Eiso Kant, CTO of poolside AI, discusses the company's approach to building frontier AI foundation models, particularly focused on software development. Their unique strategy is reinforcement learning from code execution feedback which is an important axis for scaling AI capabilities beyond just increasing model size or data volume. Kant predicts human-level AI in knowledge work could be achieved within 18-36 months, outlining poolside's vision to dramatically increase software development productivity and accessibility.

SPONSOR MESSAGES:

***

Tufa AI Labs is a brand new research lab in Zurich started by Benjamin Crouzier focussed on o-series style reasoning and AGI. They are hiring a Chief Engineer and ML engineers. Events in Zurich.

Goto https://tufalabs.ai/

***

Eiso Kant:

https://x.com/eisokant

https://poolside.ai/

TRANSCRIPT:

https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/szepl6taqziyqie9wgmk9/poolside.pdf?rlkey=iqar7dcwshyrpeoz0xa76k422&dl=0

TOC:

1. Foundation Models and AI Strategy

[00:00:00] 1.1 Foundation Models and Timeline Predictions for AI Development

[00:02:55] 1.2 Poolside AI's Corporate History and Strategic Vision

[00:06:48] 1.3 Foundation Models vs Enterprise Customization Trade-offs

2. Reinforcement Learning and Model Economics

[00:15:42] 2.1 Reinforcement Learning and Code Execution Feedback Approaches

[00:22:06] 2.2 Model Economics and Experimental Optimization

3. Enterprise AI Implementation

[00:25:20] 3.1 Poolside's Enterprise Deployment Strategy and Infrastructure

[00:26:00] 3.2 Enterprise-First Business Model and Market Focus

[00:27:05] 3.3 Foundation Models and AGI Development Approach

[00:29:24] 3.4 DeepSeek Case Study and Infrastructure Requirements

4. LLM Architecture and Performance

[00:30:15] 4.1 Distributed Training and Hardware Architecture Optimization

[00:33:01] 4.2 Model Scaling Strategies and Chinchilla Optimality Trade-offs

[00:36:04] 4.3 Emergent Reasoning and Model Architecture Comparisons

[00:43:26] 4.4 Balancing Creativity and Determinism in AI Models

[00:50:01] 4.5 AI-Assisted Software Development Evolution

5. AI Systems Engineering and Scalability

[00:58:31] 5.1 Enterprise AI Productivity and Implementation Challenges

[00:58:40] 5.2 Low-Code Solutions and Enterprise Hiring Trends

[01:01:25] 5.3 Distributed Systems and Engineering Complexity

[01:01:50] 5.4 GenAI Architecture and Scalability Patterns

[01:01:55] 5.5 Scaling Limitations and Architectural Patterns in AI Code Generation

6. AI Safety and Future Capabilities

[01:06:23] 6.1 Semantic Understanding and Language Model Reasoning Approaches

[01:12:42] 6.2 Model Interpretability and Safety Considerations in AI Systems

[01:16:27] 6.3 AI vs Human Capabilities in Software Development

[01:33:45] 6.4 Enterprise Deployment and Security Architecture

CORE REFS (see shownotes for URLs/more refs):

[00:15:45] Research demonstrating how training on model-generated content leads to distribution collapse in AI models, Ilia Shumailov et al. (Key finding on synthetic data risk)

[00:20:05] Foundational paper introducing Word2Vec for computing word vector representations, Tomas Mikolov et al. (Seminal NLP technique)

[00:22:15] OpenAI O3 model's breakthrough performance on ARC Prize Challenge, OpenAI (Significant AI reasoning benchmark achievement)

[00:22:40] Seminal paper proposing a formal definition of intelligence as skill-acquisition efficiency, François Chollet (Influential AI definition/philosophy)

[00:30:30] Technical documentation of DeepSeek's V3 model architecture and capabilities, DeepSeek AI (Details on a major new model)

[00:34:30] Foundational paper establishing optimal scaling laws for LLM training, Jordan Hoffmann et al. (Key paper on LLM scaling)

[00:45:45] Seminal essay arguing that scaling computation consistently trumps human-engineered solutions in AI, Richard S. Sutton (Influential "Bitter Lesson" perspective)

Connor Leahy and Gabriel Alfour, AI researchers from Conjecture and authors of "The Compendium," joinus for a critical discussion centered on Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) safety and governance. Drawing from their comprehensive analysis in "The Compendium," they articulate a stark warning about the existential risks inherent in uncontrolled AI development, framing it through the lens of "intelligence domination"—where a sufficiently advanced AI could subordinate humanity, much like humans dominate less intelligent species.

SPONSOR MESSAGES:

***

Tufa AI Labs is a brand new research lab in Zurich started by Benjamin Crouzier focussed on o-series style reasoning and AGI. They are hiring a Chief Engineer and ML engineers. Events in Zurich.

