From famous Reddit posts and teenage suicides that result in homicide trials to Texan winters and haunted houses, we cover it all on this episode. Content warning: abuse, suicide, self-harm, and eating disorders in teenagers.

1. Johnson, B. B., Something Wicked. In Endless Thread, Kelly, M. B., Ed. WBUR: wbur.org, 2018.

2. RBradbury1920 [MA] Post-it notes left in apartment. https://www.reddit.com/r/legaladvice/comments/34l7vo/ma_postit_notes_left_in_apartment/ (accessed 29 Mar 2021).

3. RBradbury1920 [UPDATE!] [MA] Post-it notes left in apartment. https://www.reddit.com/r/legaladvice/comments/34m92h/update_ma_postit_notes_left_in_apartment/ (accessed 29 Mar 2021).

4. Carbon Monoxide. https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/air-quality/carbon-monoxide#:~:text=Carbon%20monoxide%20is%20the%20most,as%20high%20as%2050%20ppm. (accessed 29 Mar 2021).

5. Baselt, R. C., Carbon Monoxide. In Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, Biomedical Publications: Davis, California, 1982.

6. Carbon Monoxide Acute Exposure Guideline Levels. In Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 8, The National Academies Press: Washington, D.C., 2010.

7. Quinn, D. K.; McGahee, S. M.; Politte, L. C.; Duncan, G. N.; Cusin, C.; Hopwood, C. J.; Stern, T. A., Complications of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Case Discussion and Review of the Literature. Prim. Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2009, 11 (2), 74-79.

8. Cogan, M. Death by Text The Cut [Online], 2016. https://www.thecut.com/2016/02/conrad-roy-michelle-carter-c-v-r.html (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

9. Carr, E. L., I Love You, Now Die: The Commonwealth v. Michelle Carter. HBO: 2019.

10. Murtishi, A. Psychiatrist reveals Michelle Carter, accused of pushing boyfriend to kill himself, suffered from severe depression as a child MassLive [Online], 2017. https://www.masslive.com/news/2017/06/michelle_carter_trial_controve_1.html (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

11. Glaun, D. Michelle Carter trial: Conrad Roy's mother chokes up while testifying about last day they spent together MassLive [Online], 2017. https://www.masslive.com/news/2017/06/michelle_carter_trial_conrad_r.html (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

12. Glaun, D. Michelle Carter found guilty by judge in text message suicide case MassLive [Online], 2017. https://www.masslive.com/news/2017/06/michelle_carter_found_guilty_i.html (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

13. LeBlanc, P. The text messages that led up to teen's suicide CNN [Online], 2017. https://www.cnn.com/2017/06/08/us/text-message-suicide-michelle-carter-conrad-roy/index.html (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

14. Minutaglio, R. Inside the True Story of Michelle Carter, the Teen in the 'Texting Suicide Case' Elle [Online], 2020. https://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/a27704746/who-is-michelle-carter/ (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

15. Dwyer, D. Supreme Court declines to hear Michelle Carter appeal in texting suicide case ABC News [Online], 2020. https://abcnews.go.com/US/supreme-court-declines-hear-michelle-carter-appeal-texting/story?id=68248229 (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

16. Treisman, R. 'A Disaster Within a Disaster': Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Cases are Surging in Texas NPR [Online], 2021. https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-winter-storms-2021/2021/02/18/969050038/a-disaster-within-a-disaster-carbon-monoxide-poisoning-cases-are-surging-in-texa (accessed 31 Mar 2021).

17. Poisonings; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: cdc.gov, 2014.

We are doing a giveaway for a free year-long Patreon subscription before season 1 ends and we go on summer break.

Insulin is a life-saving cure for diabetic patients, but was used to kill at least nine people at a VA hospital in West Virginia around 2018. 

1. Principles of Pharmacology, Second Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, 2008.

2. 100 Years Ago, a Miracle Drug Saved Millions of Children—and Created a Powerful Myth. In Dr. Banting's Miracle Drug, Bolt, A.; Harrop, J.; Kirschner, E., Eds. Slate: slate.com, 2018.

3. Bliss, M., The Discovery of Insulin. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1982.

4. Bunn, A. The Way We Live Now: 3-16-03: Body Check; The Bittersweet Science The New York Times Magazine [Online], 2003. https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/magazine/the-way-we-live-now-3-16-03-body-check-the-bittersweet-science.html.

