Lethal Dose

Kayla tells Venus about the murder of James Baker III by his wife, Jamie Baker, using antifreeze-spiked anabolic steroids. We also talk about animal poisonings, suicide, and whether or not we're all just in our antemortem phase.

1. Buttner, J. Jamie L. Baker Pleads Guilty to Murdering Weightlifter James Baker Regal Tribune [Online], 2017. https://www.regaltribune.com/jamie-l-baker/28204/ (accessed 16 Dec 2020).

2. Jamie Baker, who killed husband by putting antifreeze into steroid injections, gets 40-year jail sentence in Delaware. In konniemoments, konniemoments.com, 2017.

3. Sanginiti, T. Del. woman killed husband with antifreeze, police say USA Today [Online], 2014. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/14/antifreeze-kidney-failure-death/6423583/ (accessed 16 Dec 2020).

4. NIDA How are anabolic steroids used? https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/steroids-other-appearance-performance-enhancing-drugs-apeds/how-are-anabolic-steroids-used (accessed 30 Dec 2020).

5. Anderson, C. Smryna wife sentenced to 40 years in husband's poisoning Delaware State News [Online], 2017. https://delawarestatenews.net/news/smyrna-wife-sentenced-40-years-husbands-poisoning/ (accessed 16 Dec 2020).

6. What Are the Stages of Ethylene Glycol Intoxication? https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=12&po=9#:~:text=Ethylene%20glycol%20itself%20is%20toxic,the%20first%20hours%20after%20exposure. (accessed 16 Dec 2020).

7. Jobson, M. A.; Hogan, S. L.; Maxwell, C. S.; Hu, Y.; Hladik, G. A.; Falk, R. J.; Beuhler, M. C.; Pendergraft, W. F., Clinical features of reported ethylene glycol exposures in the United States. PLoS ONE 2015, 10 (11), e0143044.

8. Gummin, D. D.; Mowry, J. B.; Spyker, D. A.; Brooks, D. E.; Beuhler, M. C.; Rivers, L. J.; Hashem, H. A.; Ryan, M. L., 2018 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 36th Annual Report. Clin Tox 2019, 57 (12), 1220-1413.

9. Ducharme, J. More Teens are Attempting Suicide by Poisoning. Here's What Parents Should Know Time [Online], 2019. https://time.com/5580266/teen-suicide-self-poisoning/ (accessed 31 Dec 2020).

10. Soloway, R. A. G. Taste Changes Don't Stop Poisonings. https://www.poison.org/articles/2009-oct/taste-changes-dont-stop-poisonings#:~:text=Antifreeze%20is%20a%20sweet%2Dtasting,poisonings%20or%20suicides%20with%20antifreeze. (accessed 16 Dec 2020).

11. Antifreeze is Deadly to Cats and Dogs. https://theparcvet.com/blog/antifreeze-deadly-cats-and-dogs (accessed 30 Dec 2020).

12. Ruotsalo, K.; Tant, M. S.; Brutlag, A. Ethylene Glycol Poisoning in Dogs. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/ethylene-glycol-poisoning-in-dogs (accessed 30 Dec 2020).

13. Antifreeze Poisoning in Dogs and Cats (Ethylene Glycol Poisoning). https://www.petpoisonhelpline.com/pet-safety-tips/antifreeze-poisoning-in-dogs-cats-ethylene-glycol-poisoning/ (accessed 30 Dec 2020).

14. Blum, D. Poisoning Your Lover's Coffee. Or Tea. Or Smoothie. Or... Wired [Online], 2013. https://www.wired.com/2013/06/poisoning-your-lovers-coffee-or-tea-or-smoothie-or/ (accessed 16 Dec 2020).

15. Scalley, R. D.; Ferguson, D. R.; Smart, M. L.; Archie, T. E., Treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning. Am Fam Physician 2002, 66 (5), 807-813.

16. Field, S. Q., Why There's Antifreeze in Your Toothpaste. Chicago Review Press: Chicago, 2008.

17. Chant, J. The difference between Propylene Glycol and Ethylene Glycol in antifreeze. https://www.monarchchemicals.co.uk/Information/News-Events/700-/The-difference-between-Propylene-Glycol-and-Ethylene-Glycol-in-antifreeze#:~:text=The%20main%20difference%20between%20propylene,any%20human%20or%20animal%20exposure. (accessed 30 Dec 2020).

Kayla and Venus discuss table salt, which Lacey Spears used to kill her son, Garnett, in 2014. This episode contains discussion of child abuse and death.

