Leftist Reading

Episode 109:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 17]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 18 - 20]
5. War Communism
Mobilising Industry
The Food Dictatorship
War Communism in Crisis
Social Order Overturned
Fighting the Church

[Part 21 - This Week]
5. War Communism
Worker Unrest - 0:31

[Part 22?]
5. War Communism

[Part 23 - 25?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 26 - 29?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 30?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:

57) 1:36
S. G. Strumilin, ‘Obshchii obzor Severnoi oblasti’, Materialy po statistike truda Severnoi oblasti, vol. 1 (Petrograd, 1918), 18–19.

58) 2:37
Diane P. Koenker, ‘Urbanization and Deurbanization in the Russian Revolution’, in Koenker, Rosenberg, and Suny (eds), Party, State and Society, 81–104.

59) 3:09
V. Iu. Cherniaev et al. (eds.), Piterskie rabochie i ‘diktatura proletariata’, oktiabr’ 1917–1929: ekonomicheskie konflikty, politicheskii protest (St Petersburg: BLITS, 2000), 13.

60) 5:51
Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 26.

61) 8:12
Jonathan Aves, Workers against Lenin: Labour Protest and the Bolshevik Dictatorship (London and New York: Tauris, 1996), 57.

62) 10:22
David Priestland, Stalinism and the Politics of Mobilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), ch. 1.

63) 10:36
D. O. Churakov, Revoliutsiia, gosudarstvo, rabochii protest: formy, dinamika i priroda massovykh vystuplenii rabochikh v sovetskoi Rossii, 1917–1918gg. (Moscow: Rossiiskaia politicheskaia entsiklopediia, 2004).

64) 11:25
V. A. Koklov, ‘Men’sheviki na vyborakh v gorodskie sovety tsentral’noi Rossii vesnoi 1918g’, in Men’sheviki i men’shevizm: sbornik statei (Moscow: Izd-vo Tip. Novosti, 1998), 52.

65) 12:51
Iarov, Gorozhanin kak politik, 24; Brovkin, Behind the Front Lines, 161.

66) 13:22
Pavliuchenkov, Voennyi kommunizm v Rossii, 146.

67) 15:35
Jon Smele, Civil War in Siberia: the Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, 1918–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 337, 609.

68) 16:42
Stephen Wheatcroft, ‘Soviet Statistics of Nutrition and Mortality during Times of Famine’, Cahiers du monde russe, 38:4 (1997), 529; Pavliuchenkov, Voennyi kommunizm v Rossii, 146.

69) 16:55
B. N. Kazantsev, ‘Materialy gosudarstvennykh, partiinykh i profsoiuznykh organov o vystupleniiakh rabochikh na predpriiatiakh Sovetskoi Rossii v 1918–28gg.’, in Iu. I. Kir’ianov, W. Rosenberg, and A. N. Sakharov (eds), Trudovye konflikty v sovetskoi Rossii 1918–1929gg. (Moscow: Editorial URSS, 1998), 38–66 (48).

70) 17:35
Iarov, Gorozhanin kak politik, 49.

71) 18:44
Pavliuchenkov, Voennyi kommunizm, 157.

72) 20:49
Cherniaev et al. (eds), Piterskie rabochie, 177–83; Krasnaia gazeta, 15 March 1919, 2.

73) 22:24
Cherniaev et al. (eds), Piterskie rabochie, 18.

74) 23:08
Aves, Workers against Lenin, 24.

75) 23:43
Cherniaev et al. (eds), Piterskie rabochie, 274.

76) 24:33
A. Vyshinskii, ‘Uroki odnoi konferentsii’, Pravda, 8 Feb. 1921, 1; Simon Pirani, The Russian Revolution in Retreat, 1920–23: Soviet Workers and the New Economic Policy (London: Routledge, 2008).