Goto https://tufalabs.ai/

***

TRANSCRIPT + REFS + NOTES:

https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/p86l75y4o2ii40df5t7no/Compendium.pdf?rlkey=tukczgf3flw133sr9rgss0pnj&dl=0

https://www.thecompendium.ai/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connor_Leahy

https://www.conjecture.dev/about

https://substack.com/@gabecc​

TOC:

1. AI Intelligence and Safety Fundamentals

[00:00:00] 1.1 Understanding Intelligence and AI Capabilities

[00:06:20] 1.2 Emergence of Intelligence and Regulatory Challenges

[00:10:18] 1.3 Human vs Animal Intelligence Debate

[00:18:00] 1.4 AI Regulation and Risk Assessment Approaches

[00:26:14] 1.5 Competing AI Development Ideologies

2. Economic and Social Impact

[00:29:10] 2.1 Labor Market Disruption and Post-Scarcity Scenarios

[00:32:40] 2.2 Institutional Frameworks and Tech Power Dynamics

[00:37:40] 2.3 Ethical Frameworks and AI Governance Debates

[00:40:52] 2.4 AI Alignment Evolution and Technical Challenges

3. Technical Governance Framework

[00:55:07] 3.1 Three Levels of AI Safety: Alignment, Corrigibility, and Boundedness

[00:55:30] 3.2 Challenges of AI System Corrigibility and Constitutional Models

[00:57:35] 3.3 Limitations of Current Boundedness Approaches

[00:59:11] 3.4 Abstract Governance Concepts and Policy Solutions

4. Democratic Implementation and Coordination

[00:59:20] 4.1 Governance Design and Measurement Challenges

[01:00:10] 4.2 Democratic Institutions and Experimental Governance

[01:14:10] 4.3 Political Engagement and AI Safety Advocacy

[01:25:30] 4.4 Practical AI Safety Measures and International Coordination

CORE REFS:

[00:01:45] The Compendium (2023), Leahy et al.

https://pdf.thecompendium.ai/the_compendium.pdf

[00:06:50] Geoffrey Hinton Leaves Google, BBC News

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65452940

[00:10:00] ARC-AGI, Chollet

https://arcprize.org/arc-agi

[00:13:25] A Brief History of Intelligence, Bennett

https://www.amazon.com/Brief-History-Intelligence-Humans-Breakthroughs/dp/0063286343

[00:25:35] Statement on AI Risk, Center for AI Safety

https://www.safe.ai/work/statement-on-ai-risk

[00:26:15] Machines of Love and Grace, Amodei

https://darioamodei.com/machines-of-loving-grace

[00:26:35] The Techno-Optimist Manifesto, Andreessen

https://a16z.com/the-techno-optimist-manifesto/

[00:31:55] Techno-Feudalism, Varoufakis

https://www.amazon.co.uk/Technofeudalism-Killed-Capitalism-Yanis-Varoufakis/dp/1847927270

[00:42:40] Introducing Superalignment, OpenAI

https://openai.com/index/introducing-superalignment/

[00:47:20] Three Laws of Robotics, Asimov

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Three-Laws-of-Robotics

[00:50:00] Symbolic AI (GOFAI), Haugeland

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence

[00:52:30] Intent Alignment, Christiano

https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/HEZgGBZTpT4Bov7nH/mapping-the-conceptual-territory-in-ai-existential-safety

[00:55:10] Large Language Model Alignment: A Survey, Jiang et al.

http://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.15025

[00:55:40] Constitutional Checks and Balances, Bok

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montesquieu/

We are joined by Francois Chollet and Mike Knoop, to launch the new version of the ARC prize! In version 2, the challenges have been calibrated with humans such that at least 2 humans could solve each task in a reasonable task, but also adversarially selected so that frontier reasoning models can't solve them. The best LLMs today get negligible performance on this challenge.

https://arcprize.org/

SPONSOR MESSAGES:

***

Tufa AI Labs is a brand new research lab in Zurich started by Benjamin Crouzier focussed on o-series style reasoning and AGI. They are hiring a Chief Engineer and ML engineers. Events in Zurich.

Goto https://tufalabs.ai/

***

TRANSCRIPT:

https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0v9o8xcpppdwnkntj59oi/ARCv2.pdf?rlkey=luqb6f141976vra6zdtptv5uj&dl=0

TOC:

1. ARC v2 Core Design & Objectives

[00:00:00] 1.1 ARC v2 Launch and Benchmark Architecture

[00:03:16] 1.2 Test-Time Optimization and AGI Assessment

[00:06:24] 1.3 Human-AI Capability Analysis

[00:13:02] 1.4 OpenAI o3 Initial Performance Results

2. ARC Technical Evolution

[00:17:20] 2.1 ARC-v1 to ARC-v2 Design Improvements

[00:21:12] 2.2 Human Validation Methodology

[00:26:05] 2.3 Task Design and Gaming Prevention

[00:29:11] 2.4 Intelligence Measurement Framework

3. O3 Performance & Future Challenges

[00:38:50] 3.1 O3 Comprehensive Performance Analysis

[00:43:40] 3.2 System Limitations and Failure Modes

[00:49:30] 3.3 Program Synthesis Applications

[00:53:00] 3.4 Future Development Roadmap

REFS:

