Lethal Dose

In 1992, the northwestern United States was struck by a new human pathogen, which sickened over 700 people and killed four children during an outbreak at Jack in the Box.

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Aftermath of a Miracle. (1998). Marler Clark. Retrieved 16 Jul 2024, from https://marlerclark.com/news_events/aftermath-of-a-miracle

Altman, L. K. (1982). Stomach Illness Termed Rare Type of Dysentery. The New York Times, 9. Retrieved 10 Jul 2024, from https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/09/us/stomach-illness-termed-rare-type-of-dysentery.html?searchResultPosition=1

Ameer, M. A., Wasey, A., & Salen, P. (2023). Escherichia coli (e Coli 0157 H7). StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507845/

Beason, T. (1995). $15.6 Million E. Coli-Case Settlment -- Redmond Girl, 12, Survived Poisoning. The Seattle Times. Retrieved 17 Jul

Benedict, J. (2011). Poisoned. Avid Reader Press. Brianne

Data Summary: Persistent Strain of E. coli O157:H7 (REPEXH01) Linked to Multiple Sources. (2024, 20 Mar 2024).  U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 08 Jul 2024 from https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/rep-strain/index.html

Escherichia coli (E. coli) Infection. (2019).  North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 10 Jul 2024 from https://epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov/cd/diseases/ecoli.html#:~:text=Each%20year%20in%20the%20United,toxin%2Dproducing%20group%20of%20E.

Food Safety and Government Regulation of Coliform Bacteria, (1993).

Goetz, G. (2013). Jack in the Box E. coli Outbreak: Q & A with Brianne Kiner. Food Safety News. Retrieved 16 Jul 2024, from https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/01/jack-in-the-box-e-coli-outbreak-q-a-with-brianne-kiner/

Hassan, C. (2024). 10 people infected in E. coli outbreak linked to raw milk cheese, CDC says. CNN Health. Retrieved 08 Jul 2024, from https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/16/health/raw-milk-cheese-e-coli-outbreak/index.html

Inchingolo, F., Vermesan, D., Inchingolo, A. D., Malcangi, G., Santacroce, L., Scacco, S., Benagiano, V., Girolamo, F., Cagiano, R., Caprio, M., Longo, L., Abbianante, A., Inchingolo, A. M., Dipalma, G., Tarullo, A., & Tattoli, M. (2017). Bedsores successfully treated with topical phenytoin. Acta Biomed, 88(1), 45-48.

Kesler, A. (2023). Looking Back: E. coli O157:H7 and the Legacy of Dr. David Theno. Food Safety Magazine. Retrieved 15 Jul 2024, from https://www.food-safety.com/articles/8326-looking-back-ecoli-o157-h7-and-the-legacy-of-dr-david-theno

Kevany, S. (2023). E coli from meat behind half a million UTIs in the US every year, study suggests. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 Jul 2024, from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/23/e-coli-meat-half-a-million-uti-urniary-tract-infection-us

Lew, K. (2011). Food Poisoning: E. coli and the food supply. Rosen Pub. https://archive.org/details/foodpoisoningeco0000lewk/page/6/mode/2up

Marler, B. (2024). Publisher's Platform: What you need to know about E. coli during an Outbreak. Food Safety News. Retrieved 08 Jul 2024, from https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2024/04/publishers-platform-what-you-need-to-know-about-e-coli-during-an-outbreak/

Metella, H. (2016). Ground beef may need higher cooking

Murano, E. A., Cross, H. R., & Riggs, P. K. (2018). The outbreak that changed meat and poultry inspection systems worldwide. Anim Front, 8(4), 4-8.

NORS Dashboard. (2022). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/norsdashboard/

Outbreak of E. coli O157:H7: Bulk Organic Walnuts (April 2024). (2024, 01 May 2024).  U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Retrieved 08 Jul 2024 from https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/outbreak-investigation-e-coli-o157h7-bulk-organic-walnuts-april-2024

Reza, H. G., & Hubler, S. (1993). Firms Reject Blame in Food Poisoning : Illness: Jack in the Box and Vons officials deny responsibility for contaminated meat. More than 70 have been stricken and a child has died in outbreak. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 Jul 2024, from https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-01-22-mn-1698-story.html

Soechtig,

Dear Diary: My teen angst bullshit now
has a body count. In this microdose, we cover the poisons of one of our favorite dark teen comedy movies.

Listen to the whole episode over on Patreon at the $2 tier, and watch our next movie with us on Discord by joining the $5 tier.