Episode 108:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 17]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 18 - 19]
5. War Communism
Mobilising Industry
The Food Dictatorship
War Communism in Crisis

[Part 20 - This Week]
5. War Communism
Social Order Overturned - 0:41
Fighting the Church - 23:51

[Part 21 -22?]
5. War Communism

[Part 22 - 24?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 25 - 28?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 29?]
Conclusion

Figure 5.1 - 13:43
The bourgeoisie doing compulsory labour service.
www.abnormalmapping.com/leftist-reading-rss/2022/2/15/leftist-reading-russia-in-revolution-part-20

Footnotes:

28) 1:10
Peter H. Juviler, Revolutionary Law and Order: Politics and Social Change in the USSR (New York: Free Press, 1976), 18.

29) 2:15
Zemlia, 17 June 1917, 1; Krasnaia gazeta, 15 March 1918, 2.

30) 2:51
Moskovskii Voenno-Revoliutsionnyi komitet, oktiabr’-noiabr’ 1917 goda (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1968), 48.

31) 4:29
V. V. Nikulin, ‘Spetsifika gosudarstvenno-pravovoi politiki v period grazhdanskoi voiny v sovetskoi Rossii’, Genesis: istoricheskie issledovaniia, 4 (2013), <http://e-notabene.ru/hr/article_324.html>.

32) 4:44
A. L. Litvin, Krasnyi terror i belyi terror, 1918–22gg. (Kazan’: Tatarskoe gazetno-zhurnal’noe izd-vo, 1995), 27.

33) 5:45
<http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/DEKRET/o_sude1.htm>.

34) 6:38
Matthew Rendle, ‘Revolutionary Tribunals and the Origins of Terror in Early Soviet Russia’, Historical Research, 84:226 (2011), 693–721.

35) 6:53
Peter H. Solomon, Soviet Criminal Justice under Stalin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1996), 22.

36) 7:06
Nikulin, ‘Spetsifika’, <http://e-notabene.ru/hr/article_324.html>.

37) 11:58
Moskovskii Komsomolets, 13 July 1996, 8.

38) 12:18
Golos naroda: pis’ma i otkliki riadovykh sovetskikh grazhdan o sobytiiakh 1918–1932gg. (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1998), 86.

39) 13:06
I. I. Reshchikov, Kaluzhskaia derevnia v 1923g. (Kaluga: n.p., 1925).

40) 14:50
William B. Husband, Revolution in the Factory: The Birth of the Soviet Textile Industry, 1917–20 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 94.

41) 16:03
V. V. Kanishchev, ‘Prisposoblenie radi vyzhivaniia: meshchanskoe bytie epokhi “Voennogo kommunizma” ’, in P. V. Volobuev (ed.), Revoliutsiia i chelovek: byt, nravy, povedenie, moral’ (Moscow: RAN, 1997).

42) 16:23
T. M. Smirnova, ‘ “Byvshie”. Shtrikhi k sotsial’noi politike sovetskoi vlasti’, Otechestvennaia istoriia, 2 (2000), 37–48.

43) 16:34
James C. McClelland, ‘The Professoriate in the Russian Civil War’, in Koenker, Rosenberg, and Suny (eds), Party, State and Society, 243–65; Jane Burbank, ‘The Intelligentsia’, in Acton et al. (eds), Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 515–28.

44) 18:44
A. T. Grechaninov, Moia zhizn’ (New York: Novyi Zhurnal, 1954).

45) 19:51
Mikhail Beizer, Evrei Leningrada, 1917–1939: Natsional’naia zhizn’ i sovetizatsiia (Moscow: Mosty kul’tury, 1999), 73.

46) 20:30
Christopher Read, Culture and Power in Revolutionary Russia: The Intelligentsia and the Transition from Tsarism to Communism (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990), 69.

47) 21:24
Isabel A. Tirado, Young Guard! The Communist Youth League, Petrograd, 1917–1920 (New York: Greenwood Press, 1988), 177.

48) 22:05
V. I. Lenin, ‘The Tasks of the Youth Leagues’, <https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/oct/02.htm>.

