
Richard Pipes, The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919 (New York: Knopf, 1990), 770; Alexander Rabinowitch, Prelude to Revolution: The Petrograd Bolsheviks and the July 1917 Uprising (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1968).

52) 33:05
Rabinowitch, Prelude, 173.

53) 34:25
Sukhanov, The Russian Revolution, 446.

54) 35:51
O. N. Znamenskii, Iiul’skii krizis 1917 goda (Moscow: Nauka, 1964), 124.

Episode 97:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9 - This Week]
3. From February to October 1917 - 0:30
Dual Power - 8:48

[Part 9 - 11?]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 12 - 15?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 16 - 18?]
5. War Communism

[Part 19 - 21?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 22 - 25?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 26?]
Conclusion

Figure 3.1 - 6:12
[see the image here]
Caption: Soldiers’ wives demonstrate for an increased ration. Their banners read: ‘An increased ration to the families of soldiers, the defenders of freedom and of a people’s peace’; and ‘Feed the children of the defenders of the motherland’.

Footnotes:
1) 0:50
Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, The February Revolution: Petrograd 1917 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981).

2) 3:06
Cited Figes, People’s Tragedy, 323.

3) 4:27
A. B. Nikolaev, Revoliutsiia i vlast’: IV Gosudarstvennaia duma 27 fevralia–3 marta 1917 goda (St Petersburg: Izd-vo RGPU, 2005).

4) 6:05
Pethybridge, Witnesses, 76, 78, 119–20.

5) 6:41
Orlando Figes and Boris Kolonitskii, Interpreting the Russian Revolution: The Language and Symbols of 1917 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), ch. 1; Pavel G. Rogoznyi, ‘The Russian Orthodox Church during the First World War and Revolutionary Turmoil, 1914–1921’, in Murray Frame et al. (eds), Russian Culture in War and Revolution, 1914–22, 1 (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2014), 349–76.

6) 7:16
Nadezhda Krupskaya, Reminiscences of Lenin, <https://www.marxists.org/archive/krupskaya/works/rol/rol22.htm>.

7) 7:41
I. L. Arkhipov, ‘Obshchestvennaia psikhologiia petrogradskikh obyvatelei v 1917 godu’, Voprosy istorii, 7 (1994), 49–58 (52).

8) 9:05
Rex Wade, The Russian Revolution, 1917 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), ch. 3.

9) 9:48
V. I. Startsev, Vnutrenniaia politika vremennogo pravitel’stva pervogo sostava (Leningrad: Nauka, 1980), 116.

10) 11:21
William G. Rosenberg, Liberals in the Russian Revolution: The Constitutional Democratic Party, 1917–1921 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974).

11) 11:50
Starstev, Vnutrenniaia politika, 208–45. I am indebted to Ian Thatcher for this point.

12) 13:19
Ziva Galili y Garcia, The Menshevik Leaders in the Russian Revolution: Social Realities and Political Strategies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989).

13) 14:47
William G. Rosenberg, ‘Social Mediation and State Construction(s) in Revolutionary Russia’, Social History, 19:2 (1994), 168–88.

14) 15:37
For the Soviet proclamation see Alfred Golder (ed.), Documents of Russian History, 1914–1917 (New York: The Century Co., 1927), 325–6.

15) 16:31
Rex A. Wade, The Russian Search for Peace: February to October 1917 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1969).

16) 16:37
Starstev, Vnutrenniaia politika, 204.

17) 17:18
G. A. Gerasimenko, Pervy akt narodovlastiia v Rossii: obshchestvennye ispolnitel’nye komitety 1917g. (Moscow: Nika, 1992), 82.

18) 17:34
Gerasimenko, Pervy akt, 106.

19) 18:31
William G. Rosenberg, ‘The Russian Municipal Duma Elections of 1917’, Soviet Studies, 21:2 (1969), 131–63, 157.

20) 19:07
Nikolai N. Smirnov, ‘The Soviets’, in Edward Acton et al. (eds), Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921 (London: Arnold, 1997), 429–37 (432).

21) 20:50
Smirnov, ‘Soviets’, 434.

22) 21:16
V. I. Lenin, State and Revolution, <https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev>.

23) 22:14
A. F. Zhukov, Ideino-politicheskii krakh eserovskogo maksimalizma (Leningrad: Izd-vo Leningradskogo universiteta, 1979), 49.

24) 23:05
Leopold H. Haimson et al. (eds), Men’sheviki v 1917 godu (3 vols), vol. 2 (Moscow: Progress-Akademiia, 1995), 48–9.

25) 24:25
Michael Melancon, ‘The Socialist Revolutionary Party, 1917–1920’, in Acton et al. (eds), Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 281–90; Kh. M. Astrakhan, Bol’sheviki i ikh politicheskie protivniki v 1917g. (Leningrad: Leninizdat, 1973), 233.

Episode 96:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-7]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917
Prospects for Reform
On the Eve of War
First World War

[Part 8 - This Week]
2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917
Politics and the Economy - 0:40

[Part 9 - 11?]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 12 - 15?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 16 - 18?]
5. War Communism

[Part 19 - 21?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 22 - 25?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 26?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:
91) 1:36
Kolonitskii, Tragicheskaia erotika, 396.

92) 2:17
Hubertus Jahn, Patriotic Culture in Russia during World War I (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995).

93) 3:03
Lohr, Nationalizing the Russian Empire.

94) 3:28
Jahn, Patriotic Culture.

95) 8:51
Gatrell, Russia’s First World War, 42–3.

96) 9:01
E. N. Burdzhalov, Russia’s Second Revolution: The February 1917 Uprising in Petrograd, trans. and ed. Donald J. Raleigh (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 60.

97) 9:58
Porshneva, Mentalitet, 191.

98) 10:28
Lewis Siegelbaum, The Politics of Industrial Mobilization in Russia, 1914–1917: A Study of the War Industries Committees (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1983), 165.

