Lethal Dose

This episode covers the tragic story of James Joseph Richardson who was wrongfully imprisoned for the 1967 poisoning deaths of his seven children in Arcadia, Florida with the insecticide parathion.

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Brady rule. (2023).  Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 02 Jan 2025 from https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/brady_rule

Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, (2011). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/563/51/

Death Row U.S.A. (2024). https://www.naacpldf.org/wp-content/uploads/DRUSAFall2024.pdf

Ex-wife wants money from man's prison suit. (1990). Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 01 Jan 2025, from https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1990/04/28/ex-wife-wants-money-from-man-s-prison-suit/

The Florida Bar v. Schaub, (1993). https://law.justia.com/cases/florida/supreme-court/1993/79759-0.html

Flowers, T. (2018). Time Simply Passes T. Flowers & C. Flowers; Indie Rights.

Furman v. Georgia (1972). (2022).  Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 02 Jan 2025 from https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/furman_v_georgia_(1972)

Gallagher, P. B. (2017). Poisoned Justice. Freedom Magazine. Retrieved 31 Dec 2024, from https://www.freedommag.ca/magazine/201702-the-data-demon/investigation/poisoned-justice.html

Gupta, R. C. (2019). Neurotoxicity of organophosphate nerve agents. In Advances in Neurotoxicology (Vol. 4). Elsevier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ant.2019.11.001

Lane, M. (2015). Arcadia Revisited. The Lane Group, LLC.

 Non-inclusion of parathion in Annex I to Council Directive 91/414/EEC, (2001). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32001D0520&from=DE

Pakala, R. S., Brown, K. N., & Preuss, C. V. (2023). Cholinergic Medications. In StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538163/

ToxFaqs for Parathion. (2017). In A. f. T. S. a. D. Registry (Ed.), (Vol. CAS # 56-38-2). www.atsdr.cdc.gov: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.

Toxicological Profile for Parathion. (2017). In Health Effects. Atlanta: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.

Trials: Tracing the Untraceable. (1967). Time. Retrieved 02 Jan 2025, from https://time.com/archive/6834465/trials-tracing-the-untraceable/

When Are Polygraph (Lie Detectors) Results Admissible?  Greg Hill & Associates. Retrieved 28 Dec 2024 from https://www.greghillassociates.com/when-are-polygraph-lie-detectors-results-admissible.html

In this episode, Kayla and Venus finish the story of the Chernobyl disaster, starting from the evacuation of Pripyat. They describe the heroic efforts of the liquidators, the ongoing environmental and health repercussions, and the current state of nuclear power across the globe.

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Acute Radiation Syndrome: Information for Clinicians. (2024, 23 Apr 2024).  CDC. Retrieved 05 Dec 2024 from https://www.cdc.gov/radiation-emergencies/hcp/clinical-guidance/ars.html

Batchelor, T. (2022). Chernobyl ‘cut off from grid by Russians’, sparking fears over cooling of spent nuclear fuel. Independent. Retrieved 15 Dec 2024, from

The Chernobyl Podcast | Part Two | HBO. (2019, 13 May 2019). In The Chernobyl Podcast | Part Two | HBO. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faQs2_hjNZk&t=609s

Chernobyl: Chapter I. The site and accident sequence. 

Conca, J. (2020). How Extremophile Bacteria Living In Nuclear Reactors Might Help Us Make Vaccines. Forbes. Retrieved 15 Dec 2024, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2020/07/21/if-extremophile-bacteria-can-live-in-nuclear-reactors-maybe-they-can-help-us-make-vaccines/

Gill, V. (2019). Chernobyl: The end of a three-decade experiment. BBC. Retrieved 14 Dec 2024, from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47227767

Harvey, C. (2021). Eight States Are Seeding Clouds to Overcome Megadrought. Scientific American. Retrieved 08 Dec 2024, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/eight-states-are-seeding-clouds-to-overcome-megadrought/

Higginbotham, A. (2019). Midnight in Chernobyl. Simon &

Kamiya, K., et al. (2015). Long-term effects of radiation exposure on health. The Lancet, 386, 469-478.

Kuchinskiy, V. Decommissioning Efforts on Chornobyl NPP site – Past, Present https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/48/047/48047388.pdf

Luscombe, R. (2024). Three Mile Island nuclear reactor to restart to power Microsoft AI operations. The Guardian. Retrieved 13 Dec 2024, from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/sep/20/three-mile-island-nuclear-plant-reopen-microsoft

Moskalenko, S. (2019). I was a child of Chernobyl. Vox. Retrieved 10 Dec 2024, from https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/6/25/18716117/chernobyl-evacuated-true-story

Nalewicki, J. (2021). Thirty-Five Years Later, a First Responder at the Chernobyl Disaster Looks Back. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 14 Dec 2024, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/thirty-five-years-later-first-responder-at-chernobyl-disaster-looks-back-180977555/

Plokhy, S. (2018). Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe. Basic Books.