49) 23:02
Anne E. Gorsuch, Youth in Revolutionary Russia: Enthusiasts, Bohemians and Delinquents (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000), 42.

50) 23:24
Iunyi Proletarii, 16, 25 Nov. 1919, 5.

51) 24:01
M. I. Odintsov, Rossiiskaia tserkov’ v gody revoliutsii, 1917–1918: sbornik (Moscow: Krutitskoe patriarshee podvor’e, 1995).

52) 25:04
Izvestiia, 186, 30 Aug. 1918.

53) 26:28
Curtiss, The Russian Church, 83–4.

54) 27:45
M. G. Nechaev, Tserkov’ na Urale v period velikikh potriasasenii: 1917–1922 (Perm’: Ural’skii gos. universitet, 2004), 204.

55) 28:12
Dmitrii Sokolov, ‘Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov’ v period gonenii (1917–1937gg,)’, <http://www.rusk.ru/st.php?idar=112187.>.

56) 30:10
Tver’ Documentation Centre for Modern History: Тверской центр документации новейшей истории, ф.1, оп.1, д.119, лл.21–2.

Episode 107:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 17]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 18]
5. War Communism
Mobilising Industry

[Part 19 - This Week]
5. War Communism
The Food Dictatorship - 0:27
War Communism in Crisis - 18:32

[Part 20 - 21?]
5. War Communism

[Part 22 - 24?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 25 - 28?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 29?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:

16) 0:36
The following is based on Lars T. Lih, Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914–1921 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); V. V. Kabanov, Krest’ianskoe khoziaistvo v usloviiakh ‘Voennogo Kommunizma’ (Moscow: Nauka, 1988).

17) 8:36
S. V. Iarov, Krest’ianin kak politik. Krest’ianstvo Severo-Zapada Rossii v 1918–1919gg. Politicheskoe myshlenie i massovyi protest (St Petersburg: RAN, 1999), 25.

18) 9:23
Iarov, Krest’ianin kak politik, 23.

19) 12:17
Kabanov, Krest’ianskoe khoziaistvo, 181.

20) 20:25
Mary McAuley, Bread and Justice: State and Society in Petrograd, 1917–1922 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).

21) 20:58
Il’iukhov, Zhizn’, 186.

22) 21:28
V. I. Lenin, ‘Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People’, <https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1918/jan/03.htm>.

23) 24:46
Il’iukhov, Zhizn’, 47.

24) 25:25
Steven G. Marks, ‘The Russian Experience of Money, 1914–1924’, in Frame et al. (eds), Russian Culture in War and Revolution, 121–50 (136).

25) 27:59
G. E. Kornilov, ‘Formirovanie sistemy prodovol’stvennoi bezopasnosti naseleniia Rossii v pervoi polovine XX veka’, Rossiiskaia istoriia, 3 (2011), 91–101 (95).

26) 28:41
L. Futorianskii and V. Labuzov, Is istorii Orenburgskogo kraia v period vosstanovleniia, 1921–27gg. (Orenburg: Orenburgskii gos. universitet, 1998), 16.

27) 29:09
H. H. Fisher, The Famine in Soviet Russia, 1919–23 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1927), 292–3.

Episode 106:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 17]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 18 - This Week]
5. War Communism - 0:21
Mobilising Industry - 6:39

[Part 19 - 21?]
5. War Communism

[Part 22 - 24?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 25 - 28?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 29?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:

1) 0:31
Diane Koenker, William Rosenberg, and Ronald Suny (eds), Party, State and Society in the Russian Civil War (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989).

2) 1:39
<http://statehistory.ru/1439/Finansovaya-politika-Sovetskoy-Rossii-v-1917-1921-gg>.

3) 3:01
Mauricio Borrero, Hungry Moscow: Scarcity and Urban Society in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920 (New York: Peter Lang, 2003).