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A mystery is afoot! We loved watching this movie for summer movie night, but this episode seriously debunks the plot.

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Kayla and Venus discuss the many drugs in the 1994 cult classic, Pulp Fiction, and also talk about why they like (and dislike) the movie.

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Between 1997 and 2007, a Mexican street gang known as "Las Goteras" poisoned and robbed men, killing as many as 70 with simple but deadly eye drops. Much like this isn't the first time we've featured eye drops, Las Goteras were not the only ones using this method.

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Clarkson, W. (2022). El Hamburguesa. In Serial Killers of Mexico. Welbeck.

Contreras-Salinas, H., Orozco-Ceja, V., Romero-Lopez, M. S., Barajas-Virgen, M. Y., Baiza-Duran, L. M., &

Cordero, A. (2023). Asesino serial David Avendaño Balline, "El Hamburguesa". En Blanco y Negro. Retrieved 01 May 2023, from https://enblancoynegro.com.mx/2023/03/28/asesino-serial-david-avendano-ballina-el-hamburguesa/

David Avendaño 'El Hamburguesa', líder de la banda de 'Las Goteras' y responsable del asesinato de 70 de sus víctimas. (2018). Vanguardia. Retrieved 29 Apr

Ketzer. (2020). El Crimen de Parkita y Espectrito Jr y las Bandas de "Goteras". VAR Deportivo. Retrieved 25 Apr 2024, from https://vardeportivo.com/2020/11/14/el-crimen-de-parkita-y-espectrito-jr-y-las-bandas-de-goteras/

"Las goteras", adulteraban bebidas y usaban sus senos. (2017). El Universal. Retrieved 01 May 2024, from https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/colaboracion/mochilazo-en-el-tiempo/nacion/sociedad/las-goteras-adulteraban-bebidas-y-usaban-sus/

Las Goteras: La banda criminal que sigue atacando. (2023). 24 Morelos. Retrieved 29 Apr 2024, from https://www.24morelos.com/las-goteras-la-banda-criminal-que-sigue-atacando/

Martinez, F. (2010). Sentencian a 47 años a asesinas de mini luchadores. El Universal. Retrieved 29 Apr 2024, from https://web.archive.org/web/20100716204428/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/694931.html

Nombran a la lucha libre como Patrimonio Cultural Intangible de la CDMX. (2018). El Universal. Retrieved 25 Apr 2024, from https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/cdmx/nombran-la-lucha-libre-como-patrimonio-cultural-intangible-de-la-cdmx/#imagen-1

Ocampo, E. (2006). el fin de una era. Superluchas. Retrieved 25 Apr 2024, from

Pooniya, V., & Pandey, N. (2012). Systemic toxicity of topical cycolpentolate eyedrops in a child. Eye (Lond), 26(10), 1391-1392.

Salen oootras víctimas de ‘Las Goteras’. (2017). Chilango. Retrieved 03 May 2024, from https://www.chilango.com/ciudad/mas-victimas-de-las-goteras/

Sosa, A. (2020). Confesaron su crimen "La Tííaa"yy""la Gorda". El Sol de Puebla. Retrieved 01 May 2024, from https://www.pressreader.com/mexico/el-sol-de-puebla/20200228/282445646095016

Sosa, A. (2022). Las Goteras: Seductoras y malvadas, asesinaron a los luchadores La Parkita y Espectrito. La Prensa. Retrieved 01 May 2024, from https://www.la-prensa.com.mx/archivos-secretos/las-goteras-seductoras-y-malvadas-asesinaron-a-los-luchadores-la-parkita-y-espectrito-8075628.html

Valdespin, M. (2023). La banda criminal <> continúa su serie de ataques implacables. 45 Digital Noticias. Retrieved 01 May 2023, from https://45digital.mx/la-banda-criminal-las-goteras-continua-su-serie-de-ataques-implacables/

Charged Lemonade, Coca-Cola, and caffeinated potato chips - oh my! Caffeine may be everywhere, but that doesn't mean it's not dangerous at the wrong dose (and that's probably lower than you think it is).

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Citations available on Kayla's blog at writerkaylawoods.wordpress.com

Following the events in Minamata, Japan, mercury came under intense scrutiny by researchers, physicians, and parents alike. One kind of mercury is not like another, but what does that mean when there's mercury in vaccines?

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Baker, J. P. (2008). Mercury, vaccines, and autism: One controversy, three histories. AJPH, 98(2), 244-253.