[00:00:15] On the Measure of Intelligence, François Chollet

https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01547

[00:06:45] ARC Prize Foundation, François Chollet, Mike Knoop

https://arcprize.org/

[00:12:50] OpenAI o3 model performance on ARC v1, ARC Prize Team

https://arcprize.org/blog/oai-o3-pub-breakthrough

[00:18:30] Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models, Jason Wei et al.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.11903

[00:21:45] ARC-v2 benchmark tasks, Mike Knoop

https://arcprize.org/blog/introducing-arc-agi-public-leaderboard

[00:26:05] ARC Prize 2024: Technical Report, Francois Chollet et al.

https://arxiv.org/html/2412.04604v2

[00:32:45] ARC Prize 2024 Technical Report, Francois Chollet, Mike Knoop, Gregory Kamradt

https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.04604

[00:48:55] The Bitter Lesson, Rich Sutton

http://www.incompleteideas.net/IncIdeas/BitterLesson.html

[00:53:30] Decoding strategies in neural text generation, Sina Zarrieß

https://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/12/9/355/pdf

Mohamed Osman joins to discuss MindsAI's highest scoring entry to the ARC challenge 2024 and the paradigm of test-time fine-tuning. They explore how the team, now part of Tufa Labs in Zurich, achieved state-of-the-art results using a combination of pre-training techniques, a unique meta-learning strategy, and an ensemble voting mechanism. Mohamed emphasizes the importance of raw data input and flexibility of the network.

SPONSOR MESSAGES:

***

Tufa AI Labs is a brand new research lab in Zurich started by Benjamin Crouzier focussed on o-series style reasoning and AGI. They are hiring a Chief Engineer and ML engineers. Events in Zurich.

Goto https://tufalabs.ai/

***

TRANSCRIPT + REFS:

https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/jeavyqidsjzjgjgd7ns7h/MoFInal.pdf?rlkey=cjjmo7rgtenxrr3b46nk6yq2e&dl=0

Mohamed Osman (Tufa Labs)

https://x.com/MohamedOsmanML

Jack Cole (Tufa Labs)

https://x.com/MindsAI_Jack

How and why deep learning for ARC paper:

https://github.com/MohamedOsman1998/deep-learning-for-arc/blob/main/deep_learning_for_arc.pdf

TOC:

1. Abstract Reasoning Foundations

[00:00:00] 1.1 Test-Time Fine-Tuning and ARC Challenge Overview

[00:10:20] 1.2 Neural Networks vs Programmatic Approaches to Reasoning

[00:13:23] 1.3 Code-Based Learning and Meta-Model Architecture

[00:20:26] 1.4 Technical Implementation with Long T5 Model

2. ARC Solution Architectures

[00:24:10] 2.1 Test-Time Tuning and Voting Methods for ARC Solutions

[00:27:54] 2.2 Model Generalization and Function Generation Challenges

[00:32:53] 2.3 Input Representation and VLM Limitations

[00:36:21] 2.4 Architecture Innovation and Cross-Modal Integration

[00:40:05] 2.5 Future of ARC Challenge and Program Synthesis Approaches

3. Advanced Systems Integration

[00:43:00] 3.1 DreamCoder Evolution and LLM Integration

[00:50:07] 3.2 MindsAI Team Progress and Acquisition by Tufa Labs

[00:54:15] 3.3 ARC v2 Development and Performance Scaling

[00:58:22] 3.4 Intelligence Benchmarks and Transformer Limitations

[01:01:50] 3.5 Neural Architecture Optimization and Processing Distribution

REFS:

[00:01:32] Original ARC challenge paper, François Chollet

https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01547

[00:06:55] DreamCoder, Kevin Ellis et al.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.08381

[00:12:50] Deep Learning with Python, François Chollet

https://www.amazon.com/Deep-Learning-Python-Francois-Chollet/dp/1617294438

[00:13:35] Deep Learning with Python, François Chollet

https://www.amazon.com/Deep-Learning-Python-Francois-Chollet/dp/1617294438

[00:13:35] Influence of pretraining data for reasoning, Laura Ruis

https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.12580

[00:17:50] Latent Program Networks, Clement Bonnet

https://arxiv.org/html/2411.08706v1

[00:20:50] T5, Colin Raffel et al.

https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.10683

[00:30:30] Combining Induction and Transduction for Abstract Reasoning, Wen-Ding Li, Kevin Ellis et al.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.02272

[00:34:15] Six finger problem, Chen et al.

https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content/CVPR2024/papers/Chen_SpatialVLM_Endowing_Vision-Language_Models_with_Spatial_Reasoning_Capabilities_CVPR_2024_paper.pdf

[00:38:15] DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama, DeepSeek AI

https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-70B

[00:40:10] ARC Prize 2024 Technical Report, François Chollet et al.