99) 10:42
David R. Jones, ‘Imperial Russia’s Forces at War’, in A. R. Millett and W. Murray (eds), Military Effectiveness, vol. 1: The First World War (Boston: Unwyn Hyman, 1988), 249–328 (260).

100) 11:05
Gatrell, Russia’s First World War, 45.

101) 11:34
Andrei Markevich and Mark Harrison, ‘Great War, Civil War, and Recovery: Russia’s National Income, 1913–1928’, Journal of Economic History, 71:3 (2011), 672–703.

102) 12:35
Gatrell, ‘Tsarist Russia at War’, 693.

103) 12:51
Jones, ‘Imperial Russia’s Forces’, 271.

104) 13:08
Gatrell, Russia’s First World War, 126.

105) 13:27
Gatrell, Russia’s First World War, 136.

106) 14:07
Jones, ‘Imperial Russia’s Forces’, 260.

107) 14:14
Gatrell, ‘Poor Russia’, 247.

108) 14:26
Yanni Kotsonis, States of Obligation: Taxes and Citizenship in the Russian Empire and Early Soviet Republic (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014).

109) 15:06
Steven G. Marks, ‘War Finance (Russian Empire)’, <http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_finance_russian_empire>.

110) 16:22
Marks, ‘War Finance’.

111) 17:31
M. D. Karpachev, ‘Krizis prodovol’stvennogo snabzheniia v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny (po materialam Voronezhskoi gubernii)’, Rossiiskaia istoriiia, 3 (2011), 66–81 (67).

112) 19:17
M. V. Os’kin, ‘Prodovol’stvennaia politika Rossii nakanune fevral’ia 1917 god: poisk vykhoda iz krizisa’, Rossiiskaia istoriia, 3 (2001), 53–66 (55).

113) 20:39
S. G. Wheatcroft, ‘Agriculture’, in Davies (ed.), From Tsarism, 93.

114) 21:20
I. I. Krott, ‘Sel’skoe khoziaistvo zapadnoi Sibiri, 1914–17gg.’, Voprosy istorii, 11 (2011), 103–18.

115) 23:01
N. F. Ivantsova, Zapadno-sibirskoe krest’ianstvo v 1917—pervoi polovine 1918gg. (Moscow: Prometei, 1993), 71, 75.

116) 23:39
Mark Baker, ‘Rampaging Soldatki, Cowering Police, Bazaar Riots and Moral Economy: The Social Impact of the Great War in Kharkiv Province’, Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 35: 2–3 (2001), 137–55 (141).

117) 24:06
D. V. Kovalev, Agrarnye preobrazovaniia i krest’ianstvo stolichnogo regiona v pervoi chetverti XX veka (Moscow: Moskovskii pedagogicheskiki gos. Universitet, 2004), 123.

118) 24:38
Peter Waldron, The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1997) 155. Tiutukhin states that there were about 800 rural disturbances between July 1914 and March 1917. S. V. Tiutukhin, ‘Pervaia mirovaia voina i revoliutsionnyi protsess v Rossii’, in V. L. Mal’kov (ed.), Pervaia mirovaia voina: prolog XX veka (Moscow: Nauka, 1998), 236–49 (245).

119) 24:45
Shkaratan, Problemy, 219.

120) 25:31
Porshneva, Mentalitet, 165.

121) 26:51
Porshneva, Mentalitet, 201.

122) 27:34
A. S. Sidorov (ed.), Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie posle sverzheniia samoderzhaviia (27 fevralia–14 aprelia 1917g.) (Moscow: RAN, 1957), 421.

123) 28:05
Iu. I. Kir’ianov, ‘Massovye vystupleniia na pochve dogorovizny v Rossii (1914–fevral’ 1917g.’, Otechestvennaia istoriia, 3 (1993), 3–18 (4).

124) 28:28
Kir’ianov, ‘Massovye’, 8.

125) 28:41
Barbara Alpern Engel, ‘Not by Bread Alone: Subsistence Riots in Russia during World War One’, Journal of Modern History, 69 (1997), 696–721.

126) 29:03
Engel, Women in Russiā, 133.

127) 29:50
Iu. I. Kir’ianov, Sotsial’no-politicheskii protest rabochikh Rossii v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny. Iiul’ 1914–fevral’ 1917 gg. (Moscow: RAN, 2005).

128) 30:49
Porshneva, Mentalitet, 202.

129) 31:02
Iu. I. Korablev (ed.), Rabochee dvizhenie v Petrograde v 1912–1917gg. (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1958), 484.

130) 31:30
Shkaratan, Problemy, 198, 210.

131) 32:08
McKean, St Petersburg, 394.

132) 32:53
Kir’ianov, Sotsial’no-politicheskii protest, 185.

133) 33:12
Michael Melancon, The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Russian Anti-War Movement, 1914–1917 (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1990), 113–14.

134) 34:16
S. V. Tiutukhin, Men’shevizm: stranitsy istorii (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2002), 307.

135) 36:47
Roger W. Pethybridge, Witnesses to the Russian Revolution (London: Allen Unwin, 1964), 76, 78.

Episode 95:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917
Prospects for Reform

[Part 7 - This Week]
2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917
On the Eve of War - 0:32
First World War - 12:47

[Part 8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917

[Part 9 - 11?]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 12 - 15?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 16 - 18?]
5. War Communism

[Part 19 - 21?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 22 - 25?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 26?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:
45) 1:23
Michael Melancon, The Lena Goldfields Massacre and the Crisis of the Late Tsarist State (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006), 116.

46) 2:34
Haimson and Petrusha, ‘Two Strike Waves in Imperial Russia’, 107.

47) 3:07
Hogan, Forging Revolution, 161.

48) 3:29
F. A. Gaida, ‘Politicheskaia obstanovka v Rossii nakanune Pervoi mirovoi voiny v otsenke gosudarstvennykh deiatelei i liderov partii’, Rossiiskaia istoriia, 6 (2011), 123–35; Jonathan W. Daly, The Watchful State: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1906–1917 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004), 147.

