The Netzero Training Center Empowering Youth and Reviving Sustainable Architecture
Introduction
Nigeria faces pressing challenges: high youth unemployment, the rising cost of housing, and construction practices often reliant on unsustainable, imported materials ill-suited to the climate. In response, and with the support of Gerda Henkel Stiftung, I launched the Netzero Sustainable Housing Skilled Training and Demonstration Center in Nigeria. This social impact project has a multifaceted mission: to empower unemployed youth with valuable construction skills, champion sustainable building using locally sourced materials, make housing more affordable, and pioneer netzero construction practices in Nigeria. This initiative is more than just building; it's about building futures and reclaiming indigenous knowledge systems.
Reimagining Construction
Conventional construction in Nigeria typically involves cement blocks, steel rods, concrete foundations, plaster ceilings, and heat-absorbing metal roofs. These methods often rely on costly, energy-intensive materials, resulting in buildings requiring artificial cooling in a humid climate. Thus, with my team at the Foundation for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage in Nigeria (FOPCHEN), we sought a different path – one inspired by the rich heritage of West African architecture.
Earth buildings were commonplace across the region before colonial influence shifted preferences towards so-called "modern" materials that often pollute and disregard local context. Our project embraces this Indigenous knowledge, specifically opting for rammed-earth construction with a traditional thatched roof. This approach allows us to create structures naturally suited to Nigeria's climate, minimizing or eliminating the need for mechanical ventilation.
The design, conceived by Architect Dr. Tokie Laotan-Brown and drawn by her and Architect Robert Utietiang, embodies this connection to heritage. It draws inspiration from the Nsibidi symbol of Unity, an ancient script from Southern Nigeria. It reflects our aspiration for the center to be a unifying force, bringing together diverse people from across Nigeria and Africa.
From Unskilled Youth to Sustainable Builders
The goal from the beginning was to recruit youth with no prior construction experience, aiming to transition them from unskilled laborers into skilled artisans proficient in sustainable building techniques. The journey began with intensive training in Ghana, facilitated by Kanea Kasa Konsult. Four Nigerian youths joined their Ghanaian counterparts to master rammed earth technology. Upon returning, these pioneers became trainers themselves, sharing their skills with other young Nigerians. After more than a year of practice and skill refinement, they were ready to lead the construction of our Demonstration Center.
Construction commenced last April with an initial team of seven trained youth alongside eight recruits starting as unskilled laborers. Over the year-long construction period, we've rotated different groups of young people, providing hands-on training in rammed earth techniques directly on-site. This continuous learning process is fundamental to our model, giving the youth a hands-on, daily practical experience.
Innovating with Local Resources: The Building Process
Staying true to our commitment to local sourcing and sustainability, the entire building structure is built primarily from laterite earth and excavated locally. This earth is stabilized with a small percentage (around 5%) of cement and stone dust for durability.
Foundation: Recognizing Abuja's geological landscape, we chose a stone foundation instead of concrete. Finding experienced stone masons proved challenging initially, as the skill is less common now in Nigeria. We adapted by training regular masons and guiding them in applying their skills to stone construction. The foundation utilizes compacted laterite and stone dust, reinforced by the stonework, creating a remarkably stable base without relying on conventional concrete.
Walls: The building's walls are constructed entirely without steel reinforcing rods – a point of great interest to local builders facing the high cost of steel. We achieved this structural integrity by designing substantial 18-inch thick walls, making every wall load-bearing. A crucial learning moment came early when we had to tear down the first wall section because testing revealed inadequate stabilization. This reinforced a vital lesson for our trainees: quality is paramount, and one shouldn't fear correcting work that doesn't meet the standard. The beauty of rammed earth is its recyclability; the material from the demolished wall was simply reused.
Lintels: Instead of steel-reinforced concrete lintels above doors and windows, we innovatively used bamboo, a rapidly renewable local resource known for its impressive tensile strength, comparable to steel.
Decking and Flooring: Locally sourced timber was used for the building's decking (the structural base of the upper floor or roof) and flooring. This timber was carefully cured and treated to ensure longevity with proper maintenance.
Roofing and Ceiling: We consciously avoided standard aluminum or steel roofing, which are expensive and contributes significantly to indoor heat gain. Instead, we opted for a traditional thatch roof, training youth in this valuable skill. We chose traditional raffia mats for the ceiling rather than modern plasterboard or asbestos. Hand-processed locally from plant fibers, these mats are traditionally used as cooling sleeping mats. Adapting them as ceiling panels enhances the building's natural cooling properties, which is crucial for our goal of avoiding mechanical ventilation.
Manual Methods: A deliberate choice was made to minimize the use of heavy machinery, reduce our carbon footprint, and keep the techniques accessible and affordable. We employed manual wooden and iron rammers instead of pneumatic ones. While constructing the building's distinctive curved walls manually presented challenges – requiring experimentation with formwork and delaying the project slightly (we eventually used marine boards split into narrower sections) – it underscored our commitment to low-tech, replicable methods. Though perhaps not perfectly smooth, the resulting curves are a testament to the manual skill developed.
Training the Trainers and Shaping the Industry
Having successfully demonstrated the construction process and trained numerous unskilled youth, our focus is evolving. We are concentrating on training professionals established in the construction sector – architects, urban planners, and building technologists. These individuals are uniquely positioned to influence industry standards and practices on a larger scale, creating demand for the skills our youth trainees now possess.
The interest has been overwhelming. Within 24 hours of an announcement for a one-day professional training workshop in January this year, over 80 registrations were received. We successfully conducted the first session for around 20 professionals, and more workshops are planned for the coming summer and year.
Looking Ahead: A Hub for Sustainable Architecture
Our vision extends beyond the current structure. We aim for the Netzero Center to become a recognized hub for specialized training in sustainable construction and indigenous architecture. Through a five-year Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the University of Calabar, we plan to partner on training programs, offering university students invaluable practical experience.
Ultimately, we plan to expand the facility, potentially constructing limited rammed earth accommodations for trainees visiting the center. Our goal is to demonstrate the viability and beauty of rammed-earth construction and to actively equip a new generation of builders and designers to create monumental shifts towards sustainability in the construction industry.
Gratitude
I am grateful to the Gerda Henkel Stiftung for believing in and supporting this monumental project. Their contribution is pivotal in our efforts to reshape traditional architecture and build a more sustainable and equitable future in West Africa.