https://arxiv.org/html/2412.04604v2

[00:45:20] LLM-Guided Compositional Program Synthesis, Wen-Ding Li and Kevin Ellis

https://arxiv.org/html/2503.15540

[00:54:25] Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus, François Chollet

https://github.com/fchollet/ARC-AGI

[00:57:10] O3 breakthrough on ARC-AGI, OpenAI

https://arcprize.org/

[00:59:35] ConceptARC Benchmark, Arseny Moskvichev, Melanie Mitchell

https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.07141

[01:02:05] Mixtape: Breaking the Softmax Bottleneck Efficiently, Yang, Zhilin and Dai, Zihang and Salakhutdinov, Ruslan and Cohen, William W.

http://papers.neurips.cc/paper/9723-mixtape-breaking-the-softmax-bottleneck-efficiently.pdf

Iman Mirzadeh from Apple, who recently published the GSM-Symbolic paper discusses the crucial distinction between intelligence and achievement in AI systems. He critiques current AI research methodologies, highlighting the limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs) in reasoning and knowledge representation.

SPONSOR MESSAGES:

***

Tufa AI Labs is a brand new research lab in Zurich started by Benjamin Crouzier focussed on o-series style reasoning and AGI. They are hiring a Chief Engineer and ML engineers. Events in Zurich.

Goto https://tufalabs.ai/

***

TRANSCRIPT + RESEARCH:

https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/mlcjl9cd5p1kem4l0vqd3/IMAN.pdf?rlkey=dqfqb74zr81a5gqr8r6c8isg3&dl=0

TOC:

1. Intelligence vs Achievement in AI Systems

[00:00:00] 1.1 Intelligence vs Achievement Metrics in AI Systems

[00:03:27] 1.2 AlphaZero and Abstract Understanding in Chess

[00:10:10] 1.3 Language Models and Distribution Learning Limitations

[00:14:47] 1.4 Research Methodology and Theoretical Frameworks

2. Intelligence Measurement and Learning

[00:24:24] 2.1 LLM Capabilities: Interpolation vs True Reasoning

[00:29:00] 2.2 Intelligence Definition and Measurement Approaches

[00:34:35] 2.3 Learning Capabilities and Agency in AI Systems

[00:39:26] 2.4 Abstract Reasoning and Symbol Understanding

3. LLM Performance and Evaluation

[00:47:15] 3.1 Scaling Laws and Fundamental Limitations

[00:54:33] 3.2 Connectionism vs Symbolism Debate in Neural Networks

[00:58:09] 3.3 GSM-Symbolic: Testing Mathematical Reasoning in LLMs

[01:08:38] 3.4 Benchmark Evaluation and Model Performance Assessment

REFS:

[00:01:00] AlphaZero chess AI system, Silver et al.

https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.01815

[00:07:10] Game Changer: AlphaZero's Groundbreaking Chess Strategies, Sadler & Regan

https://www.amazon.com/Game-Changer-AlphaZeros-Groundbreaking-Strategies/dp/9056918184

[00:11:35] Cross-entropy loss in language modeling, Voita

http://lena-voita.github.io/nlp_course/language_modeling.html

[00:17:20] GSM-Symbolic: Understanding the Limitations of Mathematical Reasoning in LLMs, Mirzadeh et al.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.05229

[00:21:25] Connectionism and Cognitive Architecture: A Critical Analysis, Fodor & Pylyshyn

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001002779090014B

[00:28:55] Brain-to-body mass ratio scaling laws, Sutskever

https://www.theverge.com/2024/12/13/24320811/what-ilya-sutskever-sees-openai-model-data-training

[00:29:40] On the Measure of Intelligence, Chollet

https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01547

[00:33:30] On definition of intelligence, Gignac et al.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000266

[00:35:30] Defining intelligence, Wang

https://cis.temple.edu/~wangp/papers.html

[00:37:40] How We Learn: Why Brains Learn Better Than Any Machine... for Now, Dehaene

https://www.amazon.com/How-We-Learn-Brains-Machine/dp/0525559884

[00:39:35] Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking, Hofstadter and Sander

https://www.amazon.com/Surfaces-Essences-Analogy-Fuel-Thinking/dp/0465018475

[00:43:15] Chain-of-thought prompting, Wei et al.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.11903

[00:47:20] Test-time scaling laws in machine learning, Brown

https://podcasts.apple.com/mv/podcast/openais-noam-brown-ilge-akkaya-and-hunter-lightman-on/id1750736528?i=1000671532058

[00:47:50] Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models, Kaplan et al.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08361

[00:55:15] Tensor product variable binding, Smolensky

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/000437029090007M

[01:08:45] GSM-8K dataset, OpenAI

https://huggingface.co/datasets/openai/gsm8k

Dr. Max Bartolo from Cohere discusses machine learning model development, evaluation, and robustness. Key topics include model reasoning, the DynaBench platform for dynamic benchmarking, data-centric AI development, model training challenges, and the limitations of human feedback mechanisms. The conversation also covers technical aspects like influence functions, model quantization, and the PRISM project.

