Lethal Dose

Do you know what the worst manmade medical disaster in history was? It wasn't all that long ago! Venus and Kayla discuss the poison that caused thousands of severe birth defects worldwide and has still yet to be fully addressed.

1. Ballentine, C. Sulfanilamide Disaster FDA Consumer [Online], 1981.  (accessed 12 Aug 2021).

2. Ruthenberg, K., Chapter 6: About the Futile Dream of an Entirely Riskless and Fully Effective Remedy: Thalidomide. In Ethics of Chemistry, Schummer, J.; Børsen, T., Eds. Aalborg University: Denmark, 2021; pp 141-167.

3. Rägo, L.; Santoso, B., Drug Regulation: History, Present and Future. In Drug Benefits and Risks: International Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology, revised 2nd ed., World Health Organization: who.int, 2008; pp 65-77.

4. Thomas, K. The Unseen Survivors of Thalidomide Want to be Heard The New York Times [Online], 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/health/thalidomide-survivors-usa.html (accessed 10 Aug 2021).

5. Kim, J. H.; Scialli, A. R., Thalidomide: The tragedy of birth defects and the effective treatment of disease. Tox Sci 2011, 122 (1), 1-6.

6. Thalidomide. https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/medicine/thalidomide (accessed 24 Mar 2021).

7. McNeill, L. The Woman Who Stood Between America and a Generation of 'Thalidomide Babies' Smithsonian Magazine [Online], 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/woman-who-stood-between-america-and-epidemic-birth-defects-180963165/ (accessed 24 Mar 2021).

8. Vargesson, N., Thalidomide-induced teratogenesis: History and mechanisms. Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today 2015, 105 (2), 140-156.

9. Bren, L., The Road to the Biotech Revolution - Highlights of 100 Years of Biologics Regulation. FDA Consumer 2006.

10. West, J. G. The accidental poison that founded the modern FDA The Atlantic [Online], 2018.  (accessed 2018).

11. Thalomid® (thalidomide) capsules - AU Product Information. In Australian Government Department of Health, Therapeutic Goods Administration: ebs.tga.gov.au, 2020; p 25.

On this season 2 premiere episode, Kayla and Venus talk with model and actress Saucy Stassi about the fentanyl-related death of Bailey Henke and the DEA operation that it inspired. Content warning for brief mention of sexual assault in the introduction.

1. Kolpack, D. Portland man says he will plead guilty to dealing fentanyl KATU2ABC [Online], 2015. https://katu.com/news/local/portland-man-says-he-will-plead-guilty-to-dealing-fentanyl (accessed 02 Aug 2021).

2. Painkiller: America's Fentanyl Crisis. Hamilton, K., Ed. Vice Media LLC: painkiller.vice.com, 2020.

3. Oregon Man Pleads Guilty for Role in Multiple Overdose Deaths and Injuries in 'Operation Denial'. Department of Justice U.S. Attorney's Office District of North Dakota: justice.gov, 2016.

4. Shirley, H. Man found guilty in North Dakota court for involvement in international fentanyl trafficking ring The Dickinson Press [Online], 2021. https://www.thedickinsonpress.com/news/crime-and-courts/7113905-Man-found-guilty-in-North-Dakota-court-for-involvement-in-international-fentanyl-trafficking-ring (accessed 03 Aug 2021).

5. Two Quebec Men Extradited to North Dakota from Canada as Part of 'Operation Denial'. The United States Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs: justice.gov, 2021.

6. Hamilton, K. Overdoses are being treated like murders more than ever and it's bullshit VICE [Online], 2017. https://www.vice.com/en/article/434q9g/overdoses-are-being-treated-like-murders-more-than-ever-and-its-bullshit (accessed 03 Aug 2021).

7. Stanley, T. H., The Fentanyl Story. J Pain 2014, 15 (12), 1215-1226.

8. Golan, D. E.;  Tashjian, A. H., Jr.;  Armstrong, E. J.; Armstrong, A. W., Principles of Pharmacology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, 2008.

9. Henzi, I.;  Sonderegger, J.; Tramèr, M., Efficacy, dose-response, and adverse effects of droperidol for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Can J Anesth 2000, 47 (6), 537-551.

10. Public Hearing on Fentanyl and Synthetic Cannabinoids. In Drug and Cehmical Control Unit, United States Sentencing Commission: ussc.gov, 2017.