49) 4:29
Victoria E. Bonnell, Roots of Rebellion: Workers’ Politics and Organizations in St Petersburg and Moscow, 1900–1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).

50) 5:24
Shestoi s”ezd RSDLP (bol’shevikov): Avgust 1917 goda. Protokoly (Moscow, 1958), 47.

51) 5:37
D. A. Loeber (ed.), Ruling Communist Parties and their Status under Law (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986), 63. Not all historians are persuaded that the Bolsheviks were taking over leadership of the labour movement: see R. B. McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions: Workers and Revolutionaries, June, 1907–February 1917 (London: Yale University Press, 1990).

52) 6:20
Postnikov, Territorial’noe razmeshchenie, 56.

53) 6:44
Patricia Herlihy, The Alcoholic Empire: Vodka and Politics in Late Imperial Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 145.

54) 8:34
V. B. Aksenov, ‘ “Sukhoi zakon” 1914 goda: ot pridvornoi intrigi do revoliutsii’, Rossiiskaia istoriia, 4 (2011), 126–39.

55) 8:44
For a view that individual and collective actors recoiled from taking decisive action in the political and social crisis on the eve of the war, for fear that they would be overwhelmed by an accelerating process of social polarization, see Leopold H. Haimson, ‘ “The Problem of Political and Social Stability in Urban Russia on the Eve of War” Revisited’, Slavic Review, 59:4 (2000), 848–75.

56) 8:58
Dowler, Russia in 1913, 279.

57) 9:24
Gilbert, Radical Right, ch. 6.

58) 9:29
Rossiia 1913 god: statistiko-dokumental’nyi spravochnik (St Petersburg: BLITs, 1995), 413–14.

59) 9:58
William C. Fuller, Civil–Military Conflict in Imperial Russia, 1881–1914 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985), 257.

60) 10:50
Mark D. Steinberg, Petersburg: Fin de Siècle (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), 244.

61) 11:40
Gatrell, Government, Industry, and Rearmament.

62) 12:17
<http://www2.stetson.edu/~psteeves/classes/durnovo.html>.

63) 13:02
Norman Stone, The Eastern Front, 1914–1917 (London: Penguin, 1998).

64) 15:43
Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century (London: Allen Lane, 1998), ix; David Stevenson, 1914–1918: The History of the First World War (London: Penguin, 2005), xix.

65) 16:10
G. F. Krivosheev (ed.), Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: poteri vooruzhyennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie (Moscow: OLMA, 2001).

66) 17:34
Boris Kolonitskii, Tragicheskaia erotika: obrazy, imperatorskoi sem’i v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny (Moscow: NLO, 2010), 73.

67) 18:25
Joshua Sanborn, Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 29.

68) 19:26
Cited in Peter Gatrell, ‘Tsarist Russia at War: The View from Above, 1914–February 1917’, Journal of Modern History, 87:3 (2015), 668–700 (689).

69) 19:54
David R. Stone, The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914–1917 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015), 48; Eric Lohr, Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign Against Enemy Aliens during the First World War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 136.

70) 21:17
Peter Gatrell, A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War One (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 3.

71) 21:29
Tomas Balkelis, ‘Demobilization and Remobilization of German and Lithuanian Paramilitaries after the First World War’, Journal of Contemporary History, 50:1 (2015), 38–57 (38).

72) 23:22
Donald Bloxham, The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

73) 24:04
Edward J. Erickson, Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War One (London: Routledge, 2007), 1.

74) 24:04
A. B. Astashov, Russkii front v 1914-nachale 1917 goda: voennyi opyt i sovremennost’ (Moscow: Novyi Khronograf, 2014), 19, 23.

75) 25:54
P. P. Shcherbinin, ‘Women’s Mobilization for War (Russian Empire)’, International Encyclopedia of the First World War, <http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/womens_mobilization_for_war_russian_empire>.

76) 27:34
Stone, Russian Army, 4.

77) 29:05
Stone, Russian Army, ch. 7.

78) 30:33
Edward D. Sokol, The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1954). Gene Huskey refers to an ‘unknown genocide’, in which 100,000 to 120,000 out of 780,000 Kyrghyz were slaughtered: Gene Huskey, ‘Kyrgyzstan: The Politics of Demographic and Economic Frustration’, in Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras (eds), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 400.

79) 31:01
Astashov, Russkii front, 116, 160.

80) 31:10
William G. Rosenberg, ‘Reading Soldiers’ Moods: Russian Military Censorship and the Configuration of Feeling in World War I’, American Historical Review, 119:3 (2014), 714–40 (716).

81) 32:54
A. B. Astashov and P. A. Simmons, Pis’ma s voiny 1914–1917 (Moscow: Novyi khronograf, 2015), 128.

82) 33:25
Joshua Sanborn, ‘The Mobilization of 1914 and the Question of the Russian Nation’, Slavic Review, 59:2 (2000), 267–89; S. A. Smith, ‘Citizenship and the Russian Nation during World War I: A Comment’, Slavic Review, 59:2 (2000), 316–29.

83) 33:38
Astashov, Russkii front, 133–4, 179–87.

84) 34:24
Quoted in A. B. Astashov, ‘Russkii krest’ianin na frontakh Pervoi mirovoi voiny’, Otechestvennaia istoriia, 2 (2003), 72–86 (75); Karen Petrone, The Great War in Russian Memory (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 91.

85) 34:44
Mark von Hagen, ‘The Entangled Front in the First World War’, in Eric Lohr et al. (eds), The Empire and Nationalism at War (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2014), 9–48 (36); Sanborn, Imperial Apocalypse, 130.

86) 35:28
Igor V. Narskii, ‘The Frontline Experience of Russian Soldiers in 1914–16’, Russian Studies in History, 51:4 (2013), 31–49.

87) 36:21
Astashov, Russkii front, 224, 279–300.

88) 36:45
Krivosheev (ed.), Rossiia, table 52.

89) 37:02
Dietrich Beyrau, ‘Brutalization Revisited: The Case of Russia’, Journal of Contemporary History, 50:1 (2015), 15–37 (18).