Max Bartolo (Cohere):

https://www.maxbartolo.com/

https://cohere.com/command

TRANSCRIPT:

https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/vujxscaffw37pqgb6hpie/MAXB.pdf?rlkey=0oqjxs5u49eqa2m7uaol64lbw&dl=0

TOC:

1. Model Reasoning and Verification

[00:00:00] 1.1 Model Consistency and Reasoning Verification

[00:03:25] 1.2 Influence Functions and Distributed Knowledge Analysis

[00:10:28] 1.3 AI Application Development and Model Deployment

[00:14:24] 1.4 AI Alignment and Human Feedback Limitations

2. Evaluation and Bias Assessment

[00:20:15] 2.1 Human Evaluation Challenges and Factuality Assessment

[00:27:15] 2.2 Cultural and Demographic Influences on Model Behavior

[00:32:43] 2.3 Adversarial Examples and Model Robustness

3. Benchmarking Systems and Methods

[00:41:54] 3.1 DynaBench and Dynamic Benchmarking Approaches

[00:50:02] 3.2 Benchmarking Challenges and Alternative Metrics

[00:50:33] 3.3 Evolution of Model Benchmarking Methods

[00:51:15] 3.4 Hierarchical Capability Testing Framework

[00:52:35] 3.5 Benchmark Platforms and Tools

4. Model Architecture and Performance

[00:55:15] 4.1 Cohere's Model Development Process

[01:00:26] 4.2 Model Quantization and Performance Evaluation

[01:05:18] 4.3 Reasoning Capabilities and Benchmark Standards

[01:08:27] 4.4 Training Progression and Technical Challenges

5. Future Directions and Challenges

[01:13:48] 5.1 Context Window Evolution and Trade-offs

[01:22:47] 5.2 Enterprise Applications and Future Challenges

REFS:

[00:03:10] Research at Cohere with Laura Ruis et al., Max Bartolo, Laura Ruis et al.

https://cohere.com/research/papers/procedural-knowledge-in-pretraining-drives-reasoning-in-large-language-models-2024-11-20

[00:04:15] Influence functions in machine learning, Koh & Liang

https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04730

[00:08:05] Studying Large Language Model Generalization with Influence Functions, Roger Grosse et al.

https://storage.prod.researchhub.com/uploads/papers/2023/08/08/2308.03296.pdf

[00:11:10] The LLM ARChitect: Solving ARC-AGI Is A Matter of Perspective, Daniel Franzen, Jan Disselhoff, and David Hartmann

https://github.com/da-fr/arc-prize-2024/blob/main/the_architects.pdf

[00:12:10] Hugging Face model repo for C4AI Command A, Cohere and Cohere For AI

https://huggingface.co/CohereForAI/c4ai-command-a-03-2025

[00:13:30] OpenInterpreter

https://github.com/KillianLucas/open-interpreter

[00:16:15] Human Feedback is not Gold Standard, Tom Hosking, Max Bartolo, Phil Blunsom

https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.16349

[00:27:15] The PRISM Alignment Dataset, Hannah Kirk et al.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16019

[00:32:50] How adversarial examples arise, Andrew Ilyas, Shibani Santurkar, Dimitris Tsipras, Logan Engstrom, Brandon Tran, Aleksander Madry

https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.02175

[00:43:00] DynaBench platform paper, Douwe Kiela et al.

https://aclanthology.org/2021.naacl-main.324.pdf

[00:50:15] Sara Hooker's work on compute limitations, Sara Hooker

https://arxiv.org/html/2407.05694v1

[00:53:25] DataPerf: Community-led benchmark suite, Mazumder et al.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.10062

[01:04:35] DROP, Dheeru Dua et al.

https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.00161

[01:07:05] GSM8k, Cobbe et al.

https://paperswithcode.com/sota/arithmetic-reasoning-on-gsm8k

[01:09:30] ARC, François Chollet

https://github.com/fchollet/ARC-AGI

[01:15:50] Command A, Cohere

https://cohere.com/blog/command-a

[01:22:55] Enterprise search using LLMs, Cohere

https://cohere.com/blog/commonly-asked-questions-about-search-from-coheres-enterprise-customers

