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There is 和 there are 是 there be句型 的现在时,表示某人事物的存在,“有……”。
There is 用于单数(可数)名词和不可数名词。
There are 用于复数(可数)名词。
办公室里有五个人。—>
There are five people in the office.
客厅里有一台电视。—>
There's a television in the living room.
冰箱里有一些牛奶。—>
There's some milk in the fridge.
关于some
复数可数名词,可以用准确的数量,也可以用some表示不准确知道的数量:
There are five people in the office. 办公室里有五个人。
There are some people in the office. 办公室里有一些人。
不可数名词,也常搭配some:
There's some milk in the fridge. 冰箱里有一些牛奶。
There's some money in my wallet. 我的钱包里有一些钱。
单数可数名词,不能搭配some,可搭配a/an,the或者限定词等:
There's a woman in the shop. 商店里有一个女人。
There's the woman who works in the hospital. 有一个在医院工作的女人。
There's my sister in the photo. 照片里有我妹妹(姐姐)。
什么时候不用冠词?
- 泛指某一类人、事、物时,复数的可数名词以及不可数名词前面不需要冠词:
Cats are beautiful animals.
猫是很漂亮的动物。[泛指所有猫]
British people are often polite.
英国人通常很有礼貌。[泛指英国人]
Tea is good for you.
茶对你(身体)有益。[泛指茶]
相应地,特指具体某人、事、物时,要用冠词the:
Cats are beautiful animals. The cats who live next door are Siamese.
Siamese 暹罗的
猫是很漂亮的动物。住在隔壁的猫是暹罗猫。[The cats特指的是住在隔壁的猫,而不是所有的猫]
British people are often polite. The British people I know are very reserved.
reserved 内敛的,矜持的,含蓄的
英国人通常很有礼貌。我认识的英国人很矜持内敛。[The British people特指我认识的英国人,而不是所有英国人]
Books are so important in my life.
书在我的生活中是如此重要。[books泛指所有书]
The books were all over the floor.
地板上到处都是书。[the books特指我和对方都知道的那些书]
- 限定词(my/your/his/her, this/that, any, some)前面不用冠词:
I love my job. 我爱我的工作。
X I love the my job.
Does she want this book? 她想要这本书吗?
X Does she want the this book?
- 习惯搭配
go to bed
I always go to bed at eleven o'clock.
我总是在十一点睡觉。
X I always go to the bed …
go to work
They go to work at 8 am every morning.
他们每天早上8点去上班。
X They go to the work …
(be) at school
(be) at the school
When I was at school, we didn't have computers.
我上学的时候,我们没有电脑。[at school指的是作为学生,在学校……]
When I was at the school …
当我在学校的时候……[at the school指的是在学校的建筑里……]
(be) in hospital
(be) in the hospital
She didn't want to be in hospital but she was too ill to go home.
too...to... 太……而不能……
ill 生病的,有病的
她不想住院,但她病得太重,不能回家。[in hospital指的是作为患者,住在医院里……]
She didn't want to be in the hospital … (in the hospital means being in the building)
她不想待在医院……[in the hospital指的是在医院楼里……]
定冠词
the definite article(definite 确定的,肯定的,明确的)
the
所有名词前面都可以用定冠词the。
什么时候用定冠词?
- 对话双方、听者、读者已经知道的事物或人,通常前面已经提到过的事物或人
I live in a small town. The town is near a large city.
我住在一个小镇上。这个城镇靠近一个大城市。
- 特定的事物或人
I like getting presents. 我喜欢收到礼物。
The presents [that] I received for my birthday were fantastic. 我收到的生日礼物特别棒。
- 自然界、宇宙里众所周知的存在
the sun 太阳
the earth 地球
the moon 月亮
the stars 星星
- 国家名是复数时
The People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
The United Kingdom 英国(联合王国)
The United States of America 美利坚合众国
其他国家名不用冠词 Canada(加拿大),Australia(澳大利亚),France(法国)等等。
一些山脉、河流湖泊、岛、沙漠、海洋的名称前面会用the。
- 用于某些名词前,表示泛指一类地方
Let's go to the movies this evening. 我们今晚去看电影吧。
- 用在单数名词前,指该类事物或人
I don't buy the newspaper these days. It's free on the Internet. 现在我不买报纸了,在网上是免费的。
The 还会用在形容词或副词最高级前面,序数词(first, second, third…)前面,还有形容词前面等很多情景。
article(s) 冠词;文章,报道
不定冠词 a / an 一(个)
定冠词 the
不定冠词
indefinite articles(indefinite 不确定的,不清楚的)
a / an
1. 用在单数的可数名词前面,常常是第一次提到这个名词时:
I live in a small town. 我住在一个小镇上。
Take an umbrella when you go out – it's raining. 你出去的时候带把伞——下雨了。
2. 谈到职业(工作)时,需要用不定冠词a/an:
She's a teacher.她是(个)老师。
She's an architect. 她是(个)建筑师。(architect 建筑师)
什么时候用 a 什么时候用 an?