4) 3:39
A. A. Il’iukhov, Zhizn’ v epokhu peremen: material’noe polozhenie gorodskikh zhitelei v gody revoliutsii i grazhdanskoi voiny (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2007), 36.

5) 4:24
Viktor Shklovskii, A Sentimental Journey (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984), 175.

6) 5:16
Il’iukhov, Zhizn’, 169–70.

7) 5:26
Il’iukhov, Zhizn’, 83.

8) 6:05
Il’iukhov, Zhizn’, 178–9.

9) 6:38
Cited in Il’iukhov, Zhizn’, 168.

10) 7:01
Silvana Malle, The Economic Organization of War Communism 1918–1921 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).

11) 9:17
V. I. Lenin, The Impending Catastrophe and How to Combat It, <https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/ichtci/>.

12) 10:56
Smith, Red Petrograd, 224.

13) 14:27
Ronald Kowalski, The Bolshevik Party in Conflict: The Left Communist Opposition of 1918 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991).

14) 17:04
<http://histerl.ru/sovetskie_soyz/obrazovanie/promyshlennost.htm>.

15) 18:52
Thomas F. Remington, Building Socialism in Bolshevik Russia: Ideology and Industrial Organization, 1917–1921 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984).

Episode 105:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 16]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power
The Expansion of Soviets
National Self-Determination and the Reconstitution of Empire
Violence and Terror
The Suppression of the Socialist Opposition

[Part 17 - This Week]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power
One Party Dictatorship in Action - 0:20
Discussion - 23:42

[Part 18 - 20?]
5. War Communism

[Part 21 - 23?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 24 - 27?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 28?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:

77) 2:44
Gimpel’son, Formirovanie, 78.

78) 6:01
Sovetskaia derevnia glazami VChK-OGPU, vol. 1:, 1918–22: Dokumenty i materialy (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1998), 32.

79) 6:42
A. I. Chernykh, Stanovlenie Rossii Sovetskoi: 20-e gody v zerkale sotsiologii (Moscow: Pamiatniki Istoricheskoi Mysli, 1998), 262; Richard Sakwa, Soviet Communists in Power: A Study of Moscow during the Civil War, 1918–21 (New York: St Martin’s, 1988).

80) 7:22
State Archive of Perm’ Oblast’, ГАПО ф. 201, оп.1, д.11, л.7.

81) 8:08
Robert V. Daniels, The Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960).

82) 9:30
James Harris, ‘Stalin as General Secretary: The Appointments Process and the Nature of Stalin’s Power’, in Sarah Davies and James Harris (eds), Stalin: A New History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 66.

83) 12:58
G. Gimpel’son, Sovetskie upravlentsy, 1917–1920gg. (Moscow: RAN, 1998), 167.

84) 13:33
I. S. Rat’kovskii and M. V. Khodiakov, Istoriia sovetskoi Rossii (St Petersburg: Lan’, 1999), 54.

85) 14:01
S. A. Pavliuchenkov, Voennyi kommunizm v Rossii: vlast’ i massy (Moscow: RKT-Istoriia, 1997), 189.

86) 14:31
I. V. Pavlova, Stalinizm: Stanovlenie mekhanizma vlasti (Novosibirsk: Sibirskii khronograf, 1993), 50.

87) 15:09
Gimpel’son, Sovetskie upravlentsy, 203.

88) 19:15
Bertram D. Wolfe, Strange Communists I Have Known (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1966), 88.

89) 20:23
Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin, 102–3.

90) 21:03
<https://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1919/terrcomm/ch08b.htm#s6>.

91) 22:10
<https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1920/terrcomm/ch02.htm>.

92) 23:01
Service, Lenin: A Biography, 299; V. I. Lenin, ‘Second All-Russian Congress of Miners’, 23 Jan. 1921, <https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1921/jan/23.htm>.