1. Roberts, T., A Mother Accused. 48 Hours: cbsnews.com, 2016.

2. Grant, H., Nissen's Fundoplication. In The Children's Hospital, Hospitals, O. R., Ed. NHS Trust: Oxford, 2014.

3. Pt. 1: Camera Catches Mom Poisoning Son at Hospital - Crime Watch Daily with Chris Hansen. True Crime Daily: youtube.com, 2018.

4. Blumm, K. C. Police Investigating Death of 5-Year-Old Whose Mom Wrote About His Illness on Facebook People [Online], 2014. https://people.com/crime/police-investigating-death-of-5-year-old-whose-mom-wrote-about-his-illness-on-facebook/ (accessed 04 Dec 2020).

5. Pt. 2: Camera Catches Mom Poisoning Son at Hospital - Crime Watch Daily with Chris Hansen. True Crime Daily: youtube.com, 2018.

6. Pt. 3: Camera Catches Mom Poisoning Son at Hospital - Crime Watch Daily with Chris Hansen. True Crime Daily: youtube.com, 2018.

7. Hansen, C. Mom caught on camera poisoning young son to death in hospital True Crime Daily [Online], 2016. https://truecrimedaily.com/2016/12/08/mom-caught-on-camera-poisoning-young-son-to-death-in-hospital/ (accessed 04 Dec 2020).

8. Murder in the Second Degree (Depraved Indifference Murder). In Penal Law § 125.25 (2), New York State Office of Court Administration: nycourts.gov, 2012.

9. Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (FDIA). https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9834-factitious-disorder-imposed-on-another-fdia (accessed 07 Dec 2020).

10. Cohen, S.; Kramer, P. D. Neighbors saw 2 sides to mom of boy who died USA Today [Online], 2014. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/03/27/neighbors-saw-two-sides-to-mom-of-boy-who-died/6942395/ (accessed 07 Dec 2020).

11. Mahmood, B. Boy, 2, dies after nanny spikes his porridge with enormous amounts of salt Metro [Online], 2019. https://metro.co.uk/2019/05/25/boy-2-dies-nanny-spikes-porridge-enormous-amounts-salt-9689406/ (accessed 04 Dec 2020).

12. . Mother charged with killing 17-month-old by giving her salt AP News [Online], 2016. https://apnews.com/article/da9cbd1a4a984789bedb424ad9b0bbba (accessed 04 Dec 2020).

13. Finnegan, S. Heartbreaking email mum sent to baby daughter she poisoned with salt Mirror [Online], 2020. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/single-mum-poisoned-baby-salt-21348653 (accessed 04 Dec 2020).

14. Watson-Smyth, K. Mother given life for killing son by lacing drink with salt Independent [Online], 1997. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/mother-given-life-for-killing-son-by-lacing-drink-with-salt-1256537.html (accessed 04 Dec 2020).

15. Su, E.; Shoykhet, M.; Bell, M. J., Severe hypernatremia in a hospitalized child: Munchausen by Proxy. Pediatr Neurol 2010, 43 (4), 270-273.

16. Child Maltreatment 2018: Summary of Key Findings; Children's Bureau, Administration for Children and Families, Administration for Children, Youth and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: childwelfare.gov, 2020.

17. Metheny, N. A.; Krieger, M. M., Salt toxicity: A systematic review and case reports. J Emerg Nurs 2020, 48 (4), 428-439.

18. Kupiec, T. C.; Goldenring, J. M.; Raj, V., A non-fatal case of sodium toxicity. J Anal Tox 2004, 28, 526-528.

19. Lewis, J. L., III Hypernatremia (High Level of Sodium in the Blood). https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-balance/hypernatremia-high-level-of-sodium-in-the-blood (accessed 04 Dec 2020).

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Kayla and Venus discuss arsenic as a drug and a poison beginning in Antiquity with descriptions from Hippocrates and ending in the 1800s with the implementation of the Marsh test. 

1. Baselt, R. C., Arsenic. In Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, Second Edition, Biomedical Publications: Davis, California, 1982.

2. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. Tenth ed.; McGraw-Hill Education: New York, 2015.

3. Ratnaike, R. N., Acute and chronic arsenic toxicity. Postgrad Med J 2003, 79, 391-396.

4. Toxicological profile for arsenic; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): Atlanta, GA, 2007.

5. Shen, S.; Li, X.-F.; Cullen, W. R.; Weinfeld, M.; Le, X. C., Arsenic binding to proteins. Chem. Rev 2013, 113, 7769-7792.

6. Frith, J., Arsenic - the "Poison of Kings" and the "Saviour of Syphilis". J Military and Veterans' Health 2013, 21 (4), 11-17.

7. Dioscorides, Being an Herbal with Many Other Medicinal Materials. In Dioscorides, Ibidis Press: Johannesburg, South Africa, 2000.