This sponsored episode features mathematician Ohad Asor discussing logical approaches to AI, focusing on the limitations of machine learning and introducing the Tau language for software development and blockchain tech. Asor argues that machine learning cannot guarantee correctness. Tau allows logical specification of software requirements, automatically creating provably correct implementations with potential to revolutionize distributed systems. The discussion highlights program synthesis, software updates, and applications in finance and governance.SPONSOR MESSAGES:***Tufa AI Labs is a brand new research lab in Zurich started by Benjamin Crouzier focussed on o-series style reasoning and AGI. They are hiring a Chief Engineer and ML engineers. Events in Zurich. Goto https://tufalabs.ai/***TRANSCRIPT + RESEARCH:https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/t849j6v1juk3gc15g4rsy/TAU.pdf?rlkey=hh11h2mhog3ncdbeapbzpzctc&dl=0Tau:https://tau.net/Tau Language:https://tau.ai/tau-language/Research:https://tau.net/Theories-and-Applications-of-Boolean-Algebras-0.29.pdfTOC:1. Machine Learning Foundations and Limitations [00:00:00] 1.1 Fundamental Limitations of Machine Learning and PAC Learning Theory [00:04:50] 1.2 Transductive Learning and the Three Curses of Machine Learning [00:08:57] 1.3 Language, Reality, and AI System Design [00:12:58] 1.4 Program Synthesis and Formal Verification Approaches2. Logical Programming Architecture [00:31:55] 2.1 Safe AI Development Requirements [00:32:05] 2.2 Self-Referential Language Architecture [00:32:50] 2.3 Boolean Algebra and Logical Foundations [00:37:52] 2.4 SAT Solvers and Complexity Challenges [00:44:30] 2.5 Program Synthesis and Specification [00:47:39] 2.6 Overcoming Tarski's Undefinability with Boolean Algebra [00:56:05] 2.7 Tau Language Implementation and User Control3. Blockchain-Based Software Governance [01:09:10] 3.1 User Control and Software Governance Mechanisms [01:18:27] 3.2 Tau's Blockchain Architecture and Meta-Programming Capabilities [01:21:43] 3.3 Development Status and Token Implementation [01:24:52] 3.4 Consensus Building and Opinion Mapping System [01:35:29] 3.5 Automation and Financial ApplicationsCORE REFS (more in pinned comment):[00:03:45] PAC (Probably Approximately Correct) Learning framework, Leslie Valianthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probably_approximately_correct_learning[00:06:10] Boolean Satisfiability Problem (SAT), Varioushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_satisfiability_problem[00:13:55] Knowledge as Justified True Belief (JTB), Matthias Steuphttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/[00:17:50] Wittgenstein's concept of the limits of language, Ludwig Wittgensteinhttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wittgenstein/[00:21:25] Boolean algebras, Ohad Osorhttps://tau.net/tau-language-research/[00:26:10] The Halting Problemhttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-machine/#HaltProb[00:30:25] Alfred Tarski (1901-1983), Mario Gómez-Torrentehttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/tarski/[00:41:50] DPLLhttps://www.cs.princeton.edu/~zkincaid/courses/fall18/readings/SATHandbook-CDCL.pdf[00:49:50] Tarski's undefinability theorem (1936), Alfred Tarskihttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/tarski-truth/[00:51:45] Boolean Algebra mathematical foundations, J. Donald Monkhttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boolalg-math/[01:02:35] Belief Revision Theory and AGM Postulates, Sven Ove Hanssonhttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-belief-revision/[01:05:35] Quantifier elimination in atomless boolean algebra, H. Jerome Keislerhttps://people.math.wisc.edu/~hkeisler/random.pdf[01:08:35] Quantifier elimination in Tau language specification, Ohad Asorhttps://tau.ai/Theories-and-Applications-of-Boolean-Algebras-0.29.pdf[01:11:50] Tau Net blockchain platformhttps://tau.net/[01:19:20] Tau blockchain's innovative approach treating blockchain code itself as a contracthttps://tau.net/Whitepaper.pdf

John Palazza from CentML joins us in this sponsored interview to discuss the critical importance of infrastructure optimization in the age of Large Language Models and Generative AI. We explore how enterprises can transition from the innovation phase to production and scale, highlighting the significance of efficient GPU utilization and cost management. The conversation covers the open-source versus proprietary model debate, the rise of AI agents, and the need for platform independence to avoid vendor lock-in, as well as emerging trends in AI infrastructure and the pivotal role of strategic partnerships.

SPONSOR MESSAGES:

***

CentML offers competitive pricing for GenAI model deployment, with flexible options to suit a wide range of models, from small to large-scale deployments. Check out their super fast DeepSeek R1 hosting!

https://centml.ai/pricing/

Tufa AI Labs is a brand new research lab in Zurich started by Benjamin Crouzier focussed on o-series style reasoning and AGI. They are hiring a Chief Engineer and ML engineers. Events in Zurich.

Goto https://tufalabs.ai/

***

TRANSCRIPT:

https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/dnjsygrgdgq5ng5fdlfjg/JOHNPALAZZA.pdf?rlkey=hl9wyydi9mj077rbg5acdmo3a&dl=0

John Palazza:

Vice President of Global Sales @ CentML

https://www.linkedin.com/in/john-p-b34655/

TOC:

1. Enterprise AI Organization and Strategy

[00:00:00] 1.1 Organizational Structure and ML Ownership

[00:02:59] 1.2 Infrastructure Efficiency and GPU Utilization

[00:07:59] 1.3 Platform Centralization vs Team Autonomy

[00:11:32] 1.4 Enterprise AI Adoption Strategy and Leadership

2. MLOps Infrastructure and Resource Management

[00:15:08] 2.1 Technology Evolution and Enterprise Integration

[00:19:10] 2.2 Enterprise MLOps Platform Development

[00:22:15] 2.3 AI Interface Evolution and Agent-Based Solutions

[00:25:47] 2.4 CentML's Infrastructure Solutions

[00:30:00] 2.5 Workload Abstraction and Resource Allocation

3. LLM Infrastructure Optimization and Independence

[00:33:10] 3.1 GPU Optimization and Cost Efficiency

[00:36:47] 3.2 AI Efficiency and Innovation Challenges

[00:41:40] 3.3 Cloud Provider Strategy and Infrastructure Control

[00:46:52] 3.4 Platform Independence and Vendor Lock-in

[00:50:53] 3.5 Technical Innovation and Growth Strategy

REFS:

[00:01:25] Apple Acquires GraphLab, Apple Inc.

https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/05/apple-acquires-turi-a-machine-learning-company/

[00:03:50] Bain Tech Report 2024, Gartner

https://www.bain.com/insights/topics/technology-report/

[00:04:50] PaaS vs IaaS Efficiency, Gartner

https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2024-11-19-gartner-forecasts-worldwide-public-cloud-end-user-spending-to-total-723-billion-dollars-in-2025

[00:14:55] Fashion Quote, Oscar Wilde

https://www.amazon.com/Complete-Works-Oscar-Wilde-Collins/dp/0007144369

[00:15:30] PointCast Network, PointCast Inc.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_technology

[00:18:05] AI Bain Report, Bain & Company

https://www.bain.com/insights/how-generative-ai-changes-the-game-in-tech-services-tech-report-2024/

[00:20:40] Uber Michelangelo, Uber Engineering Team

https://www.uber.com/en-SE/blog/michelangelo-machine-learning-platform/

[00:20:50] Algorithmia Acquisition, DataRobot

https://www.datarobot.com/newsroom/press/datarobot-is-acquiring-algorithmia-enhancing-leading-mlops-architecture-for-the-enterprise/

[00:22:55] Fine Tuning vs RAG, Heydar Soudani, Evangelos Kanoulas & Faegheh Hasibi.

https://arxiv.org/html/2403.01432v2

[00:24:40] LLM Agent Survey, Lei Wang et al.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.11432

[00:26:30] CentML CServe, CentML

https://docs.centml.ai/apps/llm

[00:29:15] CentML Snowflake, Snowflake

https://www.snowflake.com/en/engineering-blog/optimize-llms-with-llama-snowflake-ai-stack/

[00:30:15] NVIDIA H100 GPU, NVIDIA

https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/h100/

[00:33:25] CentML\'s 60% savings, CentML

https://centml.ai/platform/

Federico Barbero (DeepMind/Oxford) is the lead author of "Transformers Need Glasses!".

Have you ever wondered why LLMs struggle with seemingly simple tasks like counting or copying long strings of text? We break down the theoretical reasons behind these failures, revealing architectural bottlenecks and the challenges of maintaining information fidelity across extended contexts.

Federico explains how these issues are rooted in the transformer's design, drawing parallels to over-squashing in graph neural networks and detailing how the softmax function limits sharp decision-making.

But it's not all bad news! Discover practical "glasses" that can help transformers see more clearly, from simple input modifications to architectural tweaks.

SPONSOR MESSAGES:

***

CentML offers competitive pricing for GenAI model deployment, with flexible options to suit a wide range of models, from small to large-scale deployments. Check out their super fast DeepSeek R1 hosting!

https://centml.ai/pricing/

Tufa AI Labs is a brand new research lab in Zurich started by Benjamin Crouzier focussed on o-series style reasoning and AGI. They are hiring a Chief Engineer and ML engineers. Events in Zurich.

Goto https://tufalabs.ai/

***

https://federicobarbero.com/

TRANSCRIPT + RESEARCH:

https://www.dropbox.com/s/h7ys83ztwktqjje/Federico.pdf?dl=0

TOC:

1. Transformer Limitations: Token Detection & Representation

[00:00:00] 1.1 Transformers fail at single token detection

[00:02:45] 1.2 Representation collapse in transformers

[00:03:21] 1.3 Experiment: LLMs fail at copying last tokens

[00:18:00] 1.4 Attention sharpness limitations in transformers

2. Transformer Limitations: Information Flow & Quantization

[00:18:50] 2.1 Unidirectional information mixing

[00:18:50] 2.2 Unidirectional information flow towards sequence beginning in transformers

[00:21:50] 2.3 Diagonal attention heads as expensive no-ops in LAMA/Gemma

[00:27:14] 2.4 Sequence entropy affects transformer model distinguishability

[00:30:36] 2.5 Quantization limitations lead to information loss & representational collapse

[00:38:34] 2.6 LLMs use subitizing as opposed to counting algorithms

3. Transformers and the Nature of Reasoning

[00:40:30] 3.1 Turing completeness conditions in transformers

[00:43:23] 3.2 Transformers struggle with sequential tasks

[00:45:50] 3.3 Windowed attention as solution to information compression

[00:51:04] 3.4 Chess engines: mechanical computation vs creative reasoning

[01:00:35] 3.5 Epistemic foraging introduced

REFS:

[00:01:05] Transformers Need Glasses!, Barbero et al.

https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/file/b1d35561c4a4a0e0b6012b2af531e149-Paper-Conference.pdf

[00:05:30] Softmax is Not Enough, Veličković et al.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.01104

[00:11:30] Adv Alg Lecture 15, Chawla

https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~shuchi/courses/787-F09/scribe-notes/lec15.pdf

[00:15:05] Graph Attention Networks, Veličković

https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.10903

[00:19:15] Extract Training Data, Carlini et al.