11. Han, Y.;  Yan, W.;  Zheng, Y.;  Khan, M. Z.;  Yuan, K.; Lu, L., The rising crisis of illicit fentanyl use, overdose, and potential therapeutic strategies. Translational Psychiatry 2019, 9 (282), 9.

12. Hoffman, R. S.;  Howland, M. A.;  Lewin, N. A.;  Nelson, L. S.; Goldfrank, L. R., Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 10th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education: New York, 2015.

13. Fox, M. Drug overdose deaths in 2020 hit highest number ever recorded, CDC data shows CNN health [Online], 2021. https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/14/health/drug-overdose-deaths-2020/index.html (accessed 05 Aug 2021).

14. Prentzel, O. Fentanyl-related deaths more than double in El Paso County The Gazette [Online], 2021. https://gazette.com/premium/fentanyl-related-deaths-more-than-double-in-el-paso-county/article_63517d20-a200-11eb-b0ac-ff7e4f7b2f9e.html (accessed 05 Aug 2021).

15. Opioid Overdose Deaths by Race/Ethnicity. https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/opioid-overdose-deaths-by-raceethnicity/?activeTab=graph¤tTimeframe=0&startTimeframe=20&selectedRows=%7B%22wrapups%22:%7B%22united-states%22:%7B%7D%7D%7D&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D (accessed 05 Aug 2021).

16. Borden, T. 2 jobs police officers are asked to do that could be better suited to other professionals INSIDER [Online], 2020. https://www.businessinsider.com/defunding-the-police-what-others-may-do-better-2020-6 (accessed 05 Aug 2021).

17. Good Samaritan Overdose Prevention Laws. https://drugpolicy.org/issues/good-samaritan-fatal-overdose-prevention-laws (accessed 05 Aug 2021).

In this follow-up Patreon exclusive video to our main channel Birth Control Pill episode, Venus and Kayla discuss hormones, sexism, and genocide. Get ready to get mad. Trigger warnings for body talk including numbers and BMI, and for talk of incarceration and racism.

The history of the first hormonal birth control pill is a sordid tale of ethical violations committed against Puerto Rican women in the late 1950's by Harvard researchers, Proctor & Gamble, and funded by the founder of Planned Parenthood.

1. A Timeline of Contraception. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-timeline/ (accessed 03 May 2021).

2. Burnette, B. R. Comstock Act of 1873 (1873). https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1038/comstock-act-of-1873 (accessed 03 May 2021).

3. Brooks, C. F., The early history of the anti-contraceptive laws in Massachusetts and Connecticut. American Quarterly 1966, 18 (1), 3-23.

4. Eveleth, R. Lysol's Vintage Ads Subtly Pushed Women to Use Its Disinfectant as Birth Control Smithsonian Magazine [Online], 2013. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/lysols-vintage-ads-subtly-pushed-women-to-use-its-disinfectant-as-birth-control-218734/ (accessed 03 May 2021).

5. Latson, J. What Margaret Sanger Really Said About Eugenics and Race Time [Online], 2016. https://time.com/4081760/margaret-sanger-history-eugenics/ (accessed 03 May 2021).

6. Kelly, A. Fact Check: Was Planned Parenthood Started to 'Control' the Black Population? NPR [Online], 2015. https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/08/14/432080520/fact-check-was-planned-parenthood-started-to-control-the-black-population (accessed 03 May 2021).

7. Cooper, D. B.; Mahdy, H., Oral Contraceptive Pills. StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430882/ (accessed 04 May 2021).

8. The Puerto Rico Pill Trials. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-puerto-rico-pill-trials/ (accessed 03 May 2021).

9. Roberts, W. C., Facts and Ideas from Anywhere. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 2017, 28 (3), 421-432.

10. Vargas, T. Guinea pigs or pioneers? How Puerto Rican women were used to test the birth control pill Washington Post [Online], 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/05/09/guinea-pigs-or-pioneers-how-puerto-rican-women-were-used-to-test-the-birth-control-pill/ (accessed 03 May 2021).

11. Sitruk-Ware, R., Non-clinical studies of progesterone. Climacteric 2018, 21 (4), 315-320.

12. Ortho Micronor. https://www.rxlist.com/ortho-micronor-drug.htm#indications (accessed 04 May 2021).

13. Aygestin. https://www.rxlist.com/aygestin-drug.htm (accessed 04 May 2021).

14. Blakemore, E. The First Birth Control Pill Used Puerto Rican Women as Guinea Pigs History [Online], 2019. https://www.history.com/news/birth-control-pill-history-puerto-rico-enovid.