5. Vecchio, I.; Tornali, C.; Bragazzi, N. L.; Martini, M., The discovery of insulin: An important milestone in the history of medicine. Front. Endocrinol. 2018, 9, 8.

6. Jones, K., Insulin coma therapy in schizophrenia. J R Soc Med 2000, 93, 147-149.

7. Gundgurthi, A.; Kharb, S.; Dutta, M. K.; Pakhetra, R.; Garg, M. K., Insulin poisoning with suicidal intent. Indian J Endocrin Metab 2012, 16 (Supplement 1), S120-S122.

8. Arieff, A. I.; Doerner, T.; Zelig, H.; Massry, S. G., Mechanisms of seizures and coma in hypoglycemia. J Clin Invest 1974, 54, 654-663.

9. Obituary for Robert Edwin Edge Sr. https://perinefunerals.com/book-of-memories/2991298/edge-robert/obituary.php (accessed 19 Mar 2021).

10. Young, C. Victims of VA serial killer in Clarksburg WV served in Korean, Vietnam wars and World War II WVNews [Online], 2020. https://www.wvnews.com/news/wvnews/victims-of-va-serial-killer-in-clarksburg-wv-served-in-korean-vietnam-wars-and-world/article_29cc73c5-4c53-5140-a992-66e8855070a8.html (accessed 19 Mar 2021).

11. Gillespie, S. 'She Cut the Time Short' Fairmont veteran was much more than a serial murder victim Times West Virginian [Online], 2020. https://www.timeswv.com/news/local_news/fairmont-veteran-was-much-more-than-a-serial-murder-victim/article_7c03ea88-f94a-11ea-a822-ef05de42e4fb.html (accessed 19 Mar 2021).

12. Truesdell, J. 'Angel of Death': After a Serial Killer Targeted Veterans at Hospital, Families Ask 'Why?' People [Online], 2021. https://people.com/crime/angel-death-serial-killer-targeted-veterans-va-hospital/ (accessed 18 Mar 2021).

13. Kennedy, M.; Schwartz, M. S. Former VA Medical Worker Pleads Guilty to Murdering 7 Patients in West Virginia NPR [Online], 2020. https://www.npr.org/2020/07/14/890776010/former-va-medical-worker-charged-with-7-murders-in-west-virginia (accessed 18 Mar 2021).

14. Phillips, K. Former veteran hospital nursing assistant pleads guilty to murder charges in string of insulin deaths USA Today [Online], 2020. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/07/14/veteran-deaths-reta-mays-facing-murder-charges-clarksburg-deaths/5433526002/ (accessed 18 Mar 2021).

15. Izaguirre, A. Fired VA staffer admits to murdering 7 patients with insulin AP News [Online], 2020. https://apnews.com/article/7d4a5df248b9c594236b47b2068c23a0 (accessed 18 Mar 2021).

For more citations, visit us at Patreon.com

Homicide by nicotine. This episode describes the murder of Linda Curry by her husband, Paul Curry. Kayla and Venus also discuss nicotine-contaminated ground beef and how the analytical method for extracting alkaloid drugs was done out of spite. Audio clip is from the movie Thank You for Smoking.

1. Mishra, A.; Chaturvedi, P.; Datta, S.; Sinukumar, S.; Joshi, P.; Garg, A., Harmful effects of nicotine. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2015, 36 (1), 24-31.

2. Baselt, R. C., Nicotine. In Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, Second Edition, Biomedical Publications: Davis, California, 1982.

3. Cantrell, L. Nicotine Poisoning. https://calpoison.org/news/nicotine-poisoning.

4. . Salina official arrested for murder The Topeka Capital-Journal [Online], 2010. https://www.cjonline.com/article/20101109/NEWS/311099809.

5. Moriarty, E., To Catch a Genius. In 48 Hours, LaRosa, P.; Keshishyan, G.; Schechter, D.; Adelman, J., Eds. CBS Interactive, Inc.: cbsnews.com, 2016.

6. Mekonnen, S. Lidocaine Can Cause Harmful Effects. https://www.poison.org/articles/lidocaine-can-cause-harmful-effects-172 (accessed 21 Feb 2021).