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.17035

[00:31:30] 1-bit LLMs, Ma et al.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.17764

[00:38:35] LLMs Solve Math, Nikankin et al.

https://arxiv.org/html/2410.21272v1

[00:38:45] Subitizing, Railo

https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_578

[00:43:25] NN & Chomsky Hierarchy, Delétang et al.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.02098

[00:51:05] Measure of Intelligence, Chollet

https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01547

[00:52:10] AlphaZero, Silver et al.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30523106/

[00:55:10] Golden Gate Claude, Anthropic

https://www.anthropic.com/news/golden-gate-claude

[00:56:40] Chess Positions, Chase & Simon

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0010028573900042

[01:00:35] Epistemic Foraging, Friston

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computational-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncom.2016.00056/full

We speak with Sakana AI, who are building nature-inspired methods that could fundamentally transform how we develop AI systems.

The guests include Chris Lu, a researcher who recently completed his DPhil at Oxford University under Prof. Jakob Foerster's supervision, where he focused on meta-learning and multi-agent systems. Chris is the first author of the DiscoPOP paper, which demonstrates how language models can discover and design better training algorithms. Also joining is Robert Tjarko Lange, a founding member of Sakana AI who specializes in evolutionary algorithms and large language models. Robert leads research at the intersection of evolutionary computation and foundation models, and is completing his PhD at TU Berlin on evolutionary meta-learning. The discussion also features Cong Lu, currently a Research Scientist at Google DeepMind's Open-Endedness team, who previously helped develop The AI Scientist and Intelligent Go-Explore.

SPONSOR MESSAGES:

***

CentML offers competitive pricing for GenAI model deployment, with flexible options to suit a wide range of models, from small to large-scale deployments. Check out their super fast DeepSeek R1 hosting!

https://centml.ai/pricing/

Tufa AI Labs is a brand new research lab in Zurich started by Benjamin Crouzier focussed on o-series style reasoning and AGI. They are hiring a Chief Engineer and ML engineers. Events in Zurich.

Goto https://tufalabs.ai/

***

* DiscoPOP - A framework where language models discover their own optimization algorithms

* EvoLLM - Using language models as evolution strategies for optimization

The AI Scientist - A fully automated system that conducts scientific research end-to-end

* Neural Attention Memory Models (NAMMs) - Evolved memory systems that make transformers both faster and more accurate

TRANSCRIPT + REFS:

https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gflcyvnujp8cl7zlv3v9d/Sakana.pdf?rlkey=woaoo82943170jd4yyi2he71c&dl=0

Robert Tjarko Lange

https://roberttlange.com/

Chris Lu

https://chrislu.page/

Cong Lu

https://www.conglu.co.uk/

Sakana

https://sakana.ai/blog/

TOC:

1. LLMs for Algorithm Generation and Optimization

[00:00:00] 1.1 LLMs generating algorithms for training other LLMs

[00:04:00] 1.2 Evolutionary black-box optim using neural network loss parameterization

[00:11:50] 1.3 DiscoPOP: Non-convex loss function for noisy data

[00:20:45] 1.4 External entropy Injection for preventing Model collapse

[00:26:25] 1.5 LLMs for black-box optimization using abstract numerical sequences

2. Model Learning and Generalization

[00:31:05] 2.1 Fine-tuning on teacher algorithm trajectories

[00:31:30] 2.2 Transformers learning gradient descent

[00:33:00] 2.3 LLM tokenization biases towards specific numbers

[00:34:50] 2.4 LLMs as evolution strategies for black box optimization

[00:38:05] 2.5 DiscoPOP: LLMs discovering novel optimization algorithms

3. AI Agents and System Architectures

[00:51:30] 3.1 ARC challenge: Induction vs. transformer approaches

[00:54:35] 3.2 LangChain / modular agent components

[00:57:50] 3.3 Debate improves LLM truthfulness

[01:00:55] 3.4 Time limits controlling AI agent systems

[01:03:00] 3.5 Gemini: Million-token context enables flatter hierarchies

[01:04:05] 3.6 Agents follow own interest gradients

[01:09:50] 3.7 Go-Explore algorithm: archive-based exploration

[01:11:05] 3.8 Foundation models for interesting state discovery

[01:13:00] 3.9 LLMs leverage prior game knowledge

4. AI for Scientific Discovery and Human Alignment

[01:17:45] 4.1 Encoding Alignment & Aesthetics via Reward Functions

[01:20:00] 4.2 AI Scientist: Automated Open-Ended Scientific Discovery

[01:24:15] 4.3 DiscoPOP: LLM for Preference Optimization Algorithms

[01:28:30] 4.4 Balancing AI Knowledge with Human Understanding

[01:33:55] 4.5 AI-Driven Conferences and Paper Review