This episode continues our overarching history of arsenic and covers the on-going mass poisoning of groundwater in Bangladesh that was first identified in 1978 or 1983.

(1) Meharg, A. A. Venomous Earth; Macmillan, 2005.

(2) Carey, M.; Meharg, C.; Meharg, A. A.; Williams, P.; Marwa, E.; Jiujin, X.; Farias, J. G.; De Silva, P. M. C. S.; Signes-Pastor, A.; Lu, Y.; et al. Global sourcing of low-inorganic arsenic rice grain. Exposure and Health 2019, 12, 711-719.

(3) Study identifies better, cheaper ways to stem arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh. In Phys Org, phys.org, 2019.

(4) Win, T. L. Can technology help Bangladesh end mass arsenic poisoning? In Reuters, reuters.com, 2017.

(5) Flanagan, S. V.; Johnston, R. B.; Zheng, Y. Arsenic in tube well water in Bangladesh: health and economic impacts and implications for arsenic mitigation. Bull World Health Organ 2012, 90, 839-846.

(6) Boissoneault, L. The Cuyahoga River Caught Fire at Least a Dozen Times, but No One Cared Until 1969. In Smithsonian Magazine, Smithsonian Magazine: smithsonianmag.com, 2019.

(7) E., R. R. O. Geochemistry of trace elements in the Bolivian Altoplano - Effects of natural processes and anthropogenic activities. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, diva-portal.org, 2014.

(8) Raessler, M. The arsenic contamination of drinking and groundwaters in Bangladesh: Featuring biogeochemical aspects and implications on public health. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2018, 75 (1), 1-7.

(9) Mozumder, R.; Michael, H.; Knappett, P.; Van Geen, A. Origin of arsenic in Bangladesh groundwater. In Science X, sciencex.com, 2020.

(10) Bangladesh: 20 Million Drink Arsenic-Laced Water. In Human Rights Watch, hrw.org, 2016.

(11) Mohan, M. When water hides an invisible threat: The scars of arsenic poisoning in Nepal, and hope for new 'change-makers'. In CNA, channelnewsasia.com, 2022.

(12) New water filter to combat arsenic poisoning. In The New Humanitarian, thenewhumanitarian.org, 2008.

(13) Lentils to battle arsenic poisoning from Bangladesh well water in new study. In CBC, cbc.ca, 2016.

(14) Pearshouse, R. Nepotism and neglect: The failing response to arsenic in the drinking water of Bangladesh's rural poor. In Human Rights Watch, hrw.org, 2016.

(15) Al-Masum Molla, M. Arsenic Contamination in Water: No proper study done in years. In The Daily Star, thedailystar.net, 2021.

(16) Pearshouse, R. The Politics of Arsenic-free Water. In Human Rights Watch, hrw.org, 2017.

This episode is a deep-dive into a purgative that has withstood the test of time, for better or for worse. To demonstrate the dangers of ipecac in the wrong hands, Kayla tells Venus about the 1994 trials of Christina Rubio for the attempted murder of her daughter and the murder of her son. Trigger warnings for discussion of child abuse and death, and for discussion of eating disorders.

(1) Dioscorides, P. De Materia Medica. In Being an Herbal with Many Other Medicinal Materials, IBIDIS Press: Johannesburg, 2000.

(2) Zarzo, I.; Boselli, P.; Soriano, J. History of slimming diets up to the late 1950s. Obesities 2022, 2 (2), 115-126.

(3) McCallum, R. Observations upon Antimony. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 1977, 70, 756-763.

(4) Kang, L.; Pedersen, N. Quackery: A Brief History of the Worst Ways to Cure Everything; Workman Publishing Co., Inc., 2017.

(5) Whorton, J. The phenolphthalein follies: Purgation and the pleasure principle in the early twentieth century. Pharm in Hist 1993, 35 (1), 3-24.

(6) Danger of purgatives. BMJ 1961, 2 (5268), 1694-1695.

(7) Armstrong, R.; Crisp, A.; Grahame, R.; Woolf, D. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and purgative abuse. BMJ 1981, 282, 1836.

(8) Clinicopathological conference: A case of purgative addiction. BMJ 1966, 1 (5499), 1344-1348.

(9) Ashton, R.; LeBlanc, C. The poisonous past: Circe, Helvetius, Touery, and a brief history of emergency decontamination. DMJ 2010, 37 (1), 29-31.

(10) Mondal, S.; Moktan, S. A paradoxically significant medicinal plant Carapichea ipecacuanha: A review. Indian J Pharm Edu Res 2020, 54, S56-S66.