Episode 104:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 15]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power
The Expansion of Soviets
National Self-Determination and the Reconstitution of Empire

[Part 16 - This Week]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power
Violence and Terror - 0:19
The Suppression of the Socialist Opposition - 19:56

[Part 17]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 18 - 20?]
5. War Communism

[Part 21 - 23?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 24 - 27?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 28?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:

57) 0:36
James Ryan, Lenin’s Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence (London: Routledge, 2012).

58) 3:26
Latsis, ‘Pravda of krasnom terrore’, Izvestiia, 26, 6 Feb. 1920, 1.

59) 3:57
Michael Melancon, ‘Revolutionary Culture in the Early Soviet Republic: Communist Executive Committees versus the Cheka’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 57:1 (2009), 1–22 (9).

60) 6:14
George Leggett, The Cheka: Lenin’s Political Police: The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combatting Counter-Revolution and Sabotage, 1917–1922 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), 467.

61) 7:06
The use of torture by the Cheka was hinted at in the press. See the complaint by a party member who had fallen into the clutches of the Cheka in Moscow. Izvestiia, 18, 26 Jan. 1919, 2.

62) 8:45
I. N. Kamardin, ‘Rabochii protest v Povolzh’e v 1919–1920gg’. <http://www.istprof.atlabs.ru/2306.html>.

63) 9:41
<http://www.astrakhan.ru/history/read/87/>; <http://mybiblioteka.su/1-68247.html>.

64) 11:55
A. G. Tepliakov, ‘Chekisty Kryma v nachale 1920-kh gg’, Voprosy istorii, 11, Nov. 2015, 139–45.

65) 14:06
<https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Муравьёв,_Михаил_Артемьевич>.

66) 15:36
Dietrich Beyrau, ‘Brutalization Revisited: The Case of Russia’, Journal of Contemporary History, 50:1 (2015), 15–37.

67) 16:32
Martin Conway and Robert Gerwarth, ‘Revolution and Counter-Revolution’, in Donald Bloxham and Robert Gerwarth (eds), Political Violence in Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 140–76 (141). Stathis Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil War (Cambridge University Press, 2006), 365–87.

68) 16:59
Hoffmann and Kotsonis (eds), Russian Modernity; Peter Holquist, ‘Violent Russia, Deadly Marxism? Russia in the Epoch of Violence, 1905–21’, Kritika, 4:3 (2003), 627–52.

69) 17:18
Holquist, Making War, ch. 6.

70) 17:59
Cited in Mawdsley, Russian Civil War, 67.

71) 19:26
Smele, Historical Dictionary, 138–41, 1142–3, 92. I am grateful to Erik Landis for drawing my attention to Marat Khairulin, ‘Boi za Kazan’ (avgust–sentiabr’ 1918g.). Khronika deistvii aviatsii’, <http://www.retroplan.ru/encyclopaedia.html?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&sobi2Id=764>.

72) 20:07
Vladimir N. Brovkin, Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918–1922 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).

73) 20:49
Scott B. Smith, Captives of Revolution: The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Bolshevik Dictatorship, 1918–1923 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011).

74) 22:55
Z. Galili and A. Nenarokov (eds), Men’sheviki v 1918 godu (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1999).

75) 24:12
D. B. Pavlov, Bol’shevistskaia diktatura protiv sotsialistov i anarkhistov 1917—seredina 1950-kh godov (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1999), 63.

76) 30:08
Brovkin, Behind the Front Lines, 268.

Episode 103:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - 14]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power
The Expansion of Soviets

[Part 15 - This Week]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power
National Self-Determination and the Reconstitution of Empire - 0:20

[Part 15 - 16?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 17 - 19?]
5. War Communism

[Part 20 - 22?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 23 - 26?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 27?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:

46) 0:50
Richard Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1954); Jeremy Smith, The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917–1923 (New York: St Martin’s, 1999).

47) 4:21
Izvestiia, 11, 16 Jan. 1918, 3; Izvestiia, 12, 17 Jan. 1918, 2.