7. Hasan, B.; Asif, T.; Hasan, M., Lidocaine-induced systemic toxicity: A case report and review of literature. Cureus 2017, 9 (5), 5.

8. THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. PAUL MARHSAL CURRY, Defendant and Appellant. Court of Appeals of California, Fourth District, Division Three: 2016; Vol. G051049.

9. Paul Marshal CURRY, Petitioner, v. The SUPERIOR COURT of Orange County, Respondent; The People, Real Party in Interest. Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Division 3, California: 2013.

10. Good, D. Paul Curry convicted in 1994 nicotine-poisoning death of his wife ABC News [Online], 2014. https://abcnews.go.com/US/paul-curry-convicted-1994-nicotine-poisoning-death-wife/story?id=25881116.

11. Puente, K. San Clemente poisoner receives life in prison for wife's 1994 killing The Orange County Register [Online], 2020. https://www.ocregister.com/2014/11/15/poisoner-receives-life-in-prison-for-wifes-1994-killing/.

12. Park, E. J.; Min, Y.-G., The emerging method of suicide by electronic cigarette liquid: A case report. J Korean Med Sci 2018, 33 (11), 5.

13. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. Tenth ed.; McGraw-Hill Education: New York, 2015.

14. Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef -- Michigan, 2003; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, GA, 2003.

15. Blum, D. Nicotine and the chemistry of murder Wired [Online], 2012. https://www.wired.com/2012/05/nicotine-and-the-chemistry-of-murder/.

16. Moriarty, E. Killer poison: Nicotine as a murder weapon? CBS News [Online], 2016. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/killer-poison-nicotine-as-a-murder-weapon/.

17. Brown, M., Death in the Garden. Pen and Sword Books: Havertown, 2018.

18. Selmar, D.; Englehardt, U. H.; Hänsel, S.; Thräne, C.; Nowak, M.; Kleinwächter, M., Nicotine uptake by peppermint plants as possible source of nicotine in plant-derived products. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 2015, 35, 1185-1190.

19. Stewart, A., Wicked Plants. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill: Chapel Hill, 2009.

In the second half of our two-part series on the chemical warfare agents in the Vietnam War, we discuss arsenic-containing Agent Blue, and Agent White.

1. Studdard, T. Rainbow Herbicides, Agent Orange, and VA Benefits. https://veterans.perkinslawtalk.com/post/agent-orange-rainbow-herbicides-and-va-benefits/(accessed 13 Jan 2021).

2. Lavallard, M.-H., A Chemical War Without End: Agent Orange in Vietnam. Agent Orange Action Group 2012, p 15.

3. Hoylman, L. Agent Blue: Arsenic-Laced Rainbow The VVA Veteran Online [Online], 2015. https://vvaveteran.org/35-3/35-3_agentblue.html(accessed 13 Jan 2021).

4. Tharp, M. Agent Blue Haunts Vietnam War Vets Asia Times [Online], 2020. https://asiatimes.com/2020/12/agent-blue/.

5. Exposure to the Herbicides Used in Vietnam; Board on the Health of Select Populations: Washington, DC, 2014.

6. Frederickson, L., From ecocide to eco-ally: Picloram, herbicidal warfare, and invasive species, 1963-2005. Global Environment 2014, 7 (1), 172-217.

7. Effects on Future Generations; Board on the Health of Select Populations; Institute of Medicines: Washington, D.C., 2014.

8. Barlett, D. L.; Steele, J. B. Monsanto's Harvest of Fear Vanity Fair [Online], 2008. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/05/monsanto200805?currentPage=4.

9. Hites, R. A., Dioxins: An overview and history. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 16-20.

10. Frey, R. S., Agent Orange and America at war in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. Human Ecology Review 2013, 20 (1), 1-10.

11. Blakemore, E. Agent Orange Wasn't the Only Deadly Chemical Used in Vietnam History [Online], 2017. https://www.history.com/news/agent-orange-wasnt-the-only-deadly-chemical-used-in-vietnam(accessed 13 Jan 2021).

12. Hynes, H. P., The Legacy of Agent Orange in Vietnam. Peace Review 2016, 28 (1), 114-122.

13. Martini, E. A., Hearts, minds, and herbicides: The politics of the chemical war in Vietnam. Diplomatic History 2013, 37 (1), 58-84.