Suzuki, K. et al. (2015). Radiation signatures in childhood thyroid cancers after the Chernobyl accident: Possible roles of radiation in carcinogenesis. Cancer Sci, 106(2), 127-133.

Travers, S. (2024). This Black Fungus Might Be Healing Chernobyl By Drinking Radiation—A Biologist Explains. Forbes. Retrieved 15 Dec 2024, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/scotttravers/2024/11/02/this-black-fungus-might-be-healing-chernobyl-by-drinking-radiation-a-biologist-explains/

Trichopoulos, D., (1987). The victims of Chernobyl in Greece: induced abortions after the accident. BMJ, 295, 1100.

Wang, H., et al. (2019). Radiation-induced heart disease: a

Webb, A. (2022). Chernobyl: Secrets, Lies and the Untold Stories HBO.

Kayla and Venus discuss the catastrophic events surrounding the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in April 1986, from the initial explosion to the harrowing attempts to contain the damage and the eventual evacuation of Pripyat.

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Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident. (2024).  United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

Chernobyl: Chapter I. The site and accident sequence.  Nuclear Energy Agency. Retrieved 06 Nov 2024 from https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_28271/chernobyl-chapter-i-the-site-and-accident-sequence

Chernobyl: Chapter IV. Dose estimates.  Nuclear Energy Agency. Retrieved 06 Nov 2024 from https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_28312/chernobyl-chapter-iv-dose-estimates

Eisenhower, D. D. (1953). Atoms for Peace. In. www.iaea.org: International Atomic Energy Agency.

Higginbotham, A. (2019). Midnight in Chernobyl. Simon &

High Radiation Doses. (2020).  United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved 06 Nov 2024 from https://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation/health-effects/high-rad-doses.html

Kiselev, A. N. (1995). How much nuclear fuel is present in the lavalike fuel-containing mass in the fourth power-generating unit of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant? Atom En, 78(4), 252-255.

Medvedev, Z. A. (1990). The Legacy of Chernobyl. New York.

Plokhy, S. (2018). Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe. Basic Books.

Schmid, S. D. (2015). Producing Power. The MIT Press.

Thomadsen, B. et al. (2014). Potential Hazard Due to Induced Radioactivity Secondary to Radiotherapy. Health Phys,107(5), 442-460.

Use of Potassium Iodide During Radiological Emergencies: Information for the Public. (2017).  New York State Department of Health. Retrieved 09 Nov 2024 from https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/radiological/potassium_iodide/information_for_the_public.htm

Varnum, J. (2013). 60 Years of Atoms for Peace. Nuclear Engineering International. Retrieved 01 Nov 2024, from https://www.neimagazine.com/analysis/60-years-of-atoms-for-peace-4164653/?cf-view&cf-closed

Webb, A. (2022). Chernobyl: Secrets, Lies and the Untold Stories HBO.

Kayla and Venus explore the vital role of oxygen, the benefits and risks of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and the controversial figures who misuse it for profit.

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Acott, C. (1999). A brief history of diving and decompression illness. SPUMS J, 29(2), 98-109.

Barrett, S. (2013). David Steenblock Disciplined Repeatedly by California Osteopathic Medical Board. Quackwatch. Retrieved 06 Oct 2024, from https://quackwatch.org/cases/board/med/steenblock/steenblock4/

Clarke, R. (2024). Nathanial Henshaw: Not history's pioneering hyperbaric practitioner. Undersea Hyperb Med, 51(2), 107-113.

Cooper, J. S., & Hanson, K. C. (2023). Decompression Sickness. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537264/

Cooper, J. S., Phuyal, P., & Shah, N. (2023). Oxygen Toxicity. Statpearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430743/

Chiropractic Board of Australia v Hooper (Review and Regulation) [2013] VCAT 878, (2013). https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2013/08/04231708/decision.pdf

Hancock, J. T. (2022). A brief history of oxygen: 250 years on. Oxygen, 2(1), 31-39.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: Get the Facts. (2021).  Retrieved 23 Sep 2024 from https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy-get-facts

Lalieu, R. C., et. al (2020). Sudden death after oxygen toxicity seizure during hyperbaric oxygen treatment: Case report. Diving Hyperb Med., 50(2), 185-188.