8. Doyle, D., Notoriety to respectability: a short history of arsenic prior to its present day use in haematology. BJH 2009, 145, 309-317.

9. Pizzi, R. A., Pointing to Poison. Today's Chemist at Work 2004, pp 43-45.

10. Höbenreich, E.; Rizzelli, G., Poisoning in Ancient Rome: The Legal Framework, The Nature of Poisons, and Gender Stereotypes. In History of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Wexler, P., Ed. Elsevier: London, 2015; Vol. Toxicology in Antiquity, Volume II.

11. Griffiths, A., Female criminals. The North American Review 1895, 161 (465), 141-152.

12. Karamanou, M.; Androutsos, G.; Hayes, A. W.; Tsatsakis, A., Toxicology in the Borgias period: The mystery of canterella poison. Tox Res App 2018, 2, 1-3.

13. Cobb, C., The Case Against the Borgias: Motive, Opportunity, and Means. In Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Wexler, P., Ed. Elsevier: London, 2017.

14. Daniels, B. V., Victor Hugo on the Boulevard: "Lecrèce Borgia" at the Porte-Saint-Martin Theatre in 1833. Theatre Journal 1908, 32 (1), 17-42.

15. Loughlin, J., Pope Alexander VI. In The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 1, Robert Appleton Company: New York, 1907.

16. Dash, M., Aqua Tofana. In Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Wexler, P., Ed. Elsevier: London, 2017.

17. Duramy, B. F., Women and poisons in 17th Century-France. Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 2012, 87 (2), 347-370.

18. Duramy, B. F., Catherine La Voisin: Poisons and Magic at the Royal Court of Louis XIV. In Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Wexler, P., Ed. Elsevier: London, 2017.

19. Cooksley, P., Victorian Pharmacy. Kemp, M., Ed. Lion Television: BBC Two, 2010; p 4 hours.

20. Colquhoun, K., Did She Kill Him? The Overlook Press: New York, 2014.

21. Emsley, J., Elements of Murder. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2005.

22. Hughes, M. F.; Beck, B. D.; Chen, Y.; Lewis, A. S.; Thomas, D. J., Arsenic exposure and toxicology: A historical perspective. Tox Sci 2011, 123 (2), 305-332.

23. Owens, J., Forensic Chemistry. In Introduction and Overview, University of Colorado: Colorado Springs, 2015; p 10.

Kayla nerds out on Venus with some toxicology concepts and terms in order to tell you that botulinum toxins could be used in war, assassination attempts, and to poison the food supply. Don't freak out. 

1. National Botulism Surveillance Summary 2017; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, Georgia, 2019.

2. Dhaked, R. K.; Singh, M. K.; Singh, P.; Gupta, P., Botulinum toxin: Bioweapon & magic drug. Indian J Med Res 2010, 132 (5), 489-503.

3. Burian, M.; Knížek, A.; Rajlich, J.; Stehlík, E., Assassination: Operation ANTHROPOID. Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic: Prague, 2002.

4. Jaggers, R. C., The Assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. Program, C. H. R., Ed. Central Intelligence Agency: cia.gov, 1993.

5. Defalque, R. J., The Puzzling Death of Reinhard Heydrich. Bulletin of Anesthesia History 2009, 27 (1), 1-7.

6. The History of Bioterrorism. In Biological Warfare and Terrorism: The Military and Public Health Response, United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): emergency.cdc.gov, 1999.

7. Riedel, S., Biological warefare and bioterrorism: A historical review. BUMC Proceedings 2004, 17, 400-406.

8. Jabbari, B., Botulism Toxin Treatment: What Everyone Should Know. Springer: Switzerland, 2018.

9. Wein, L. M.; Liu, Y., Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk. PNAS 2005, 102 (28), 9984-9989.

10. Food Irradiation. epa.gov (accessed 23 Oct 2020).

11. Evans, N. G., Dual-use and infectious disease research. Infectious Diseases in the New Millenium 2020, 82, 193-215.

12. Kinds of Botulism. cdc.gov (accessed 23 Oct 2020).

13. Cox, N.; Hinkle, R., Infant Botulism. AAFP 2002, 65 (7), 1388-1392.

14. Nakano, H.; Kizaki, H.; Sakaguchi, G., Multiplication of Clostridium botulinum in dead honey-bees and bee pupae, a likely source of heavy contamination of honey. Int J Food Microbio 1994, 21, 247-252.

15. Nevas, M. Clostridium botulinium in honey production with respect to infant botulism. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 2006.

16. Symptoms. cdc.gov (accessed 23 Oct 2020).

17. USDA Complete Guide to Home Canning; United States Department of Agriculture: nchfp.uga.edu, 2015.

Welcome to the Lethal Dose podcast!