14. Gowan, J., Chemical Warriors, Part 3: Over the Rainbow. In UCLA Center for the Study of Women, University of California Los Angeles csw.ucla.edu, 2017.

15. Agent Orange exposure and VA disability compensation. https://www.va.gov/disability/eligibility/hazardous-materials-exposure/agent-orange/.

16. Baselt, R. C., Dioxin. In Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, Biomedical Publications: Davis, California, 1982.

17. Waugh, C., "Only you can prevent a forest": Agent Orange, ecocide, and environmental justice. ISLE 2010, 17 (1), 113-132.

18. Ornstein, C.; Fresques, H.; Hixenbaugh, M. The Children of Agent Orange ProPublica [Online], 2016. https://www.propublica.org/article/the-children-of-agent-orange (accessed 13 Jan 2021).

19. Agent Orange Diseases and Symptoms Breakdown! In Agent Orange Exposure, Hill & Ponton Disability Attorneys: hillandponton.com, 2020.

20. . Agent Orange History [Online], 2011. https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/agent-orange-1.

For more citations, visit us at Patreon.com

In the first of a two part series, Kayla and Venus discuss the use of Agent Orange during the Vietnam War and the absolutely devastating effects that this chemical had on the environment and people of Vietnam, as well as the U.S. servicemen who dispersed it, potentially without knowing what it could or would do.

1. Frederickson, L., From ecocide to eco-ally: Picloram, herbicidal warfare, and invasive species, 1963-2005. Global Environment 2014, 7 (1), 172-217.

2. Frey, R. S., Agent Orange and America at war in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. Human Ecology Review 2013, 20 (1), 1-10.

3. Gowan, J., Chemical Warriors, Part 3: Over the Rainbow. In UCLA Center for the Study of Women, University of California Los Angeles csw.ucla.edu, 2017.

4. Eckhardt, G. S. Command and Control 1950-1969; Department of the Army: Washington, D.C., 1974.

5. Getchell, M. The Vietnam War. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/postwarera/1960s-america/a/the-vietnam-war.

6. Hynes, H. P., The Legacy of Agent Orange in Vietnam. Peace Review 2016, 28 (1), 114-122.

7. Hoylman, L. Agent Blue: Arsenic-Laced Rainbow The VVA Veteran Online [Online], 2015. https://vvaveteran.org/35-3/35-3_agentblue.html (accessed 13 Jan 2021).

8. Wilcox, F. A., Waiting for an Army to Die. Seven Stories Press: New York, 1989.

9. Baselt, R. C., 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. In Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 2nd ed.; Biomedical Publications: Davis, California, 1982.

10. Hites, R. A., Dioxins: An overview and history. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 16-20.

11. Wada, O., Health impact of dioxins. JMAJ 2002, 45 (7), 312-315.

12. Barlett, D. L.; Steele, J. B. Monsanto's Harvest of Fear Vanity Fair [Online], 2008. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/05/monsanto200805?currentPage=4.

13. Exposure to the Herbicides Used in Vietnam; Board on the Health of Select Populations: Washington, DC, 2014.

14. Martini, E. A., Hearts, minds, and herbicides: The politics of the chemical war in Vietnam. Diplomatic History 2013, 37 (1), 58-84.

Kayla tells Venus about the murder of James Baker III by his wife, Jamie Baker, using antifreeze-spiked anabolic steroids. We also talk about animal poisonings, suicide, and whether or not we're all just in our antemortem phase.

1. Buttner, J. Jamie L. Baker Pleads Guilty to Murdering Weightlifter James Baker Regal Tribune [Online], 2017. https://www.regaltribune.com/jamie-l-baker/28204/ (accessed 16 Dec 2020).

2. Jamie Baker, who killed husband by putting antifreeze into steroid injections, gets 40-year jail sentence in Delaware. In konniemoments, konniemoments.com, 2017.

3. Sanginiti, T. Del. woman killed husband with antifreeze, police say USA Today [Online], 2014. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/14/antifreeze-kidney-failure-death/6423583/ (accessed 16 Dec 2020).

4. NIDA How are anabolic steroids used? https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/steroids-other-appearance-performance-enhancing-drugs-apeds/how-are-anabolic-steroids-used (accessed 30 Dec 2020).