McCubbing, G. (2021). 'Alternative' clinic fined $3m for posts. The Senior. Retrieved 06 Oct 2024, from https://www.thesenior.com.au/story/7536634/alternative-clinic-fined-3m-for-posts/

Molecular Mechanisms of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. (2020). In N. Shinomiya & Y. Asai (Eds.), Hyperbaric Oxygenation Therapy. Springer.

Ninokawa, S., & Nordham, K. (2022). Discovery of caisson disease: a dive into the history of decompression sickness. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 35(1), 129-132.

Ortega, M. A., et. al (2021). A General Overview on the Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: Applications, Mechanisms and Translational Opportunities. Medicina (Kaunas), 57(9).

Oxymed Australia Pty Ltd and director Malcolm Hooper ordered to pay $3 million for

TGA initiates court proceedings against Oxymed Australia and director Malcolm Hooper for alleged unlawful advertising. (2020).  Therapeutic Goods Administration. Retrieved 06 Oct 2024 from https://www.tga.gov.au/news/media-releases/tga-initiates-court-proceedings-against-oxymed-australia-and-director-malcolm-hooper-alleged-unlawful-advertising

Vinall, F. (2021a). Oxygen chamber clinic Oxymed to keep trading despite patient’s death. News.com. Retrieved 01 Oct 2024, from https://www.news.com.au/national/victoria/courts-law/oxygen-chamber-clinic-oxymed-to-keep-trading-despite-patients-death/news-story/5e46ff15d6f3efce31ac2422ab02479b

Vinall, F. (2021b). Rogue ex-doctor’s controversial past uncovered after horror patient death. News.com. Retrieved 02 Oct 2024, from https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-problems/rogue-exdoctors-controversial-past-uncovered-after-horror-patient-death/news-story/e04aa74c74521ef6e94ffc61c6a03309

Wilson, A. (2018). Ex-chiro faces Vic court over client death. The North West Star. Retrieved 06 Oct 2024, from https://www.northweststar.com.au/story/5597160/ex-chiro-faces-vic-court-over-client-death/

Join Kayla and Venus as they reintroduce themselves with a focus on academic fraud in scientific publications. This episode dives into the history of peer review, the challenges of publishing legitimate research, and the rise of predatory journals and AI-generated fake papers.

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Citations available on Kayla's blog at ⁠⁠writerkaylawoods.wordpress.com

In the 1980s and 1990s, one crime family was responsible for the deaths of multiple elderly people across San Francisco. They befriended them, gained their trust, then poisoned them with a "magic salt" and then took their money, but one tenacious private investigator by the name of Fay "Rat Dog Dick" Faron helped bring their crimes to light.

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---Citations available on Kayla's blog at ⁠writerkaylawoods.wordpress.com

In the 1990s, a new diet drug combination swept the US, promising an easy way to drop weight quickly. Soon thereafter, Redux joined the ranks, but the fatal side effects would soon come to light when thousands were injured with heart disease and neurotoxicity.

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Cohen, E., & McDermott, A. (1998). Who's fat? New definition adopted. CNN. Retrieved 29 Jul 2024, from http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9806/17/weight.guidelines/

Cohen, K. (2003). Fen Phen Nation. Frontline. Retrieved 24 Jul 2024, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/prescription/hazard/fenphen.html

Fauber, J., & Fiore, K. (2015). Slippery Slope: Fen-Phen Users Recall a 'Miracle' Turned Nightmare. MedPage Today. Retrieved 05 Aug 2024,

Fishman, A. P. (1999). Aminorex to Fen/Phen: An epidemic foretold. Circulation, 99, 156-161.

Fox, M. (2012). FDA approves weight loss drug, with a new name - Qsymia. NBC News. Retrieved 15 Aug 2024, from https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/fda-approves-weight-loss-drug-new-name-qsymia-flna891310

Halsey, E. (1997). Woman says infant son is fen-phen victim. CNN. Retrieved 05 Aug 1997, from http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9710/10/fen.phen.babies/

Himes, J. H., & Bouchard, C. (1985). Do the new Metropolitan Life Insurance weight-height tables correctly assess body frame and body fat relationships? AJPH, 75(9), 1076-1079.