48) 8:56
Alfred E. Senn, The Emergence of Modern Lithuania (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959).

49) 16:03
O. V. Budnitskii, Rossiiskie evrei mezhdu krasnymi i belymi (1917–1920) (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2006), 275–6; Oleg Budnitskii, ‘Shots in the Back: On the Origin of the Anti-Jewish Pogroms of 1918–1921’, in E. M Avrutin and H. Murav (eds), Jews in the East European Borderlands (Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2012), 187–210.

50) 18:00
<http://www.orenport.ru/docs/82/futor/index.html>.

51) 18:51
Peter Holquist, Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia’s Continuum of Crisis, 1914–1921 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).

52) 25:35
Adeeb Khalid, ‘Nationalizing the Revolution in Central Asia: The Transformation of Jadidism, 1917–1920’, in Ronald G. Suny and Terry Martin (eds), A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 145–64.

53) 28:45
Marco Buttino, La Rivoluzione capovolta: L’Asia centrale tra il crollo dell’impero Zarista e la formazione dell’URSS (Naples: L’ancora del Mediterraneo, 2003).

54) 30:13
Daniel E. Schafer, ‘Local Politics and the Birth of the Republic of Bashkortostan, 1919–1920’, in Suny and Martin (eds), A State of Nations, 165–90.

55) 33:25
M. A. Persits, ‘Vostochnye internatsionalisty v Rossii i nekotorye voprosy natsional’no-osvoboditel’nogo dvizheniia (1918–iul’ 1920)’, Komintern i Vostok: bor’ba za leninskuiu strategiiu i taktiku v natsional’no-osvoboditel’nom dvizhenii (Moscow: Nauka, 1969), 53–109 (96).

56) 33:56
‘Biuro Sekretariata TsK RKP (iiun’1923g.)’, in Tainy natsional’noi politiki TsK RKP: stenograficheskii otchet sekretnogo IV soveshchaniia TsK RKP 1923g. (Moscow: INSAN, 1992), 74; <http://historystudies.org/2012/07/landa-r-g-mirsaid-sultan-galiev/>.

Episode 102:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power
The Expansion of Soviets

[Part 14 - This Week]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power
Civil War - 0:22

[Part 15 - 16?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 17 - 19?]
5. War Communism

[Part 20 - 22?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 23 - 26?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 27?]
Conclusion

Figures

4.1 - 10:02
German prisoners-of-war demonstrate in Moscow in 1918. Their banner reads ‘Long live the World Revolution!’

4.2 - 12:40
Red Army soldiers going off to fight.

4.3 - 38:22
Lenin speaks to troops being sent to the Polish Front in Moscow, 5 May 1920. Trotsky and Kamenev are standing on the step of the platform.

Footnotes:

22) 0:40
The following section draws on: Jonathan D. Smele, The ‘Russian’ Civil Wars, 1916–1926 (London: Hurst, 2016); Evan Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War (New York: Pegasus, 2005); W. Bruce Lincoln, Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989).

23) 1:01
Krivosheev (ed.), Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka.

24) 1:23
Naselenie Rossii v XX veke, vol. 1, 148.

25) 6:21
Joshua Sanborn, ‘The Genesis of Russian Warlordism: Violence and Governance during the First World War and the Civil War’, Contemporary European History, 19 (2010), 195–213.

26) 6:37
Geoffrey Swain, Russia’s Civil War (2nd edn) (Stroud: History Press, 2008).

27) 8:04
P. N. Vrangel’, Zapiski (noiabr’ 1916–noiabr 1920) (2 vols), vol. 1 (Moscow: Kosmos, 1991), 100.

28) 9:08
Peter Kenez, Civil War in South Russia, 1918: The First Year of the Volunteer Army (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971).