5. Anderson, C. Smryna wife sentenced to 40 years in husband's poisoning Delaware State News [Online], 2017. https://delawarestatenews.net/news/smyrna-wife-sentenced-40-years-husbands-poisoning/ (accessed 16 Dec 2020).

6. What Are the Stages of Ethylene Glycol Intoxication? https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=12&po=9#:~:text=Ethylene%20glycol%20itself%20is%20toxic,the%20first%20hours%20after%20exposure. (accessed 16 Dec 2020).

7. Jobson, M. A.; Hogan, S. L.; Maxwell, C. S.; Hu, Y.; Hladik, G. A.; Falk, R. J.; Beuhler, M. C.; Pendergraft, W. F., Clinical features of reported ethylene glycol exposures in the United States. PLoS ONE 2015, 10 (11), e0143044.

8. Gummin, D. D.; Mowry, J. B.; Spyker, D. A.; Brooks, D. E.; Beuhler, M. C.; Rivers, L. J.; Hashem, H. A.; Ryan, M. L., 2018 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 36th Annual Report. Clin Tox 2019, 57 (12), 1220-1413.

9. Ducharme, J. More Teens are Attempting Suicide by Poisoning. Here's What Parents Should Know Time [Online], 2019. https://time.com/5580266/teen-suicide-self-poisoning/ (accessed 31 Dec 2020).

10. Soloway, R. A. G. Taste Changes Don't Stop Poisonings. https://www.poison.org/articles/2009-oct/taste-changes-dont-stop-poisonings#:~:text=Antifreeze%20is%20a%20sweet%2Dtasting,poisonings%20or%20suicides%20with%20antifreeze. (accessed 16 Dec 2020).

11. Antifreeze is Deadly to Cats and Dogs. https://theparcvet.com/blog/antifreeze-deadly-cats-and-dogs (accessed 30 Dec 2020).

12. Ruotsalo, K.; Tant, M. S.; Brutlag, A. Ethylene Glycol Poisoning in Dogs. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/ethylene-glycol-poisoning-in-dogs (accessed 30 Dec 2020).

13. Antifreeze Poisoning in Dogs and Cats (Ethylene Glycol Poisoning). https://www.petpoisonhelpline.com/pet-safety-tips/antifreeze-poisoning-in-dogs-cats-ethylene-glycol-poisoning/ (accessed 30 Dec 2020).

14. Blum, D. Poisoning Your Lover's Coffee. Or Tea. Or Smoothie. Or... Wired [Online], 2013. https://www.wired.com/2013/06/poisoning-your-lovers-coffee-or-tea-or-smoothie-or/ (accessed 16 Dec 2020).

15. Scalley, R. D.; Ferguson, D. R.; Smart, M. L.; Archie, T. E., Treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning. Am Fam Physician 2002, 66 (5), 807-813.

16. Field, S. Q., Why There's Antifreeze in Your Toothpaste. Chicago Review Press: Chicago, 2008.

17. Chant, J. The difference between Propylene Glycol and Ethylene Glycol in antifreeze. https://www.monarchchemicals.co.uk/Information/News-Events/700-/The-difference-between-Propylene-Glycol-and-Ethylene-Glycol-in-antifreeze#:~:text=The%20main%20difference%20between%20propylene,any%20human%20or%20animal%20exposure. (accessed 30 Dec 2020).

Kayla and Venus discuss table salt, which Lacey Spears used to kill her son, Garnett, in 2014. This episode contains discussion of child abuse and death.

1. Roberts, T., A Mother Accused. 48 Hours: cbsnews.com, 2016.

2. Grant, H., Nissen's Fundoplication. In The Children's Hospital, Hospitals, O. R., Ed. NHS Trust: Oxford, 2014.

3. Pt. 1: Camera Catches Mom Poisoning Son at Hospital - Crime Watch Daily with Chris Hansen. True Crime Daily: youtube.com, 2018.

4. Blumm, K. C. Police Investigating Death of 5-Year-Old Whose Mom Wrote About His Illness on Facebook People [Online], 2014. https://people.com/crime/police-investigating-death-of-5-year-old-whose-mom-wrote-about-his-illness-on-facebook/ (accessed 04 Dec 2020).