90) 37:29
Krivosheev (ed.), Rossiia, table 56.

Episode 94:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6 - This Week]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917 - 0:22
Prospects for Reform - 07:36

[Part 7 - 8?]
2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917

[Part 9 - 11?]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 12 - 15?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 16 - 18?]
5. War Communism

[Part 19 - 21?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 22 - 25?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 26?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:
1) 2:01
Abraham Ascher, P. A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001).

2) 3:53
Terence Emmons, The Formation of Political Parties and the First National Elections in Russia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983).

3) 4:53
Geoffrey A. Hosking, The Russian Constitutional Experiment: Government and Duma, 1907–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973).

4) 5:23
George Gilbert, The Radical Right in Imperial Russia (London: Routledge, 2015).

5) 6:29
More than 26,000 people were executed, exiled, or imprisoned for political offences between 1907 and 1909: Peter Waldron, Between Two Revolutions: Stolypin and the Politics of Renewal in Russia (London: UCL Press, 1998), 63.

6) 7:25
Anna Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).

7) 8:34
Linda H. Edmondson, Feminism in Russia, 1900–17 (London: Heinemann, 1984); Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild, Equality and Revolution: Women’s Rights in the Russian Empire, 1905–1917 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010).

8) 9:16
Susan Morrissey, ‘Subjects and Citizens, 1905–1917’, in Simon Dixon (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Russian History (Oxford: Oxford Handbooks Online, 2013).

9) 9:53
Eric Lohr, ‘The Ideal Citizen and Real Subject in Late Imperial Russia’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 7:2 (2006), 173–94.

10) 11:28
Joseph Bradley, Voluntary Associations in Tsarist Russia: Science, Patriotism, and Civil Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).

11) 12:42
There are two excellent introductions to the debate on where Russia was going after 1905: R. B. McKean, Between the Revolutions: Russia, 1905 to 1917 (London: The Historical Association, 1998); Ian D. Thatcher, Late Imperial Russia: Problems and Prospects: Essays in Honour of R. B. McKean (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005).

12) 15:46
Hosking, Constitutional Experiment; Waldron, Between Two Revolutions.

13) 16:31
Joshua A. Sanborn, Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 1905–1925 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003).

14) 17:54
D. C. B. Lieven, Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia (London: Allen Lane, 2015), 176, 180.

15) 18:46
Peter Gatrell, Government, Industry, and Rearmament in Russia, 1900–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 152–5.

16) 18:57
David Stevenson, Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904–1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 7. ‘Only Russia could keep up with [Germany] and that inefficiently.’ Alan J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954), xxviii.

17) 19:17
Melissa K. Stockdale, Paul Miliukov and the Quest for a Liberal Russia, 1889–1918 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), 186–8.

18) 20:26
Waldron, Between Two Revolutions, 171–3.

19) 21:00
Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, 106.

20) 22:11
Laura Engelstein, The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-Siècle Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992).

21) 22:58
Clowes, Kassow, and, West (eds), Between Tsar and People.

22) 23:18
McClelland, Autocrats, 52.

23) 24:02
Jeffrey Brooks, When Russia Learned to Read (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985).

24) 24:25
Louise McReynolds, News under Russia’s Old Regime: The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 225.

25) 24:53
McReynolds, News, 237, 234.

26) 25:53
James von Geldern and Louise McReynolds, Entertaining Tsarist Russia: Tales, Songs, Plays, Movies, Jokes, Ads, and Images from Russian Urban Life, 1779–1917 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), xx.

27) 28:05
Cited in Engel, Between the Fields and the City, 155.

28) 29:24
Wayne Dowler, Russia in 1913 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010), 112.

29) 30:19
R. E. Zelnik (trans. and ed.), A Radical Worker in Tsarist Russia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1986), 71.

30) 30:57
D. N. Zhbankov, Bab’ia storona: statistiko-etnograficheskii ocherk (Kostroma, 1891), 27.

31) 31:24
See the photographs in Christine Ruane, The Empire’s New Clothes: A History of the Russian Fashion Industry, 1700–1917 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 197, 202.

32) 32:28
Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 2, 134.

33) 33:35
O. S. Porshneva, Mentalitet i sotsial’noe povedenie rabochikh, krest’ian i soldat Rossii v period pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914-mart 1918g) (Ekaterinburg: UrO RAN, 2000), 146.

34) 33:57
Heather Hogan, Forging Revolution: Metalworkers, Managers, and the State in St Petersburg, 1890–1914 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 161–74.

35) 35:21
Tim McDaniel, Autocracy, Capitalism, and Revolution in Russia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).

36) 36:53
Leopold H. Haimson and Ronald Petrusha, ‘Two Strike Waves in Imperial Russia, 1905–1907, 1912–1914’, in Leopold H. Haimson and Charles Tilly, Strikes, Wars and Revolutions in an International Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge Uuniversity Press, 1989), 101–66 (125).

37) 39:57
A. P. Korelin and S. V. Tiutukin, Pervaia revoliutisiia v Rossii: vzgliad cherez stoletie (Moscow: Pamiatniki istoricheskoi mysli, 2005), 536.

38) 40:19
N. D. Postnikov, Territorial’noe razmeshchenie i chislennost’ politicheskikh partii Rossii (1907–fevral’ 1917) (Moscow: IIU MGOU, 2015).

39) 42:03
Postnikov, Territorial’noe razmeshchenie, 56.

40) 42:26
Postnikov, Territorial’noe razmeshchenie, 56; Michael S. Melancon, Stormy Petrels: The Socialist Revolutionaries in Russia’s Labor Organizations, 1905–1914 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Centre for Russian and East European Studies, 1988).

41) 44:43
Konstantin N. Morozov, ‘Partiia sotsialistov-revoliutsionnerov vo vremia i posle revoliutsii 1905–1907 gg.’, Cahiers du monde russe, 48:2 (2007), 301–30.

42) 45:08
Postnikov, Territorial’noe razmeshchenie, 56.