(11) Ipecac - don't use it. Poison Control, https://www.poison.org/articles/ipecac-do-not-use-it#:~:text=The%20U.S.%20Food%20and%20Drug,stock%20ipecac%20syrup%20at%20home. (accessed 2022 25 May 2022).

(12) Hornbacher, M. Wasted: A Memoir of Anorexia and Bulimia; HarperPerennial, 1999.

(13) Benzoni, T.; Gibson, J. Ipecac; StatPearls Publishing, 2021.

(14) Diliberto, G. Karen Carpenter Was Killed by an Over-the-Counter Drug Some Doctors Say May Be Killing Many Others. In People, Meredith Corporation: people.com, 1985.

(15) Position statement: Ipecac syrup. J of Tox: Clin Tox 1997, 35 (7), 699-709.

(16) Ipecac syrup; warnings and directions for use for over-the-counter sale. In Title 21, Volume 4, FDA, Ed.; U.S. Food & Drug Administration: accessdata.fda.gov, 2022; Vol. 21CFR201.308.

(17) G.W., R. AAP Releases Policy Statement on Poison Treatment in the Home. In Am Fam Physician, American Family Physician: aafp.org, 2004; Vol. 69, pp 741-742.

(18) Woman Sentenced to Prison for Fatally Poisoning Son. In AP News, apnews.com, 1994.

(19) Woman charged two years after son died. In Tampa Bay Times, tampabay.com, 1993.

(20) Pittman, C. Blame gets spread in Munchausen case. In Tampa Bay Times, tampabay.com, 1994.

(21) Salamone, D. Mother receives 15-year probation in girl's poisoning. In Orlando Sentinel, orlandosentinel.com, 1994.

(22) Dinis-Oliviera, R. J.; Magalhães, T. Children intoxications: What is abuse and what is not abuse. Trauma, Violence & Abuse 2013, 14 (2), 113-132.

In 2007, there was a large-scale poisoning of babies from drinking tainted milk powder in China, which was covered up by government officials and dairy industry executives. This wasn't the first time melamine was used as an artificial protein in a food source, and, unfortunately, it also wasn't the last.

1. Branigan, T. Chinese figures show fivefold rise in babies sick from contaminated milk The Gaurdian [Online], 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/02/china (accessed 19 Apr 2022).

2. Branigan, T. Three die in tainted baby milk scandal in China The Gaurdian [Online], 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/18/china (accessed 19 Apr 2022).

3. Gossner, C. M.-E.;  Schlundt, J.;  Embarek, P. E.;  Hird, S.;  Lo-Fo-Wong, D.;  Beltran, J. J. O.;  Teoh, K. N.; Tritscher, A., The melamine incident: Implications for international food and feed safety. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117 (12), 1803-1808.

4. . China's top food safety official resigns NBC News [Online], 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20140210003653/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/26827110/#.Uvgfc-jP25c (accessed 19 Apr 2022).

5. Branigan, T. China executes two for tainted milk scandal The Gaurdian [Online], 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/24/china-executes-milk-scandal-pair (accessed 19 Apr 2022).

6. Mooney, P. The Story Behind China's Tainted Milk Scandal U.S. News & World Report [Online], 2008. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2008/10/09/the-story-behind-chinas-tainted-milk-scandal (accessed 19 Apr 2022).

7. Branigan, T. Q&A: China's contaminated milk scandal The Gaurdian [Online], 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/23/china.milk.scandal (accessed 19 Apr 2022).

8. . Toxic milk toll rockets in China BBC News [Online], 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080916072954/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7616346.stm (accessed 20 Apr 2022).

9. . Timeline: China milk scandal BBC News [Online], 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7720404.stm (accessed 25 Apr 2022).

10. . Hong Kong tests more food from China after egg scare The New York Times [Online], 2008. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/26/world/asia/26iht-26hongkongeggs-fw.17249815.html (accessed 20 Apr 2022).

11. . China seizes 22 companies with contaminated baby milk powder China View [Online], 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20121021182912/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/17/content_10046949.htm (accessed 20 Apr 2022).

12. Jia, H. Chinese melamine crisis prompts call for better tests Chemistry World [Online], 2008. https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/chinese-melamine-crisis-prompts-call-for-better-tests-/3000989.article (accessed 25 Apr 2022).