5. Pt. 2: Camera Catches Mom Poisoning Son at Hospital - Crime Watch Daily with Chris Hansen. True Crime Daily: youtube.com, 2018.

6. Pt. 3: Camera Catches Mom Poisoning Son at Hospital - Crime Watch Daily with Chris Hansen. True Crime Daily: youtube.com, 2018.

7. Hansen, C. Mom caught on camera poisoning young son to death in hospital True Crime Daily [Online], 2016. https://truecrimedaily.com/2016/12/08/mom-caught-on-camera-poisoning-young-son-to-death-in-hospital/ (accessed 04 Dec 2020).

8. Murder in the Second Degree (Depraved Indifference Murder). In Penal Law § 125.25 (2), New York State Office of Court Administration: nycourts.gov, 2012.

9. Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (FDIA). https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9834-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia (accessed 07 Dec 2020).

10. Cohen, S.; Kramer, P. D. Neighbors saw 2 sides to mom of boy who died USA Today [Online], 2014. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/27/neighbors-saw-two-sides-to-mom-of-boy-who-died/6942395/ (accessed 07 Dec 2020).

11. Mahmood, B. Boy, 2, dies after nanny spikes his porridge with enormous amounts of salt Metro [Online], 2019. https://metro.co.uk/2019/05/25/boy-2-dies-nanny-spikes-porridge-enormous-amounts-salt-9689406/ (accessed 04 Dec 2020).

12. . Mother charged with killing 17-month-old by giving her salt AP News [Online], 2016. https://apnews.com/article/da9cbd1a4a984789bedb424ad9b0bbba (accessed 04 Dec 2020).

13. Finnegan, S. Heartbreaking email mum sent to baby daughter she poisoned with salt Mirror [Online], 2020. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/single-mum-poisoned-baby-salt-21348653 (accessed 04 Dec 2020).

14. Watson-Smyth, K. Mother given life for killing son by lacing drink with salt Independent [Online], 1997. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mother-given-life-for-killing-son-by-lacing-drink-with-salt-1256537.html (accessed 04 Dec 2020).

15. Su, E.; Shoykhet, M.; Bell, M. J., Severe hypernatremia in a hospitalized child: Munchausen by Proxy. Pediatr Neurol 2010, 43 (4), 270-273.

16. Child Maltreatment 2018: Summary of Key Findings; Children's Bureau, Administration for Children and Families, Administration for Children, Youth and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: childwelfare.gov, 2020.

17. Metheny, N. A.; Krieger, M. M., Salt toxicity: A systematic review and case reports. J Emerg Nurs 2020, 48 (4), 428-439.

18. Kupiec, T. C.; Goldenring, J. M.; Raj, V., A non-fatal case of sodium toxicity. J Anal Tox 2004, 28, 526-528.

19. Lewis, J. L., III Hypernatremia (High Level of Sodium in the Blood). https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-balance/hypernatremia-high-level-of-sodium-in-the-blood (accessed 04 Dec 2020).

For more citations, visit us at Patreon.com

Kayla and Venus discuss arsenic as a drug and a poison beginning in Antiquity with descriptions from Hippocrates and ending in the 1800s with the implementation of the Marsh test. 

1. Baselt, R. C., Arsenic. In Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, Second Edition, Biomedical Publications: Davis, California, 1982.

2. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. Tenth ed.; McGraw-Hill Education: New York, 2015.

3. Ratnaike, R. N., Acute and chronic arsenic toxicity. Postgrad Med J 2003, 79, 391-396.

4. Toxicological profile for arsenic; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): Atlanta, GA, 2007.

5. Shen, S.; Li, X.-F.; Cullen, W. R.; Weinfeld, M.; Le, X. C., Arsenic binding to proteins. Chem. Rev 2013, 113, 7769-7792.

6. Frith, J., Arsenic - the "Poison of Kings" and the "Saviour of Syphilis". J Military and Veterans' Health 2013, 21 (4), 11-17.

7. Dioscorides, Being an Herbal with Many Other Medicinal Materials. In Dioscorides, Ibidis Press: Johannesburg, South Africa, 2000.

8. Doyle, D., Notoriety to respectability: a short history of arsenic prior to its present day use in haematology. BJH 2009, 145, 309-317.