43) 46:48
Reginald E. Zelnik (ed.), Workers and Intelligentsia in Late Imperial Russia: Realities, Representations, Reflections (Berkeley: International and Area Studies, University of California at Berkeley, 1999).

44) 47:16
A. Buzinov, Za Nevskoi Zastavoi (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Iz-vo, 1930), 29.

Episode 93:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-4]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905
Autocracy and Orthodoxy
Popular Religion
Agriculture and Peasantry
Industrial Capitalism

[Part 5 - This Week]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905
Political Challenges to the Old Order - 0:28
The 1905 Revolution - 17:43

[Part 6 - 8?]
2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917

[Part 9 - 11?]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 12 - 15?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 16 - 18?]
5. War Communism

[Part 19 - 21?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 22 - 25?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 26?]
Conclusion

Figures (see on website):
1.3) 20:01
Troops fire on demonstrators, Bloody Sunday 1905.
1.4) 33:13
The armed uprising in Moscow, December

Footnotes:
106) 0:47
Joseph Conrad, Under Western Eyes (New York: Harper, 1911), 292.

107) 3:03
Edith W. Clowes, Samuel D. Kassow, and James L. West (eds), Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).

108) 5:13
Franco Venturi, Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in 19th Century Russia (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1960).

109) 6:19
Samuel H. Baron, Plekhanov: The Father of Russian Marxism (London: Routledge, 1963).

110) 7:03
Robert J. Service, Lenin a Political Life, (3 vols), vol. 1: The Strengths of Contradiction (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1985), 138–40.

111) 8:16
Quoted in Robert J. Service, Lenin: A Biography (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), 98.

112) 8:31
Lenin gave no less weight to theoretical reflection than Marx. His fifty-five volumes of Collected Works contain 24,000 documents.

113) 9:04
Israel Getzler, Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), 21.

114) 11:25
V. I. Lenin, ‘To the Rural Poor’ (1903), <https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1903/rp/>.

115) 12:06
Allan K. Wildman, The Making of a Workers’ Revolution: Russian Social Democracy, 1891–1903 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967).

116) 15:18
Oliver Radkey, The Agrarian Foes of Bolshevism: Promise and Default of the Russian Socialist Revolutionaries, February to October 1917 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958); Maureen Perrie, The Agrarian Policy of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party from its Origins through the Revolution of 1905–07 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).

117) 17:10
Shmuel Galai, The Liberation Movement in Russia, 1900–1905 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973).

118) 18:08
Abraham Ascher; The Revolution of 1905, vol. 1: Russia in Disarray (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988).

119) 19:59
Gerald D. Surh, 1905 in St Petersburg: Labor, Society and Revolution (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989).

120) 21:19
Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 1, 136–42.

121) 22:32
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Łódź_insurrection>.

122) 23:21
Mark Steinberg, Moral Communities: The Culture of Class Relations in the Russian Printing Industry, 1867–1907 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 174–6.

123) 23:37
A. P. Korelin and S. V. Tiutukin, Pervaia revoliutisiia v Rossii: vzgliad cherez stoletie (Moscow: Pamiatniki istoricheskoi mysli, 2005), 544; Rosa Luxemburg, ‘The Mass Strike’ (1906), <https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1906/mass-strike>.

124) 28:24
<http://sandinist.livejournal.com/29592.html>.

125) 31:00
Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 1, ch. 8; Beryl Williams, ‘1905: The View from the Provinces’, in Jonathan D. Smele and Anthony Haywood (eds), The Russian Revolution of 1905: Centenary Perspectives (Abingdon: Routledge, 2005), 34–54.

126) 33:11
Laura Engelstein, Moscow 1905: Working-Class Organization and Political Conflict (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982), 220.

127) 33:38
Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 2, 22.

128) 35:05
John Bushnell, Mutiny amid Repression: Russian Soldiers in the Revolution of 1905–1906 (Bloomington: Indian a University Press, 1985), 76.

129) 35:41
Shane O’Rourke, ‘The Don Cossacks during the 1905 Revolution: The Revolt of Ust-Medvedevskaia Stanitsa’, Russian Review, 57 (Oct. 1998), 583–98 (594).

130) 36:33
Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 1, 267.

131) 36:58
Elvira M. Wilbur, ‘Peasant Poverty in Theory and Practice: A View from Russia’s “Impoverished Center” at the End of the Nineteenth Century’, in Kingston-Mann and Mixter (eds), Peasant Economy, Culture and Politics of European Russiā, 101–27.

132) 37:30
Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 1, 162; James D. White, ‘The 1905 Revolution in Russia’s Baltic Provinces’, in Smele and Haywood (eds), The Russian Revolution of 1905, 55–78.

133) 37:51
Maureen Perrie, ‘The Russian Peasant Movement of 1905–1907: Its Social Composition and Revolutionary Significance’, Past and Present, 57 (1972).

134) 38:05
Robert Edelman, Proletarian Peasants: The Revolution of 1905 in Russia’s Southwest (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987).

135) 38:14
Barbara Alpern Engel, ‘Men, Women and the Languages of Russian Peasant Resistance’, in Stephen Frank and Mark Steinberg (eds), Cultures in Flux: Lower-Class Values, Practices and Resistance in Late Imperial Russia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 41–5.

136) 39:24
Scott J. Seregny, ‘A Different Type of Peasant Movement: The Peasant Unions in the Russian Revolution of 1905’, Slavic Review, 47:1 (Spring 1988), 51–67 (53).

137) 39:49
O. G. Bukovets, Sotsial’nye konflikty i krest’ianskaia mental’nost’ v rossiiskoi imperii nachala XX veka: novye materially, metody, rezul’taty (Moscow: Mosgorarkhiv, 1996), 141, 147.

138) 40:41
Andrew Verner, ‘Discursive Strategies in the 1905 Revolution: Peasant Petitions from Vladimir Province’, Russian Review, 54:1 (1995), 65–90 (75).

139) 41:17
Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 2, 121.