Bernhoft, R. A. (2012). Mercury toxicity and treatment: A review of the literature. J Environ Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/460508

Czech, H. (2018). Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and "race hygiene" in Nazi-era Vienna. Mol Autism, 9(29).

Deer, B. (2004). How lawyers paid for start of MMR scare; letters refute Andrew Wakefield's story. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808025155/http://briandeer.com/wakefield/wakefield-deal.htm

Deer, B. (2011). How the case against the MMR vaccine was fixed. BMJ, 342, c5347. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c5347

Dr Andrew Jeremy WAKEFIELD Determination on Serious Professional Misconduct (SPM) and sanction. (2010). In. www.gmc-uk.org: General Medical Council.

Evans, B. (2013). How autism became autism. Hist Human Sci, 26(3), 3-31.

Fombonne, E., Goin-Kochel, R. P., & O'Roak, B. J. (2020). Beliefs in vaccine as causes of autism among SPARK cohort caregivers. Vaccine, 38(7).

Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. (2015). (R. S. Hoffman, M. A. Howland, N. A. Lewin, L. S. Nelson, & L. R. Goldfrank, Eds. 10 ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Gross, L. (2009). A broken trust: Lessons from the vaccine-autism wars. PLoS Biol, 7(5). https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000114

Hotez, P. (2019). America and Europe's new normal: the return of vaccine-preventable diseases. Pediatric Research, 85, 912-914.

Immunization Safety Review: Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. (2001). T. N. A. Press.

Lewis, T., Fischman, J., Leong, C., & Lim, A. (2023). Why Childhood Vaccination Rates are Falling. Scientific American. Retrieved 26 Feb 2024, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/why-childhood-vaccination-rates-are-falling/

McPhillips, D. (2023). CDC sounds alarm about low vaccination rates amid rising respiratory virus activity. CNN. Retrieved 26 Feb 2024, from https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/14/health/low-vaccination-rates-flu-covid-rsv/index.html

Mnookin, S. (2017). How Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Distorted Vaccine Science. Scientific American. Retrieved 23 Feb 2024, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-robert-f-kennedy-jr-distorted-vaccine-science1/

Offit, P. A. (2007). Thimerosal and vaccines - A cautionary tale. N Engl J Med, 357, 1278-1279.

Rabin, R. C. (2019). Brother and Sister of Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Accuse Him of Spreading Misinformation on Vaccines. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 Feb 2024, from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/08/health/vaccines-kennedy-measles.html

Smith, M. R., & Swenson, A. (2023). RFK Jr. says he's not anti-vaccine. His record shows the opposite. It's one of many inconsistencies. AP. Retrieved

Wolff, S. (2004). The history of autism. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 13, 201-208.

In 2001, anthrax sent in the US mail as part of two separate biochemical terrorist attacks killed five people and sickened dozens of others. The Amerithrax investigation did not officially end for another nine years and it is unclear if the killer responsible was truly identified.

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Amerithrax Investigative Summary. (2010). www.justice.gov

Broad, W. J., & Johnston, D. (2001, 09 Nov 2001). A NATION CHALLENGED: THE INQUIRY; Experts See F.B.I. Missteps Hampering Anthrax Inquiry. The New York Times.

History of Anthrax. (2020).  https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/anthrax-history.html

Krauss, D. (2022). The Anthrax Attacks S. Vohra; Netflix.

Landers, J. (2016). The Anthrax Letters That Terrorized a Nation Are Now Decontaminated and on Public View. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 11 Jan 2024, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/anthrax-letters-terrorized-nation-now-decontaminated-public-view-180960407/

Mitchell, J. (2023). 20 years ago, the U.S. warned of Iraq's alleged 'weapons of mass destruction'. NPR. Retrieved 20 Jan 2024, from https://www.npr.org/2023/02/03/1151160567/colin-powell-iraq-un-weapons-mass-destruction#:~:text=Hourly%20News-,20%20years%20ago%2C%20the%20U.S.%20warned%20of%20Iraq's%20alleged%20'weapons,and%20undermine%20the%20Iraq%20War.

Moughty, S. (2011). Paul Keim: "We Were Surprised It Was the Ames Strain". Frontline. Retrieved 11 Jan 2024, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/paul-keim-we-were-surprised-it-was-the-ames-strain/

Peterson, L., & Pear, R. (2001, 16 Oct 2001). A NATION CHALLENGED: CIPRO; Anthrax Fears Send Demand for a Drug Far Beyond Outpit. The New York Times.

Pollock, A. (2021). Terrorism. In Sickening. University of Minnesota Press.