29) 11:37
Mark von Hagen, Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship: The Red Army and the Soviet Socialist State, 1917–1930 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990); Francesco Benvenuti, The Bolsheviks and the Red Army, 1918–1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

30) 12:42
V. Ia. Grosul, ‘Krasnye generaly grazhdanskoi voiny’, Rossiiskaia istoriia, 4 (2011), 139–54.

31) 15:46
A. Lunacharskii, ‘Revolutionary Silhouettes’ (1923), <https://www.marxists.org/archive/lunachar/works/silhouet/trotsky.htm>.

32) 18:28
Eduard Dune, Notes of a Red Guard, trans. and ed. Diane P. Koenker and S. A. Smith (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993).

33) 19:06
Richard Pipes, The Russian Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1990), 770.

34) 20:42
Dobrovol’skii, ‘Partiia sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov’, ch. 4, section 2.

35) 22:02
Yanni Kotsonis, ‘Arkhangel’sk, 1918: Regionalism and Populism in the Russian Civil War’, Russian Review, 51:4 (1992), 526–44; Liudmila G. Novikova, ‘Northerners into Whites: Popular Participation in the Counter-Revolution in Arkhangel’sk Province, Summer–Autumn 1918’, Europe-Asia Studies, 60:2 (2008), 277–93.

36) 25:09
A. G. Kavtaradze, Voennye spetsialisty na sluzhbe Respubliki sovetov 1917–1920gg. (Moscow: Nauka, 1988).

37) 26:49
G. A. Trukan, Put’ k totalitarizmu, 1917–1929gg. (Moscow: Nauka, 1994), 61.

38) 28:15
S. Karpenko, ‘The White Dictatorships’: Bureaucracy in the South of Russia: Social Structure, Living Conditions, and Performance (1918–1920)’, Soviet and Post-Soviet Review, 37:1 (2010), 84–96.

39) 29:18
Peter Kenez, Civil War in South Russia, 1919–1920: The Defeat of the Whites (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), 88–93, 282.

40) 43:43
Orlando Figes, ‘The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War’, Past and Present, 129 (1990), 168–211; Sanborn, Drafting the Russian Nation.

41) 44:50
Kavtaradze, Voennye spetsialisty, 175–8.

42) 45:33
Norman G. O. Pereira, White Siberia: The Politics of Civil War (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996).

43) 48:52
Jonathan D. Smele, Historical Dictionary of the ‘Russian’ Civil Wars, 1916–1926 (2 vols) (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2015), 1303.

44) 52:47
Figes, People’s Tragedy, 699.

Episode 101:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-12]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 13 - This Week]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power - 0:21
The Expansion of Soviets - 18:11

[Part 14 - 16?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 17 - 19?]
5. War Communism

[Part 20 - 22?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 23 - 26?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 27?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:

1) 0:46
Thomas H. Rigby, Lenin’s Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Alexander Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007).

2) 3:06
Lutz Häfner, Die Partei der Linken Sozialrevolutionäre: In der Russischen Revolution von 1917–1918 (Cologne: Böhlau, 1994).

3) 4:05
<http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/DEKRET/index.html>.

4) 5:18
Moskovskii Voenno-Revoliutsionnyi komitet, oktiabr’-noiabr’ 1917 goda (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1968), 182–3.

5) 7:24
Velikii oktiabr’ i zashchita ego zavoevanii: pobeda sotsialisticheskoi revoliutsii (Moscow: Nauka, 1987), 197.

6) 9:46
Protasov, Vserossiiskoe uchreditel’noe sobranie.

7) 11:03
N. S. Lar’kov, ‘Sibirskii Oktiabr’ i marginaly’, in Iz istorii revoliutsii v Rossii, vol. 1 (Tomsk: Tomskii gos. Universitet, 1996), 169–75; A. V. Dobrovol’skii, ‘Partiia sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov vo vlasti i v oppozitsii, 1917–1923 gody’ (avtoreferat dissertatsii) (Novosibirsk, 2004), ch. 2, section 3.