140) 42:07
Carter Ellwood, Russian Social Democracy in the Underground: A Study of the RSDRP in the Ukraine, 1907–1914 (Amsterdam: International Institute for Social History, 1974).

141) 42:32
Stephen F. Jones, Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy, 1883–1917 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), ch. 7.

142) 43:21
Toivo U. Ruan, ‘The Revolution of 1905 in the Baltic Provinces and Finland’, Slavic Review, 43:3 (1984), 453–67.

143) 44:04
Crews, For Prophet and Tsar, 1.

144) 45:22
Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).

145) 47:28
Jeff Sahadeo, Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865–1923 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007).

Episode 92:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-3]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905
Autocracy and Orthodoxy
Popular Religion
Agriculture and Peasantry

[Part 4 - This Week]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905
Industrial Capitalism - 0:41

[Part 5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6 - 8?]
2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917

[Part 9 - 11?]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 12 - 15?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 16 - 18?]
5. War Communism

[Part 19 - 21?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 22 - 25?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 26?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:
84) 1:06
Peter Gatrell, The Tsarist Economy, 1850–1917 (London: Batsford, 1986).

85) 3:27
Peter Gatrell, ‘Poor Russia, Poor Show: Mobilizing a Backward Economy’, in Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison (eds), The Economics of World War I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 235–75 (238).

86) 4:31
Gatrell, ‘Poor Russia’, 237.

87) 5:50
Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernisation, 126; Naselenie Rossii v XX veke, vol. 1, 26.

88) 6:29
Catherine Evtuhov, Portrait of a Russian Province. Economy, Society, and Civilization in Nineteenth-Century Nizhnii Novgorod (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011).

89) 7:11
S. N. Semanov, Peterburgskie rabochie nakanune pervoi russkoi revoliutsii (Moscow: Nauka, 1966), 152.

90) 7:32
S. A. Smith, Red Petrograd: Revolution in the Factories (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 13.

91) 9:26
Thomas C. Owen, Capitalism and Politics in Russia: A Social History of the Moscow Merchants, 1855–1905 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).

92) 10:54
A. J. Rieber, Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Imperial Russia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982).

93) 11:00
Susan P. McCaffray, The Politics of Industrialization in Tsarist Russia: The Association of Southern Coal and Steel Producers, 1874–1914 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996).

94) 12:34
Figes, People’s Tragedy, 113.

95) 13:55
‘Prokhorovtsy kuptsy’, .

96) 15:09
N. A. Ivanova and V. P. Zheltova, Soslovno-klassovaia struktura Rossii v kontse XIX– nachale XX veka (Moscow: Nauka, 2004), 224.

97) 15:48
Gregory L. Freeze, ‘The Soslovie (estate) Paradigm and Russian Social History’, American Historical Review, 91:1 (1986), 11–36; Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter, Social Identity in Imperial Russia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997).

98) 16:31
Ivanova and Zheltova, Soslovno-klassovaia struktura Rossii, 90–1; Alison K. Smith, For the Common Good and their Own Well-Being: Social Estates in Imperial Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 150.

99) 17:03
Rabochii klass Rossii ot zarozhdeniia do nachala XXv. (Moscow: RAN, 1989), 273.

100) 17:15
Rashin, Formirovanie, 172.

101) 17:42
O. I. Shkaratan, Problemy sotsial’noi struktury rabochego klass a SSSR (Moscow: Mysl’, 1970), 192.

102) 17:54
L. D. Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution, .

103) 18:37
Shkaratan, Problemy, 146; E. E. Kruze, Peterburgskie rabochie v 1912–14 godakh (Leningrad: Izd-vo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1961), 76.

104) 19:08
Peter Gatrell, Russia’s First World War: A Social and Economic History (London: Pearson, 2005), 72.

105) 20:34
Kahan, Russian Economic History, 172.

Episode 91:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905
Autocracy and Orthodoxy
Popular Religion

[Part 3 - This Week]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905
Agriculture and Peasantry - 00:25

[Part 4 - 5?]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6 - 8?]
2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917

[Part 9 - 11?]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 12 - 15?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 16 - 18?]
5. War Communism

[Part 19 - 21?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 22 - 25?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 26?]
Conclusion

Figures:
2) Bringing in the harvest c.1910. - 00:38

Footnotes:
40) 00:40
David Moon, The Russian Peasantry, 1600–1930 (London: Longman, 1999).

41) 02:06
Richard G. Robbins, Famine in Russia, 1891–1892: The Imperial Government Responds to a Crisis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975).

42) 02:25
R. W. Davies, Mark Harrison, and S. G. Wheatcroft (eds), The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 59.

43) 02:42
Stephan Merl, ‘Socio-economic Differentiation of the Peasantry’, in R. W. Davies (ed.), From Tsarism to the New Economic Policy (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990), 52.

44) 03:29
A. G. Rashin, Naselenie Rossii za sto let (Moscow: Gos. Statisticheskoe Izd-vo, 1956), 198–9.

45) 03:59
Davies et al. (eds), Economic Transformation, 59; David L. Ransel, ‘Mothering, Medicine, and Infant Mortality in Russia: Some Comparisons’, Kennan Institute Occasional Papers, 1990, <https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/op236_mothering_medicine_ransel_1990.pdf>.

46) 04:31
Christine D. Worobec, Family and Community in the Post-Emancipation Period (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 175.

47) 05:57
P. N. Zyrianov, ‘Pozemel’nye otnosheniia v russkoi krest’ianskoi obshchine vo vtoroi polovine XIX—nachale XX veka’, in D. F. Aiatskov (ed.), Sobstvennost’ na zemliu v Rossii: istoriia i sovremennost’ (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2002), 154. Some sources put the number of peasant households in European Russia at 9.2 million.

48) 06:26
Worobec, Family, 25.

49) 07:01
Moon, Russian Peasantry, 172.

50) 07:19
Barbara Alpern Engel, Between the Fields and the City: Women, Work and Family in Russia, 1861–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); E. Kingston-Mann and T. Mixter, ‘Introduction’, in Esther Kingston-Mann and Timothy R. Mixter (eds), Peasant Economy, Culture and Politics in European Russia, 1800–1921 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 14–15.