Review of the Scientific Approaches Used During the FBI's Investigation of the 2001 Anthrax Letters. (2011). T. N. A. Press.

Revkin, A. C., & Canedy, D. (2001, 05 Dec 2001). A NATION CHALLENGED: THE DISEASE; Anthrax Pervades Floride Site,

Riedel, S. (2005). Anthrax: a continuing concern in the era of bioterrorism. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent), 18(3), 234-243.

Rozen, L. (2002). Fort Detrick's anthrax mystery. Salon. Retrieved 09 Jan 2024, from https://www.salon.com/2002/01/26/assaad/

Shane, S. (2011). Expert Panel is Critical of F.B.I. Work in Investigating Anthrax Letters. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 Jan 2024, from https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/16/us/16anthrax.html

Suffin, S. C., Carnes, W. H., & Kaufmann, A. F. (1978). Inhalational anthrax in a home craftsman. Human Path, 9(5), 594-597.

Timeline: How the Anthrax Terror Unfolded. (2011). NPR. Retrieved 09 Jan 2024, from https://www.npr.org/2011/02/15/93170200/timeline-how-the-anthrax-terror-unfolded

Willman, D. (2011). The Mirage Man. Bantam Books.

Wing of Senate Building Closed Amid Anthrax Concerns. (2001). PBS. Retrieved 10 Jan 2024, from https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/health-july-dec01-anthrax_10-16

Wiser, M., Gordon, G., & Engelberg, S. (2011). Government Settles Anthrax Suit for $2.5 million. Frontline. Retrieved 21 Jan 2024, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/government-settles-anthrax-suit-for-2-5-million/

Spanish Fly is a potent poison with purported aphrodisiac effects, and it was used to kill two women in 1954 just because their office manager wanted to have sex with one of them.

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Clip of the Larry King x Bill Cosby interview

Adams, C. A. (1950). Food and Drug Law in the United Kingdom. Food, Drug, Cosmetic Law J, 5(8), 642-655.

Cotovio, P., Silva, C., Marques, M. G., Ferrer, F., Costa, F., Carriera, A., & Campos, M. (2013). Acute kidney injury by cantharidin poisoning following a silly bet and an ugly beetle. Clin Kidney J, 6(2), 201-203.

Craven, J. D., & Polak, A. (1954). Cantharidin Poisoning. BMJ, 2(4901), 1386-1388.

Five Years for Sex Drug Deaths. (1954, 19 Jun 1954). The Mercury. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/27219793

Froberg, B. A. (2011). Animals. In C. P. Holstege, T. M. Neer, G. B. Saathoff, & R. B. Furbee (Eds.), Criminal Poisoning: Clinical and Forensic Perspectives. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Hsieh, C., & Varina, R. (2023). 11 Aphrodisiac Foods That Might Just Help Level Up Your Sex Drive. Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 30 Dec 2023,

Karras, D. J., Farrell, S. E., Harrigan, R. A., Henretig, F. M., & Gealt, L. (1996). Poisoning from "Spanish Fly" (Cantharidin). Am J Emer Med, 14(5), 478-483.

Man used aphrodisiac to spike friend's drink so she would have sex with him, court hears. (2017). The Telegraph. Retrieved 02 Jan 2024, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/13/man-used-aphrodisiac-spike-friends-drink-would-have-sex-court/

McCahill, E. (2018). Clubber cleared of putting 'Spanish Goldfly sex drops' in woman's mocktail as he says 'they don't work'. Mirror. Retrieved 02 Jan 2024, from https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/clubber-cleared-putting-sex-drops-13247290

Melnyk, J. P., & Marcone, M. F. (2011). Aphrodisiacs from plant and animal sources - A review of current scientific literature. Food Res Inter, 44, 840-850.

Nickolls, L. C., & Teare, D. (1954). Poisoning by Cantharidin. BMJ, 2(4901), 1384-1386.

Rowland, J. (1960). Cantharides. In Poisoner in the Dock. Arco Publications.

Said Cantharidin Killed Two Girls. (1954, 19 May 1954). Townsville Daily Bulletin.

Scales, H. (2013). Spanish fly. Chemistry World. Retrieved 30 Dec 2023, from https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/spanish-fly/6677.article

Whittaker, G. (2023). Spanish Fly: Does It Work as

This is the survival story Aimo Koivunen, where snow, meth, and a dash of Finnish spirit make for an arctic adventure that no one expected.

Listen to the whole story and watch the accompanying video only on Patreon! https://www.patreon.com/lethaldosepod

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