15. Svoboda, E., Innovative forms of contraception could offer more choice for controlling fertility. Nature 2020, 588, S166-S167.

16. Rosendaal, F. R.; Van Hylckama Vlieg, A.; Tanis, B. C.; Helmerhorst, F. M., Estrogens, progestogens and thrombosis. J Thrombosis Haemostasis 2003, 1, 1371-1380.

17. Ethynyl Estradiol; Cayman Chemical: caymanchem.com, 2020.

18. Quintanilla, R. Puerto Ricans recall being guinea pigs for 'magic pill' Chicago Tribune [Online], 2004. https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-04-11-0404110509-story.html (accessed 03 May 2021).

19. Liao, P. V.; Dollin, J., Half a century of the oral contraceptive pill. Can Fam Physician 2012, 58, e757-760.

20. Estradiol. https://www.rxlist.com/consumer_estradiol/drugs-condition.htm (accessed 04 May 2021).

21. Miller, K. Why It's Tough to Directly Compare the J&J Vaccine Blood Clots to Those Linked to Birth Control Health [Online], 2021. https://www.health.com/condition/infectious-diseases/coronavirus/jj-vaccine-blood-clots-birth-control (accessed 04 May 2021).

From famous Reddit posts and teenage suicides that result in homicide trials to Texan winters and haunted houses, we cover it all on this episode. Content warning: abuse, suicide, self-harm, and eating disorders in teenagers.

1. Johnson, B. B., Something Wicked. In Endless Thread, Kelly, M. B., Ed. WBUR: wbur.org, 2018.

2. RBradbury1920 [MA] Post-it notes left in apartment. https://www.reddit.com/r/legaladvice/comments/34l7vo/ma_postit_notes_left_in_apartment/ (accessed 29 Mar 2021).

3. RBradbury1920 [UPDATE!] [MA] Post-it notes left in apartment. https://www.reddit.com/r/legaladvice/comments/34m92h/update_ma_postit_notes_left_in_apartment/ (accessed 29 Mar 2021).

4. Carbon Monoxide. https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/air-quality/carbon-monoxide#:~:text=Carbon%20monoxide%20is%20the%20most,as%20high%20as%2050%20ppm. (accessed 29 Mar 2021).

5. Baselt, R. C., Carbon Monoxide. In Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, Biomedical Publications: Davis, California, 1982.

6. Carbon Monoxide Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. In Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 8, The National Academies Press: Washington, D.C., 2010.

7. Quinn, D. K.; McGahee, S. M.; Politte, L. C.; Duncan, G. N.; Cusin, C.; Hopwood, C. J.; Stern, T. A., Complications of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Case Discussion and Review of the Literature. Prim. Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2009, 11 (2), 74-79.

8. Cogan, M. Death by Text The Cut [Online], 2016. https://www.thecut.com/2016/02/conrad-roy-michelle-carter-c-v-r.html (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

9. Carr, E. L., I Love You, Now Die: The Commonwealth v. Michelle Carter. HBO: 2019.

10. Murtishi, A. Psychiatrist reveals Michelle Carter, accused of pushing boyfriend to kill himself, suffered from severe depression as a child MassLive [Online], 2017. https://www.masslive.com/news/2017/06/michelle_carter_trial_controve_1.html (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

11. Glaun, D. Michelle Carter trial: Conrad Roy's mother chokes up while testifying about last day they spent together MassLive [Online], 2017. https://www.masslive.com/news/2017/06/michelle_carter_trial_conrad_r.html (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

12. Glaun, D. Michelle Carter found guilty by judge in text message suicide case MassLive [Online], 2017. https://www.masslive.com/news/2017/06/michelle_carter_found_guilty_i.html (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

13. LeBlanc, P. The text messages that led up to teen's suicide CNN [Online], 2017. https://www.cnn.com/2017/06/08/us/text-message-suicide-michelle-carter-conrad-roy/index.html (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

14. Minutaglio, R. Inside the True Story of Michelle Carter, the Teen in the 'Texting Suicide Case' Elle [Online], 2020. https://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/a27704746/who-is-michelle-carter/ (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

15. Dwyer, D. Supreme Court declines to hear Michelle Carter appeal in texting suicide case ABC News [Online], 2020. https://abcnews.go.com/US/supreme-court-declines-hear-michelle-carter-appeal-texting/story?id=68248229 (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

16. Treisman, R. 'A Disaster Within a Disaster': Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Cases are Surging in Texas NPR [Online], 2021. https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-winter-storms-2021/2021/02/18/969050038/a-disaster-within-a-disaster-carbon-monoxide-poisoning-cases-are-surging-in-texa (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

17. Poisonings; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: cdc.gov, 2014.

We are doing a giveaway for a free year-long Patreon subscription before season 1 ends and we go on summer break.