51) 07:51
Naselenie Rossii v XX veke: istoricheskie ocherki, vol. 1: 1900–1939gg. (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2000), 57.

52) 08:39
Worobec, Family, 64; Barbara A. Engel, Women in Russia, 1700–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 90; B. M. Firsov and I. G. Kiseleva (eds), Byt velikorusskikh krest’ian-zemlepashtsev: opisanie materialov Etnograficheskogo biuro Kniazia V. N. Tenisheva: na primere Vladimirskoi gubernii (St Petersburg: Izd-vo Evropeiskogo doma, 1993), 262.

53) 09:04
Worobec, Family, 177.

54) 09:38
Mandakina Arora, ‘Boundaries, Transgressions, Limits: Peasant Women and Gender Roles in Tver’ Province, 1861–1914’, PhD Duke University, 1995, 44–50.

55) 09:55
Naselenie Rossii, 48.

56) 10:31
Stephen G. Wheatcroft, ‘Crises and the Condition of the Peasantry in Late Imperial Russia’, in Kingston-Mann and Mixter (eds), Peasant Economy, Culture and Politics of European Russiā.

57) 11:14
David Moon, ‘Russia’s Rural Economy, 1800–1930’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 1:4 (2000), 679–90.

58) 12:50
Paul R. Gregory, Before Command: An Economic History of Russia from Emancipation to the First Five-Year Plan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994); Boris Mironov, Blagosostoianie naseleniia i revoliutsii v imperskoi Rossii, XVII—nachalo XX veka (Moscow: Novyi Khronograf, 2010).

59) 12:58
Boris Mironov and Brian A’Hearn, ‘Russian Living Standards under the Tsars: Anthropometric Evidence from the Volga’, Journal of Economic History, 68:3 (2008), 900–29.

60) 13:12
J. Y. Simms, ‘The Crisis of Russian Agriculture at the End of the Nineteenth Century: A Different View’, Slavic Review, 36:3 (1977), 377–98; Eberhard Müller, ‘Der Beitrag der Bauern zur Industrialisierung Russlands, 1885–1930’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 27:2 (1979), 199–204.

61) 14:07
Wheatcroft, ‘Crises and the Condition of the Peasantry’, 138, 141, 151.

62) 15:33
Judith Pallot, Land Reform in Russia, 1906–1917: Peasant Responses to Stolypin’s Project of Rural Transformation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999), 95.

63) 15:49
Pallot, Land Reform, 97.

64) 16:39
Yanni Kotsonis, Making Peasants Backward: Agricultural Cooperatives and the Agrarian Question in Russia, 1861–1914 (London: Macmillan, 1999), 57.

65) 17:52
Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernisation, 81. Zhurov suggests that nationally between one-fifth and one-quarter of households were wealthy at the beginning of the twentieth century. Iu. V. Zhurov, ‘Zazhitovchnoe krest’ianstvo Rossii v gody revoliutsii, grazhdanskoi voiny i interventsii (1917–1920 gody)’, in Zazhitochnoe krest’ianstvo Rossii v istoricheskoi retrospektive (zemlevladenie, zemlepol’zovanie, proizvodstvo, mentalitet), XXVII sessiia simpoziuma po agrarnoi istorii Vostochnoi Evropy (Moscow: RAN, 2000), 147–54.

66) 18:48
Teodor Shanin, The Awkward Class: Political Sociology of Peasantry in a Developing Society, 1910–1925 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972).

67) 19:51
I. L. Koval’chenko, ‘Stolypinskaia agrarnaia reforma (mify i real’nost)’, Istoriia SSR, 2 (1991), 68–9.

68) 20:26
L. V. Razumov, Rassloenie krest’ianstva Tsentral’no-Promyshlennogo Raiona v kontse XIX–nachale XX veka (Moscow: RAN, 1996).

69) 22:31
‘Letter from Semyon Martynov, a peasant from Orël, August 1917’, in Mark Steinberg, Voices of Revolution (translations by Marian Schwartz) (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 242.

70) 22:52
John Channon, ‘The Landowners’, in Robert Service (ed.), Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992), 120.

71) 23:08
Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernisation, 89 (85).

72) 23:49
Worobec, Family, 31.

73) 24:54
Arcadius Kahan, Russian Economic History: The Nineteenth Century (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989), 190.

74) 25:27
Gregory Guroff and S. Frederick Starr, ‘A Note on Urban Literacy in Russia, 1890–1914’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 19:4 (1971), 520–31 (523–4).

75) 25:34
V. P. Leikina-Svirskaia, Russkaia intelligentsiia v 1900–1917 godakh (Moscow: Mysl’, 1981), 7.

76) 25:56
Barbara E. Clements, History of Women in Russia: From the Earliest Times to the Present (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012), 130.

77) 26:12
Engel, Women in Russiā, 92; A. G. Rashin, Formirovanie rabochego klassa Rossii (Moscow, 1958), 595.

78) 26:20
Patrick L. Alston, Education and the State in Tsarist Russia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1969), 248.

79) 26:29
Ben Eklof, Russian Peasant Schools: Officialdom, Village Culture, and Popular Pedagogy, 1861–1914 (Berkeley: University of California, 1986), 90.

80) 26:47
James C. McClelland, Autocrats and Academics: Education, Culture and Society in Tsarist Russia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 44.

81) 27:05
Eklof, Russian Peasant Schools, 89.

82) 27:40
E. M. Balashov, Shkola v rossiiskom obshchestve 1917–1927gg. Stanovlenie ‘novogo cheloveka’ (St Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 2003), 42; Scott J. Seregny, ‘Teachers, Politics and the Peasant Community in Russia, 1895–1918’, in Stephen White et al. (eds), School and Society in Tsarist and Soviet Russia (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1993), 121–48.

83) 28:06
Balashov, Shkola, 12.