13. Owens, J., Food Forensics. In Forensic Chemistry, Woods, K., Ed. 2015.

14. . Hong Kong finds melamine in two Cadbury products Reuters [Online], 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081007031156/https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSHKG30923320081006 (accessed 20 Apr 2022).

15. . Lipton milk tea powder recalled in Asia CBS News [Online], 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20140214165843/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/lipton-milk-tea-powder-recalled-in-asia/ (accessed 20 Apr 2022).

16. . Tainted milk scandal resurfaces in China BBC [Online], 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8478195.stm (accessed 25 Apr 2022).

17. . China dairy products found tainted with melamine BBC [Online], 2010. https://www.bbc.com/news/10565838 (accessed 25 Apr 2022).

18. Lawrence, F. Can the world quench China's bottomless thirst for milk? The Guardian [Online], 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/29/can-the-world-quench-chinas-bottomless-thirst-for-milk (accessed 25 Apr 2022).

Even too much of a good thing can be deadly. This episode covers the accidental water intoxication death of Jennifer Strange in 2007 following a radio station contest. Mentions of child abuse later on in the show.

1. . Police Probe Water Intoxication Death CBS News [Online], 2007. cbsnews.com/news/police-probe-water-intoxication-death/ (accessed 07 Apr 2022).

2. . DJs sacked over fatal water drinking contest The Guardian [Online], 2007. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jan/17/usa (accessed 07 Apr 2022).

3. Death on the Radio. hochelaga: YouTube, 2021.

4. . Woman dies after water-drinking contest NBC news [Online], 2007. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16614865 (accessed 08 Apr 2022).

5. . Warning not given in water contest Los Angeles Times [Online], 2007. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-16-me-water16-story.html (accessed 08 Apr 2022).

6. Lee, H. K. No charges in radio contest death / Woman died of water intoxication in contest to win video-game system SF Gate [Online], 2007. https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/No-charges-in-radio-contest-death-Woman-died-of-2605639.php (accessed 08 Apr 2022).

7. Neil, M. Jury Says Radio Station Must Pay $16.6M in Woman's Water Intoxication Death ABA Journal [Online], 2009. https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/jury_says_radio_station_must_pay_16.6m_in_womans_water_intoxication_death (accessed 12 Apr 2022).

8. Grad, S., Jury awards $16 million to family in fatal radio prank [Updated]. In L.A. Now, Los Angeles Times: latimesblogs.latimes.com, 2009; Vol. 2022.

9. Jewett, C., FCC will probe radio station. The Sacramento Bee 25 Jan 2007, 2007.

10. Venta, L. FCC Deletes KDND Sacramento License Radio Insight [Online], 2017. https://radioinsight.com/headlines/108908/kdnd-license-renewal-hearing-to-be-held-before-administrative-law-judge/ (accessed 12 Apr 2022).

11. Farrell, D. J.; Bower, L., Fatal water intoxication. J Clin Pathol 2003, 56 (10), 803-804.

12. Lingampalli, N., Water Intoxication. Berkeley Sci J 2013, 17 (2), 1-4.

13. Joo, M. A.; Kim, E. Y., Hyponatremia caused by excessive intake of water as a form of child abuse. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013, 18, 95-98.

14. Prater, E.; Prentzel, O. El Paso County couple arrested in 11-year-old son's death, accused of murder The Gazette [Online], 2020. https://gazette.com/news/el-paso-county-couple-arrested-in-11-year-old-sons-death-accused-of-murder/article_723c0526-b09d-11ea-8216-d7e888761327.html (accessed 14 Apr 2022).

15. . New details revealed in case of 11-year-old boy who died from forced water intoxication KKTV [Online], 2020. https://www.kktv.com/2020/07/14/new-details-revealed-in-case-of-11-year-old-boy-who-died-from-forced-water-intoxication/ (accessed 14 Apr 2022).

16. Ashton, M. G.;  Ball, S. G.;  Thomas, T. H.; Lee, M. R., Water intoxication associated with carbamazepine treatment. British Med J 1977, 1 (6069), 1134-1135.

17. Feeney, J. G., Water intoxication and oxytocin. Br Med J 1982, 285 (6337), 243.

This episode is an overview of the dangers of synthetic cannabinoids and some mythbusting about their safety and their similarities to naturally produced cannabinoids. Stay safe, everyone!

1. Dawson, A. 2 dead, 41 hospitalized in Hillsborough from poisonous batch of 'Spice' Tampa Bay Times [Online], 2021. https://www.tampabay.com/news/health/2021/12/15/2-dead-41-hospitalized-in-hillsborough-from-poisonous-batch-of-spice/ (accessed 01 Apr 2022).