Insulin is a life-saving cure for diabetic patients, but was used to kill at least nine people at a VA hospital in West Virginia around 2018. 

1. Principles of Pharmacology, Second Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, 2008.

2. 100 Years Ago, a Miracle Drug Saved Millions of Children—and Created a Powerful Myth. In Dr. Banting's Miracle Drug, Bolt, A.; Harrop, J.; Kirschner, E., Eds. Slate: slate.com, 2018.

3. Bliss, M., The Discovery of Insulin. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1982.

4. Bunn, A. The Way We Live Now: 3-16-03: Body Check; The Bittersweet Science The New York Times Magazine [Online], 2003. https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/magazine/the-way-we-live-now-3-16-03-body-check-the-bittersweet-science.html.

5. Vecchio, I.; Tornali, C.; Bragazzi, N. L.; Martini, M., The discovery of insulin: An important milestone in the history of medicine. Front. Endocrinol. 2018, 9, 8.

6. Jones, K., Insulin coma therapy in schizophrenia. J R Soc Med 2000, 93, 147-149.

7. Gundgurthi, A.; Kharb, S.; Dutta, M. K.; Pakhetra, R.; Garg, M. K., Insulin poisoning with suicidal intent. Indian J Endocrin Metab 2012, 16 (Supplement 1), S120-S122.

8. Arieff, A. I.; Doerner, T.; Zelig, H.; Massry, S. G., Mechanisms of seizures and coma in hypoglycemia. J Clin Invest 1974, 54, 654-663.

9. Obituary for Robert Edwin Edge Sr. https://perinefunerals.com/book-of-memories/2991298/edge-robert/obituary.php (accessed 19 Mar 2021).

10. Young, C. Victims of VA serial killer in Clarksburg WV served in Korean, Vietnam wars and World War II WVNews [Online], 2020. https://www.wvnews.com/news/wvnews/victims-of-va-serial-killer-in-clarksburg-wv-served-in-korean-vietnam-wars-and-world/article_29cc73c5-4c53-5140-a992-66e8855070a8.html (accessed 19 Mar 2021).

11. Gillespie, S. 'She Cut the Time Short' Fairmont veteran was much more than a serial murder victim Times West Virginian [Online], 2020. https://www.timeswv.com/news/local_news/fairmont-veteran-was-much-more-than-a-serial-murder-victim/article_7c03ea88-f94a-11ea-a822-ef05de42e4fb.html (accessed 19 Mar 2021).

12. Truesdell, J. 'Angel of Death': After a Serial Killer Targeted Veterans at Hospital, Families Ask 'Why?' People [Online], 2021. https://people.com/crime/angel-death-serial-killer-targeted-veterans-va-hospital/ (accessed 18 Mar 2021).

13. Kennedy, M.; Schwartz, M. S. Former VA Medical Worker Pleads Guilty to Murdering 7 Patients in West Virginia NPR [Online], 2020. https://www.npr.org/2020/07/14/890776010/former-va-medical-worker-charged-with-7-murders-in-west-virginia (accessed 18 Mar 2021).

14. Phillips, K. Former veteran hospital nursing assistant pleads guilty to murder charges in string of insulin deaths USA Today [Online], 2020. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/07/14/veteran-deaths-reta-mays-facing-murder-charges-clarksburg-deaths/5433526002/ (accessed 18 Mar 2021).

15. Izaguirre, A. Fired VA staffer admits to murdering 7 patients with insulin AP News [Online], 2020. https://apnews.com/article/7d4a5df248b9c594236b47b2068c23a0 (accessed 18 Mar 2021).