Hutcheson, J. D., Setola, V., Roth, B. L., & Merryman, W. D. (2011). Serotonin receptors and heart valve disease -

Johnson, D. B., & Quick, J. (2023). Topiramate and Phentermine. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482165/

Kolata, G. (1997). How Fen-Phen, A Diet 'Miracle,' Rose and Fell. The New York Times. Retrieved 06 Aug 2024, from https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/23/science/how-fen-phen-a-diet-miracle-rose-and-fell.html

Madrigal, A. (2008). New Weight-Loss Drug Like Fen-Phen, But Not As Heart Breaking. Wired. Retrieved 29 Jul 2024, from https://www.wired.com/2008/01/weight-loss-dru/

Mundy, A. (2001). Dispensing With the Truth. St. Martin's Press.

Phentermine. (2020). In LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547916/

The Problem with Fen-Phen. (1998). Retrieved 24 Jul 2024, from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/09/980902053528.htm

Samanta, D. (2022). Fenfluramine: A review of pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and safety in epilepsy. Children (Basel), 9(8), 1159.

Saul, S. (2005). Fen-Phen Case Lawyers Say They'll Reject Wyeth Offer. The New York Times. Retrieved 14 Aug 2024, from https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/17/business/fenphen-case-lawyers-say-theyll-reject-wyeth-offer.html

Van Norman, G. A. (2023). Off-label use vs. Off-label marketing of drugs. JACC Basic Tansl Sci, 8(2), 224-233.

In 1992, the northwestern United States was struck by a new human pathogen, which sickened over 700 people and killed four children during an outbreak at Jack in the Box.

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Aftermath of a Miracle. (1998). Marler Clark. Retrieved 16 Jul 2024, from https://marlerclark.com/news_events/aftermath-of-a-miracle

Altman, L. K. (1982). Stomach Illness Termed Rare Type of Dysentery. The New York Times, 9. Retrieved 10 Jul 2024, from https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/09/us/stomach-illness-termed-rare-type-of-dysentery.html?searchResultPosition=1

Ameer, M. A., Wasey, A., & Salen, P. (2023). Escherichia coli (e Coli 0157 H7). StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507845/

Beason, T. (1995). $15.6 Million E. Coli-Case Settlment -- Redmond Girl, 12, Survived Poisoning. The Seattle Times. Retrieved 17 Jul

Benedict, J. (2011). Poisoned. Avid Reader Press. Brianne

Data Summary: Persistent Strain of E. coli O157:H7 (REPEXH01) Linked to Multiple Sources. (2024, 20 Mar 2024).  U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 08 Jul 2024 from https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/rep-strain/index.html

Escherichia coli (E. coli) Infection. (2019).  North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 10 Jul 2024 from https://epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov/cd/diseases/ecoli.html#:~:text=Each%20year%20in%20the%20United,toxin%2Dproducing%20group%20of%20E.

Food Safety and Government Regulation of Coliform Bacteria, (1993).

Goetz, G. (2013). Jack in the Box E. coli Outbreak: Q & A with Brianne Kiner. Food Safety News. Retrieved 16 Jul 2024, from https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/01/jack-in-the-box-e-coli-outbreak-q-a-with-brianne-kiner/

Hassan, C. (2024). 10 people infected in E. coli outbreak linked to raw milk cheese, CDC says. CNN Health. Retrieved 08 Jul 2024, from https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/16/health/raw-milk-cheese-e-coli-outbreak/index.html

Inchingolo, F., Vermesan, D., Inchingolo, A. D., Malcangi, G., Santacroce, L., Scacco, S., Benagiano, V., Girolamo, F., Cagiano, R., Caprio, M., Longo, L., Abbianante, A., Inchingolo, A. M., Dipalma, G., Tarullo, A., & Tattoli, M. (2017). Bedsores successfully treated with topical phenytoin. Acta Biomed, 88(1), 45-48.

Kesler, A. (2023). Looking Back: E. coli O157:H7 and the Legacy of Dr. David Theno. Food Safety Magazine. Retrieved 15 Jul 2024, from https://www.food-safety.com/articles/8326-looking-back-ecoli-o157-h7-and-the-legacy-of-dr-david-theno

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Soechtig,

Dear Diary: My teen angst bullshit now
has a body count. In this microdose, we cover the poisons of one of our favorite dark teen comedy movies.

Listen to the whole episode over on Patreon at the $2 tier, and watch our next movie with us on Discord by joining the $5 tier.

⁠⁠https://www.patreon.com/lethaldosepod

A mystery is afoot! We loved watching this movie for summer movie night, but this episode seriously debunks the plot.

Listen to the whole episode over on Patreon at the $2 tier, and watch our next movie with us on Discord by joining the $5 tier.

⁠https://www.patreon.com/lethaldosepod