2. Gottlieb, S., Statement from FDA warning about significant health risks of contaminated illegal synthetic cannabinoid products that are being encountered by FDA. US Food and Drug Administration: fda.gov, 2018.

3. Powell, D. The spice of death: The science behind tainted "synthetic marijuana" Scientific American [Online], 2018. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-spice-of-death-the-science-behind-tainted-synthetic-marijuana/ (accessed 04 Apr 2022).

4. . K2 crackdown in NYC: Police warn of "dangerous batch" after 56 overdoses reported CBS News [Online], 2018. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/k2-crackdown-in-nyc-police-warn-of-dangerous-batch-after-56-overdoses-reported/?intcid=CNI-00-10aaa3a (accessed 01 Apr 2022).

5. Penaloza, M. America's Synthetic Marijuana Overdose Crisis, Explained NPR [Online], 2018. https://www.npr.org/2018/07/27/632261920/d-c-has-had-more-than-300-suspected-k2-overdoses-in-2-weeks (accessed 01 Apr 2022).

6. Walton, A. G. Why Synthetic Marijuana is More Toxic to the Brain than Pot Forbes [Online], 2014. https://www.forbes.com/sites/alicegwalton/2014/08/28/6-reasons-synthetic-marijuana-spice-k2-is-so-toxic-to-the-brain/?sh=779d6b6173b1 (accessed 01 Apr 2022).

7. K2/Spice. Administration, D. E., Ed. Drug Enforcement Administration: dea.gov, 2020.

8. Rettner, R. Synthetic marijuana linked to seizures, pyschosis and death Huffpost [Online], 2017. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/synthetic-marijuana-linked-to-seizures-psychosis-and-death_n_5899f9d6e4b0406131395f53 (accessed 04 Apr 2022).

9. Fantegrossi, W. E.;  Moran, J. H.;  Radominska-Pandya, A.; Prather, P. L., Distinct pharmacology and metabolism of K2 synthetic cannabinoids compared to Δ9-THC: Mechanism underlying greater toxicity? Life Sci 2014, 97 (1), 45-54.

10. Oyedemi, S. O.;  Yakubu, M. T.; Afolayan, A. J., Effect of aqueous extract of Leonotis leonurus (L.) R. Br. leaves in male Wistar rats. Human Exp Tox 2010, 29 (5), 377-384.

11. Pertwee, R. G., Cannabinoid pharmacology: the first 66 years. BJP 2006, 147, S163-171.

12. Fattore, L.; Fratta, W., Beyond THC: The new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs. Front Behav Neurosci 2011, 5 (60), 12.

13. Maron, D. F. Fake weed leads to a real drug crisis Scientific American [Online], 2015. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fake-weed-leads-to-a-real-drug-crisis1/ (accessed 04 Apr 2022).

14. The Effects of Mixing Spice (K2) and Alcohol. https://www.alcohol.org/mixing-with/spice-k2/.

15. Sheikh, I. A.;  Lukšič, M.;  Ferstenberg, R.; Culpepper-Morgan, J. A., Spice/K2 synthetic marijuana-induced toxic hepatitus treated with N-acetylcysteine. Am J Case Rep 2014, 15, 584-588.

16. Harris, J. Calls about poisonings from fake marijuana edibles, candy triple News 4 Jax [Online], 2020. https://www.news4jax.com/news/local/2020/09/22/calls-about-poisonings-from-fake-marijuana-edibles-candy-triple/ (accessed 06 Apr 2022).

We're throwing it back old school and discussing Socrates' state-ordered suicide by hemlock. Was he actually killed with hemlock, as Plato described, or was something else going on?

1. Plato, Euthyphro, The Apology, Crito, Phaedo. In The Last Days of Socrates, Radice, B., Ed. Penguin Books: New York, 1969.

2. Hughes, B., The Hemlock Cup. Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 2011.

3. Brickhouse, T. C.; Smith, N. D., The Trial and Execution of Socrates. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2002.

4. Bonner, R. J., The use of hemlock for capital punishment. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 1940, 51, 299-302.

5. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. Tenth ed.; McGraw-Hill Education: New York, 2015.

6. Konca, C.;  Kahramaner, Z.;  Bosnak, M.; Kocamaz, H., Hemlock (Conium Maculatum) poisoning in a child. Turk J Emerg Med 2014, 14 (1), 34-36.