For more citations, visit us at Patreon.com

Homicide by nicotine. This episode describes the murder of Linda Curry by her husband, Paul Curry. Kayla and Venus also discuss nicotine-contaminated ground beef and how the analytical method for extracting alkaloid drugs was done out of spite. Audio clip is from the movie Thank You for Smoking.

1. Mishra, A.; Chaturvedi, P.; Datta, S.; Sinukumar, S.; Joshi, P.; Garg, A., Harmful effects of nicotine. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2015, 36 (1), 24-31.

2. Baselt, R. C., Nicotine. In Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, Second Edition, Biomedical Publications: Davis, California, 1982.

3. Cantrell, L. Nicotine Poisoning. https://calpoison.org/news/nicotine-poisoning.

4. . Salina official arrested for murder The Topeka Capital-Journal [Online], 2010. https://www.cjonline.com/article/20101109/NEWS/311099809.

5. Moriarty, E., To Catch a Genius. In 48 Hours, LaRosa, P.; Keshishyan, G.; Schechter, D.; Adelman, J., Eds. CBS Interactive, Inc.: cbsnews.com, 2016.

6. Mekonnen, S. Lidocaine Can Cause Harmful Effects. https://www.poison.org/articles/lidocaine-can-cause-harmful-effects-172 (accessed 21 Feb 2021).

7. Hasan, B.; Asif, T.; Hasan, M., Lidocaine-induced systemic toxicity: A case report and review of literature. Cureus 2017, 9 (5), 5.

8. THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. PAUL MARHSAL CURRY, Defendant and Appellant. Court of Appeals of California, Fourth District, Division Three: 2016; Vol. G051049.

9. Paul Marshal CURRY, Petitioner, v. The SUPERIOR COURT of Orange County, Respondent; The People, Real Party in Interest. Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Division 3, California: 2013.

10. Good, D. Paul Curry convicted in 1994 nicotine-poisoning death of his wife ABC News [Online], 2014. https://abcnews.go.com/US/paul-curry-convicted-1994-nicotine-poisoning-death-wife/story?id=25881116.

11. Puente, K. San Clemente poisoner receives life in prison for wife's 1994 killing The Orange County Register [Online], 2020. https://www.ocregister.com/2014/11/15/poisoner-receives-life-in-prison-for-wifes-1994-killing/.

12. Park, E. J.; Min, Y.-G., The emerging method of suicide by electronic cigarette liquid: A case report. J Korean Med Sci 2018, 33 (11), 5.

13. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. Tenth ed.; McGraw-Hill Education: New York, 2015.

14. Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef -- Michigan, 2003; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, GA, 2003.

15. Blum, D. Nicotine and the chemistry of murder Wired [Online], 2012. https://www.wired.com/2012/05/nicotine-and-the-chemistry-of-murder/.

16. Moriarty, E. Killer poison: Nicotine as a murder weapon? CBS News [Online], 2016. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/killer-poison-nicotine-as-a-murder-weapon/.

17. Brown, M., Death in the Garden. Pen and Sword Books: Havertown, 2018.

18. Selmar, D.; Englehardt, U. H.; Hänsel, S.; Thräne, C.; Nowak, M.; Kleinwächter, M., Nicotine uptake by peppermint plants as possible source of nicotine in plant-derived products. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2015, 35, 1185-1190.

19. Stewart, A., Wicked Plants. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill: Chapel Hill, 2009.

In the second half of our two-part series on the chemical warfare agents in the Vietnam War, we discuss arsenic-containing Agent Blue, and Agent White.

1. Studdard, T. Rainbow Herbicides, Agent Orange, and VA Benefits. https://veterans.perkinslawtalk.com/post/agent-orange-rainbow-herbicides-and-va-benefits/(accessed 13 Jan 2021).

2. Lavallard, M.-H., A Chemical War Without End: Agent Orange in Vietnam. Agent Orange Action Group 2012, p 15.

3. Hoylman, L. Agent Blue: Arsenic-Laced Rainbow The VVA Veteran Online [Online], 2015. https://vvaveteran.org/35-3/35-3_agentblue.html(accessed 13 Jan 2021).

4. Tharp, M. Agent Blue Haunts Vietnam War Vets Asia Times [Online], 2020. https://asiatimes.com/2020/12/agent-blue/.

5. Exposure to the Herbicides Used in Vietnam; Board on the Health of Select Populations: Washington, DC, 2014.

6. Frederickson, L., From ecocide to eco-ally: Picloram, herbicidal warfare, and invasive species, 1963-2005. Global Environment 2014, 7 (1), 172-217.