9. Pizzi, R. A., Pointing to Poison. Today's Chemist at Work 2004, pp 43-45.

10. Höbenreich, E.; Rizzelli, G., Poisoning in Ancient Rome: The Legal Framework, The Nature of Poisons, and Gender Stereotypes. In History of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Wexler, P., Ed. Elsevier: London, 2015; Vol. Toxicology in Antiquity, Volume II.

11. Griffiths, A., Female criminals. The North American Review 1895, 161 (465), 141-152.

12. Karamanou, M.; Androutsos, G.; Hayes, A. W.; Tsatsakis, A., Toxicology in the Borgias period: The mystery of canterella poison. Tox Res App 2018, 2, 1-3.

13. Cobb, C., The Case Against the Borgias: Motive, Opportunity, and Means. In Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Wexler, P., Ed. Elsevier: London, 2017.

14. Daniels, B. V., Victor Hugo on the Boulevard: "Lecrèce Borgia" at the Porte-Saint-Martin Theatre in 1833. Theatre Journal 1908, 32 (1), 17-42.

15. Loughlin, J., Pope Alexander VI. In The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 1, Robert Appleton Company: New York, 1907.

16. Dash, M., Aqua Tofana. In Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Wexler, P., Ed. Elsevier: London, 2017.

17. Duramy, B. F., Women and poisons in 17th Century-France. Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 2012, 87 (2), 347-370.

18. Duramy, B. F., Catherine La Voisin: Poisons and Magic at the Royal Court of Louis XIV. In Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Wexler, P., Ed. Elsevier: London, 2017.

19. Cooksley, P., Victorian Pharmacy. Kemp, M., Ed. Lion Television: BBC Two, 2010; p 4 hours.

20. Colquhoun, K., Did She Kill Him? The Overlook Press: New York, 2014.

21. Emsley, J., Elements of Murder. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2005.

22. Hughes, M. F.; Beck, B. D.; Chen, Y.; Lewis, A. S.; Thomas, D. J., Arsenic exposure and toxicology: A historical perspective. Tox Sci 2011, 123 (2), 305-332.

23. Owens, J., Forensic Chemistry. In Introduction and Overview, University of Colorado: Colorado Springs, 2015; p 10.

Kayla nerds out on Venus with some toxicology concepts and terms in order to tell you that botulinum toxins could be used in war, assassination attempts, and to poison the food supply. Don't freak out. 

1. National Botulism Surveillance Summary 2017; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, Georgia, 2019.

2. Dhaked, R. K.; Singh, M. K.; Singh, P.; Gupta, P., Botulinum toxin: Bioweapon & magic drug. Indian J Med Res 2010, 132 (5), 489-503.

3. Burian, M.; Knížek, A.; Rajlich, J.; Stehlík, E., Assassination: Operation ANTHROPOID. Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic: Prague, 2002.

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5. Defalque, R. J., The Puzzling Death of Reinhard Heydrich. Bulletin of Anesthesia History 2009, 27 (1), 1-7.

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7. Riedel, S., Biological warefare and bioterrorism: A historical review. BUMC Proceedings 2004, 17, 400-406.

8. Jabbari, B., Botulism Toxin Treatment: What Everyone Should Know. Springer: Switzerland, 2018.

9. Wein, L. M.; Liu, Y., Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk. PNAS 2005, 102 (28), 9984-9989.

10. Food Irradiation. epa.gov (accessed 23 Oct 2020).

11. Evans, N. G., Dual-use and infectious disease research. Infectious Diseases in the New Millenium 2020, 82, 193-215.

12. Kinds of Botulism. cdc.gov (accessed 23 Oct 2020).

13. Cox, N.; Hinkle, R., Infant Botulism. AAFP 2002, 65 (7), 1388-1392.

14. Nakano, H.; Kizaki, H.; Sakaguchi, G., Multiplication of Clostridium botulinum in dead honey-bees and bee pupae, a likely source of heavy contamination of honey. Int J Food Microbio 1994, 21, 247-252.

15. Nevas, M. Clostridium botulinium in honey production with respect to infant botulism. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 2006.

16. Symptoms. cdc.gov (accessed 23 Oct 2020).

17. USDA Complete Guide to Home Canning; United States Department of Agriculture: nchfp.uga.edu, 2015.