7. Boskabadi, J.;  Askari, Z.;  Zakariaei, Z.;  Mahdi, F.; Tabaripour, R., Mild-to-severe poisoning due to Conium maculatum as toxic herb: A case series. Clin Case Rep 2021, 9, 5.

8. Erenler, A. K.;  Baydin, A.;  Duran, L.;  Yardan, T.; Turkoz, B., A case of respiratory failure due to poison hemlock poisoning presented to an emergency department. Hong Kong J. Emerg. Med. 2011, 18 (4), 235-238.

9. Hotti, H.; Rischer, H., The killer of Socrates: Coniine and related alkaloids in the plant kingdom. Molecules 2017, 22 (1962), 23.

This episode continues our foray into poisons used by agents of the Russian government which we began examining in Episode 20: Ricin. We cover the creation of The Chamber, truth serums, and the polonium used to assassinate Alexander Litvinenko in 2006.

1. Volodarsky, B., The KGB's Poison Factory. Minneapolis: Frontline Books, 2009.

2. Review of Acute Human-Toxicity Estimates for Selected Chemical-Warfare Agents. National Academy Press: Washington, D.C., 1997.  (accessed 18 May 2021).

3. Fitzgerald, G. J., Chemical warfare and medical response during World War I. Am J Public Health 2008, 98 (4), 611-625.

4. Chen, Y.;  Jia, Y.;  Song, W.; Zhang, L., Therapeutic potential of nitrogen mustard based hybrid molecules. Front Pharmacol 2018, 9 (1453), 12.

5. Hazell, S., Mustard gas - from the Great War to frontline chemotherapy. In Science Blog, Cancer Research UK: scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org, 2014.

6. Olsen, A. J., German is Felled in Soviet by Gas. The New York Times 1964, p 2.

7. Schwarez, J. What is "Truth Serum?" Office for Science and Society [Online], 2017. https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/drugs-history-you-asked/what-truth-serum (accessed 16 Feb 2022).

8. Brown, D. Some Believe 'Truth Serums' Will Come Back Washington Post [Online], 2006. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/19/AR2006111900891.html (accessed 16 Feb 2022).

9. Borrell, B. What is truth serum? Scientific American [Online], 2008. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-truth-serum/#:~:text=What%20does%20the%20term%20%22truth,people%20about%20their%20past%20experiences. (accessed 16 Feb 2022).

10. Keller, L. M., Is Truth Serum Torture? American University International Law Review 2005, 20 (3).

11. Truth Drug. https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Truth_drug.html.

12. Harding, L., A Very Expensive Poison. Vintage Books: New York, 2016.

13. What is polonium - and why is it so dangerous? https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/chemistry/what-polonium-and-why-it-so-dangerous (accessed 16 Feb 2022).

14. Hammond, C. R. Polonium. http://www.3rd1000.com/elements/Polonium.htm#Overview (accessed 16 Feb 2022).

15. Biddle, W., Polonium-210, -214, -218. In A Field Guide to Radiation, Penguin Books: New York, 2012.

16. Contamination vs. exposure. https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/emergencies/contamination.htm#:~:text=Radioactive%20contamination%20occurs%20when%20radioactive,or%20animals%20to%20become%20contaminated.

17. The Litvinenko Inquiry: Report into the death of Alexander Litvinenko; Secretary of State for the Home Department: webarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk, 2016.

18. McKenna, T.; Shprintsen, A., The Polonium Plot. CBC: Canada, 2016.

By popular listener demand, today's episode covers the 1978 assassination of Georgi Markov using one of the world's oldest poisons. 

1. KGB. https://www.history.com/topics/russia/kgb (accessed 06 Jan 2022).

2. Pringle, R. W. Federal Security Service. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Federal-Security-Service (accessed 06 Jan 2022).

3. Murrell, K. B.;  Ioffe, G.; French, R. A. The Kremlin of Moscow. https://www.britannica.com/place/Moscow/The-Kremlin (accessed 06 Jan 2022).

4. Political Assassinations. In Forensic History: Crimes, Frauds, and Scandals, The Great Courses: 2014; p 32 minutes.

5. Volodarsky, B., The KGB's Poison Factory. Minneapolis: Frontline Books, 2009.

6. Knight, B., Ricin - a potent homicidal poison. The British Medical Journal 1979, 1 (6159), 350-351.

7. Kenarov, D.; Baumgartner, P. Letter From Bulgarian Intelligence Refutes Talk That 'Umbrella Murder' Victim Georgi Markov Was a Spy Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty [Online], 2019. https://www.rferl.org/a/no-agent-bulgarian-spies-letter-refutes-talk-of-umbrella-murder-victim-markov-as-spy/29772449.html (accessed 13 Jan 2022).