7. Effects on Future Generations; Board on the Health of Select Populations; Institute of Medicines: Washington, D.C., 2014.

8. Barlett, D. L.; Steele, J. B. Monsanto's Harvest of Fear Vanity Fair [Online], 2008. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/05/monsanto200805?currentPage=4.

9. Hites, R. A., Dioxins: An overview and history. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 16-20.

10. Frey, R. S., Agent Orange and America at war in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. Human Ecology Review 2013, 20 (1), 1-10.

11. Blakemore, E. Agent Orange Wasn't the Only Deadly Chemical Used in Vietnam History [Online], 2017. https://www.history.com/news/agent-orange-wasnt-the-only-deadly-chemical-used-in-vietnam(accessed 13 Jan 2021).

12. Hynes, H. P., The Legacy of Agent Orange in Vietnam. Peace Review 2016, 28 (1), 114-122.

13. Martini, E. A., Hearts, minds, and herbicides: The politics of the chemical war in Vietnam. Diplomatic History 2013, 37 (1), 58-84.

14. Gowan, J., Chemical Warriors, Part 3: Over the Rainbow. In UCLA Center for the Study of Women, University of California Los Angeles csw.ucla.edu, 2017.

15. Agent Orange exposure and VA disability compensation. https://www.va.gov/disability/eligibility/hazardous-materials-exposure/agent-orange/.

16. Baselt, R. C., Dioxin. In Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, Biomedical Publications: Davis, California, 1982.

17. Waugh, C., "Only you can prevent a forest": Agent Orange, ecocide, and environmental justice. ISLE 2010, 17 (1), 113-132.

18. Ornstein, C.; Fresques, H.; Hixenbaugh, M. The Children of Agent Orange ProPublica [Online], 2016. https://www.propublica.org/article/the-children-of-agent-orange (accessed 13 Jan 2021).

19. Agent Orange Diseases and Symptoms Breakdown! In Agent Orange Exposure, Hill & Ponton Disability Attorneys: hillandponton.com, 2020.

20. . Agent Orange History [Online], 2011. https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/agent-orange-1.

For more citations, visit us at Patreon.com

In the first of a two part series, Kayla and Venus discuss the use of Agent Orange during the Vietnam War and the absolutely devastating effects that this chemical had on the environment and people of Vietnam, as well as the U.S. servicemen who dispersed it, potentially without knowing what it could or would do.

1. Frederickson, L., From ecocide to eco-ally: Picloram, herbicidal warfare, and invasive species, 1963-2005. Global Environment 2014, 7 (1), 172-217.

2. Frey, R. S., Agent Orange and America at war in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. Human Ecology Review 2013, 20 (1), 1-10.

3. Gowan, J., Chemical Warriors, Part 3: Over the Rainbow. In UCLA Center for the Study of Women, University of California Los Angeles csw.ucla.edu, 2017.

4. Eckhardt, G. S. Command and Control 1950-1969; Department of the Army: Washington, D.C., 1974.

5. Getchell, M. The Vietnam War. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/postwarera/1960s-america/a/the-vietnam-war.

6. Hynes, H. P., The Legacy of Agent Orange in Vietnam. Peace Review 2016, 28 (1), 114-122.

7. Hoylman, L. Agent Blue: Arsenic-Laced Rainbow The VVA Veteran Online [Online], 2015. https://vvaveteran.org/35-3/35-3_agentblue.html (accessed 13 Jan 2021).

8. Wilcox, F. A., Waiting for an Army to Die. Seven Stories Press: New York, 1989.

9. Baselt, R. C., 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. In Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 2nd ed.; Biomedical Publications: Davis, California, 1982.

10. Hites, R. A., Dioxins: An overview and history. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 16-20.

11. Wada, O., Health impact of dioxins. JMAJ 2002, 45 (7), 312-315.

12. Barlett, D. L.; Steele, J. B. Monsanto's Harvest of Fear Vanity Fair [Online], 2008. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/05/monsanto200805?currentPage=4.

13. Exposure to the Herbicides Used in Vietnam; Board on the Health of Select Populations: Washington, DC, 2014.

14. Martini, E. A., Hearts, minds, and herbicides: The politics of the chemical war in Vietnam. Diplomatic History 2013, 37 (1), 58-84.