8) 11:38
S. V. Iarov, Gorozhanin kak politik: revoliutsiia, voennyi kommunizm i NEP glazami petrogradtsev (St Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 1999), 20.

9) 13:05
Protasov, Vserossiiskoe uchreditel’noe sobranie, 320.

10) 16:27
Mark von Hagen, War in a European Borderland: Occupations and Occupation Plans in Galicia and Ukraine, 1914–1918 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007).

11) 17:58
Risto Alapuro, State and Revolution in Finland (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 177.

12) 18:09
Adam Tooze, The Deluge: The Great War and the Remaking of Global Order (New York: Viking, 2014), xxxix.

13) 19:51
N. S. Lar’kov, Nachalo grazhdanskoi voiny v Sibiri: armiia i bor’ba za vlast’ (Tomsk: Tomskii gos. Universitet, 1995), 36.

14) 21:02
State Archive of Perm’ Oblast’, ГАПО ф. Р-359, оп.1, д.2, л.77.

15) 22:00
E. G. Gimpel’son, Formirovanie sovetskoi politicheskoi systemy, 1917–1923gg. (Moscow: Nauka, 1995), 26.

16) 23:24
Vladimir N. Brovkin, The Mensheviks after October: Socialist Opposition and the Rise of the Bolshevik Dictatorship (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987), 134.

17) 23:49
V. A. Koklov, ‘Men’sheviki na vyborakh v gorodskie sovety tsentral’noi Rossii vesnoi 1918g’, in Men’sheviki i men’shevizm: sbornik statei (Moscow: Izd-vo Tip. Novosti 1998), 44–68, (51).

18) 24:18
Koklov, ‘Men’sheviki’, in Men’sheviki i men’shevizm, 49.

19) 24:47
A. F. Zhukov, Ideino-politicheskii krakh eserovskogo maksimalizma (Leningrad: Izd-vo Leningradskogo universiteta, 1979), 124.

20) 26:18
Gimpel’son, Formirovanie, 42.

21) 26:35
<http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/DEKRET/18-06-14.htm>.

Episode 100:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6-8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917

[Part 9-11]
3. From February to October 1917
Dual Power
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
The Aspirations of Soldiers and Workers
The Provisional Government in Crisis
Revolution in the Village
The Nationalist Challenge
Class, Nation and Gender

[Part 12 - This Week]
3. From February to October 1917
Political Polarisation - 00:19
The October Seizure of Power - 15:22

[Part 13 - 16?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 17 - 19?]
5. War Communism

[Part 20 - 22?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 23 - 26?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 27?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:
male Social Democrats, 1890–1917’, International Review of Social History, 34 (1989), 193–226.

100) 0:49
Marks, ‘War Finance (Russian Empire)’.

101) 2:09
Koenker and Rosenberg, Strikes, 68–72.

102) 5:51
Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, ‘Crime, Police, and Mob Justice during the Russian Revolutions of 1917’, in Rex A. Wade (ed.), Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches (London: Routledge, 2004), 46–72 (50–1).

103) 6:13
Sarah Badcock, Politics and the People in Revolutionary Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 157.

104) 6:39
Hickey, Competing Voices, 339–40.

105) 8:12
Kh. M. Astrakhan, Bol’sheviki i ikh politicheskie protivniki v 1917 godu (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1973), 187.

106) 8:53
V. I. Startsev, Krakh Kerenshchiny (Leningrad: Nauka, 1982), 94–138.

107) 14:34
Sukhanov, The Russian Revolution, 529.

108) 15:13
Mandel, The Petrograd Workers and the Soviet Seizure of Power, 254.

109) 15:35
Alexander Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd (Chicago: Haymarket, 2004); Marc Ferro, October 1917: A Social History of the Russian Revolution (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980).

110) 19:04
James D. White, ‘Lenin, Trotskii, and the Arts of Insurrection: The Congress of Soviets of the Northern Region, 11–17 October’, Slavonic and East European Review, 77:1 (1999), 117–39.