8. . Georgi Markov: Bulgaria closes umbrella killing probe BBC [Online], 2013. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24068781 (accessed 13 Jan 2022).

9. Brown, M., Castor Oil Plant. In Death in the Garden, White Owl: Philadelphia, 2018.

10. Alsop, J. A.; Karlik, J. F. Poisonous Plants; University of California: anrcatalog.ucanr.edu, 2016; p 26.

11. Polito, L.;  Bortolotti, M.;  Battelli, M. G.;  Calafato, G.; Bolognesi, A., Ricin: An ancient story for a timeless plant toxin. Toxins 2019, 11 (324), 16.

12. Borowski, S. From beans to weapon: The discovery of ricin. https://www.aaas.org/beans-weapon-discovery-ricin (accessed 10 Jan 2022).

13. Hayoun, M. A.;  Kong, E. L.;  Smith, M. E.; King, K. C., Ricin Toxicity. In StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, 2021.

14. Hayden, E. C., Ricin: What is It? Nature 2013.

15. Questions and Answers About Ricin. https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/ricin/qa.asp (accessed 12).

16. Stewart, A., Castor Bean. In Wicked Plants, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill: Chapel Hill, 2009.

In 1915, an orderly at the German Odd Fellows home killed eight patients with chloroform. A hundred years later, chloroform was still being used for murderous purposes in the murder of Sameena Imam.

1. Blum, D., The Poisoner's Handbook. Penguin Books: New York, 2010.

2. Lane, B.; Gregg, W., Mors, Frederick. In The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers, Berkley Books: New York, 1995.

3. Buxton, D. W., John Snow and the advent of chloroform. British J of Anaesthesia 1924, 1 (3), 101-107.

4. Snow, J., On the cause and prevention of death from chloroform. BMJ 1852, 4 (40), 320-329.

5. Killed 8 in Home, He Tells Perkins. The New York Times 1915.

6. Fugitive Ends His Own Life, Police Theory. The Yonkers Herald 1923.

7. Suspects Torrington Man of Murdering 8. Hartford Courant 1919.

8. Chloroform; Lab Chem: labchem.com, 2017.

9. Baselt, R. C., Chloroform. In The Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, Biomedical Publications: Davis, California, 1982.

10. Foxall, K. Chloroform Toxicological Overview; Health Protection Agency: assets.publishing.service.co.uk, 2007.

11. Fisher, J. Is chloroform still used to knock people out? https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/is-chloroform-still-used-to-knock-people-out/.

12. Oduntan, S. A., Chloroform anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1968, 23 (4), 552-557.

13. Payne, J. P., Chloroform in clinical anaesthesia. Br. J. Anaesth. 1981, 53, 11S-15S.

14. . Sameena Imam murder: Chloroform killing brothers jailed BBC [Online], 2015. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-34597321 (accessed 03 Jan 2022).

15. Adams, S. Sameena Imam murder: Listen to chilling moment killer describes how he smothered Costco manager to death on sofa Mirror [Online], 2015. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/sameena-imam-murder-listen-chilling-6669771 (accessed 03 Jan 2022).

16. Morris, S. Sameena Imam trial: brothers found guilty of murdering cash-and-carry manager The Guardian [Online], 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/oct/20/sameena-imam-trial-brothers-found-guilty-murder-cash-and-carry-manager (accessed 03 Jan 2022).

17. Segalov, M. The Secret Relationship That Ended in a Christmas Murder Vice [Online], 2018. https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxdq4m/cops-admit-sharing-images-of-murdered-sisters-on-whatsapp (accessed 03 Jan 2022).

Happy new year! In this episode, Kayla and Venus talk about one of the most popular poisons known to humans and how it was used in the serial slayings of indigenous Canadian women in the 1980s. Content warning for sexual assault, race-based hate crimes, crimes against sex workers, and brief mention of assault on a child.

1. Slingerland, E., Drunk: How We Sipped, Danced, and Stumbled Our Way to Civilization Little, Brown Spark: New York, 2021.

2. Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources from the Eighth Century Onwards. http://www.history-science-technology.com/notes/notes7.html.

3. Kuhn, C.;  Swartzwelder, S.; Wilson, W., Alcohol. In Buzzed: The Straight Facts About the Most Used and Abused Drugs from Alcohol to Ecstacy, W. W. Horton & Company: New York, 2019.

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