Episode 90:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2 - This Week]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905 - 00:38
Autocracy and Orthodoxy - 21:23
Popular Religion - 33:17

[Part 3 - 4?]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 5 - 7?]
2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917

[Part 8 - 10?]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 11 - 14?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 15 - 17?]
5. War Communism

[Part 18 - 20?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 21 - 24?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 25?]
Conclusion

Figures:
1) Nicholas II, Alexandra, and their family. - 21:31

Footnotes:
1) 00:58
Orlando Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996).

2) 05:08
V. O. Kliuchevsky, A History of Russia, vol. 1 (London: J. M. Dent, 1911), 2.

3) 07:13
D. C. B. Lieven, Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia (London: Allen Lane, 2015), 9.

4) 08:05
Cited in Paul Kennedy, Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1987), 177.

5) 13:02
Lieven, Towards the Flame, 85.

6) 14:07
http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php

7) 14:38
Jane Burbank and Mark von Hagen (eds), Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700–1930 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007); John W. Slocum, ‘Who, and When, Were the Inorodtsy? The Evolution of the Category of “Aliens” in Imperial Russia’, Russian Review, 57:2 (1998), 173–90.

8) 15:05
Theodore Weeks, Nation and State in Late Imperial Russia: Nationalism and Russification on the Western Frontier, 1863–1914 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996); Alexei Miller, ‘The Empire and Nation in the Imagination of Russian Nationalism’, in A. Miller and A. J. Rieber (eds), Imperial Rule (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2004), 9–22.

9) 15:37
Robert D. Crews, For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).

10) 17:26
Paul Werth, At the Margins of Orthodoxy: Mission, Governance, and Confessional Politics in Russia’s Volga-Kama Region, 1827–1905 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002).

11) 18:11
Alexander Morrison, Russian Rule in Samarkand, 1868–1910: A Comparison with British India (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).

12) 18:38
Robert Geraci, Window on the East: National and Imperial Identities in Late-Imperial Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001).

13) 19:13
Charles Steinwedel, ‘To Make a Difference: The Category of Ethnicity in Late Imperial Russian Politics, 1861–1917’, in D. L. Hoffmann and Yanni Kotsonis (eds), Russian Modernity: Politics, Knowledge, Practices (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), 67–86.

14) 19:49
Andreas Kappeler, The Russian Empire: A Multiethnic History (Harlow: Pearson, 2001); Willard Sunderland, ‘The Ministry of Asiatic Russia: The Colonial Office That Never Was But Might Have Been’, Slavic Review, 60:1 (2010), 120–50.

15) 20:04
Geoffrey Hosking, Russia: People and Empire (London: Fontana, 1998).

16) 21:19
Miller, ‘The Empire and Nation’, 9–22.

17) 21:48
Dominic Lieven, Nicholas II: Emperor of All the Russias (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989).

18) 22:25
http://www.angelfire.com/pa/ImperialRussian/royalty/russia/rfl.html

19) 25:04
Abraham Ascher, The Revolution of 1905, vol. 2: Authority Restored (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 222.

20) 25:09
Richard Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (New York: Penguin, 1977).

21) 26:36
Peter Waldron, ‘States of Emergency: Autocracy and Extraordinary Legislation, 1881–1917’, Revolutionary Russia, 8:1 (1995), 1–25.

22) 26:56
Waldron, ‘States of Emergency’, 24.

23) 27:26
Neil Weissman, ‘Regular Police in Tsarist Russia, 1900–1914’, Russian Review, 44:1 (1985), 45–68 ( 49).

24) 27:47
Jonathan W. Daly, The Watchful State: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1906–1917 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004), 5–6. Daly, incidentally, gives a higher figure—100,000—than Weissman for the number of police of all kinds in 1900.

25) 28:14
Figes, People’s Tragedy, 46.

26) 28:50
T. Emmons and W. S. Vucinich (eds), The Zemstvo in Russia: An Experiment in Local Self-Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 215.

27) 30:25
Hans Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernisation and Revolution, 1881–1917 (London: Longman, 1983), 72.

28) 31:18
J. S. Curtiss, The Russian Church and the Soviet State (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953), 10.

29) 32:09
Gregory L. Freeze, ‘Handmaiden of the State? The Orthodox Church in Imperial Russia Reconsidered’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 36 (1985), 82–102.

30) 32:46
Simon Dixon, ‘The Orthodox Church and the Workers of St Petersburg, 1880–1914’, in Hugh McLeod, European Religion in the Age of Great Cities, 1830–1930 (London: Routledge, 1995), 119–41.

31) 33:49
Vera Shevzov, Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).

32) 35:23
A. K. Baiburin, ‘Poliarnosti v rituale (tverdoe i miagkoe)’, Poliarnost’ v kul’ture: Almanakh ‘Kanun’ 2 (1996), 157–65.

33) 36:28
Vera Shevzov, ‘Chapels and the Ecclesial World of Pre-revolutionary Peasants’, Slavic Review, 55:3 (1996), 585–613.

34) 37:00
Chris J. Chulos, Converging Worlds: Religion and Community in Peasant Russia, 1861–1917 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003), 159.

35) 37:59
J. S. Curtiss, Church and State in Russia: the Last Years of the Empire, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1965), 118.

36) 38:46
David G. Rowley, ‘ “Redeemer Empire”: Russian Millenarianism’, American Historical Review, 104 (1999), 1582–602.

37) 39:18
James H. Billington, The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretive History of Russian Culture (New York: Vintage Books, 1970), 514.

38) 40:18
Nadieszda Kizenko, A Prodigal Saint: Father John Kronstadt and the Russian People (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 271.

39) 40:34
Sergei Fomin (comp.), Rossiia pered vtorym prishestviem: prorochestva russkikh sviatykh (Moscow: Sviato-Troitskaia Sergieva Lavra, 1993). This is a compendium of prophecies of doom about the fate of Russia by saints, monks, nuns, priests, theologians, and a sprinking of lay writers, including Dostoevsky, V. V. Rozanov, and Lev Tikhomirov.