- 辅音开头的名词前面用a
a teacher
a bag
a school
- 元音开头的名词前面用an
an apple
an engineer 一个工程师
an architect 一个建筑师
注意!
有些词是e或u开头,看起来是元音,但发音是 /ju/,需要用a:
a Euro 一欧元(euro 欧元€)
a European country 一个欧洲国家(European 欧洲的)
a university 一个大学
有些词是不发音的h开头,需要用an:
an hour 一(个)小时(hour 小时)
an honest person 一个诚实的人(honest诚实的,可信的)
an hono(u)r 一个荣誉(honour 荣誉,奖励,表彰)
如果h是发音的,就用a
a hotel 一家酒店
a hot day 一个大热天
语法规则
1. 单数的可数名词前面必须有冠词,可以是 a、an、the 或其他表示所属或者指示的限定词。
2. 不可数名词前面不能有a/an,比如,information信息,不能说 an information。
可数和不可数名词
前面第293~305课详细讲过
countable 可数的
count 动词,数,数数,计算
词尾-able 能……的,可……的
uncountable 不可数的
词头un- 表示否定,“不,无,反,非”
名词可以是可数的,不可数的,或是即可数又不可数。
Nouns can be countable, uncountable, or both countable and uncountable.
可数名词 countable nouns
只有可数名词才有单、复数形式。
one apple 单数
two apples 复数
注意!可数名词的单数前面一定一定要有冠词
an apple, my apple, the apple, this apple,等
X This is apple. 错
不可数名词 uncountable nouns
不可数名词没有复数形式。
- 概念的,抽象的
love爱情,happiness幸福,peace和平,advice建议,life生活,information信息,time时间,money金钱
- 材料和物质
paper纸,wood木头,bread面包
- 液体
water水,coffee 咖啡,tea 茶
即可数又不可数的名词 both countable and uncountable nouns
coffee
·咖啡,咖啡粉 [不可数]
Coffee is a popular drink. 咖啡是一种很受欢迎的饮品。
·一杯咖啡 = a cup of coffee [可数]
I'd like a coffee, please. 请给我一杯咖啡。
请给我两杯咖啡。—> I'd like two coffees, please.
请给我两杯咖啡和两杯茶。—> I'd like two coffees and two teas, please.
paper
·纸 [不可数]
a piece/sheet of paper 一张纸
a paper bag 纸袋(这里的a是bag的冠词!)
We produce paper in our factory. 我们工厂生产纸张。
·报纸,考卷,论文 [可数]
* papers 除了是“报纸,考卷,论文”的复数之外,还可以指“身份证件”
有的名词一直是复数形式,如:
trousers,glasses,clothes
英语中有些来自于拉丁语和希腊语的词,既可以使用英语的复数变化规则(+s +es),也可以按照原来拉丁语希腊语的变化规则:
One cactus | Two cacti / cactuses(cactus 仙人掌)
One curriculum | Two curricula / curriculums(curriculum 课程)
One antenna | Two antennae / antennas(antenna 触角,触须,天线)
其他来自拉丁语和希腊语的单词只能使用原来的复数变化:
One analysis | Two analyses(analysis 分析)
One vertebra | Two vertebrae(vertebra 脊椎)
One stimulus | Two stimuli(stimulus 刺激,激励,促进 )
不规则(变形)的名词
One man | Two men
One woman | Two women
One child | Two children
One person | Two people
One foot | Two feet
One tooth | Two teeth
One mouse | Two mice
One ox | Two oxen(ox 公牛)
有些名词的单数和复数相同:
One sheep | Two sheep
One series | Two series(series 电视或广播的系列节目)
noun(s) 名词
规则(变形)的名词(regular nouns)
大多数名词,后面直接加s
One dog | Two dogs
One cat | Two cats
One book | Two books
-s,-ss,-sh,-ch,-tch,-x,-z结尾的名词加es
One bus | Two buses
One boss | Two bosses
One leash | Two leashes(leash 牵动物的链子,绳索)
One church | Two churches(church 教堂)
One match | Two matches(match 比赛)
One box | Two boxes
One quiz | Two quizzes(quiz 问答比赛,测验)
-y结尾的名词有两种变复数的形式
1. 元音 + y 直接加s
One key | Two keys
One boy | Two boys
2. 辅音 + y 把y变成 i 再加es
One baby | Two babies
One study | Two studies(study 书房)
-fe结尾的名词,变成-ves
One knife | Two knives
One wife | Two wives
One life | Two lives(life 生命)
大多数-f结尾的名词,变成-ves
One leaf | Two leaves
One wolf | Two wolves
One thief | Two thieves(thief 小偷,贼)
有些-f结尾的名词,既可以直接加s,也可以变成-ves
One scarf | Two scarfs / Two scarves(scarf 围巾,披巾,头巾)
大多数-o结尾的名词,后面直接加s
One zoo | Two zoos
One memo | Two memos(memo 备忘录,备忘便条)
有些-o结尾的名词,加es
One potato | Two potatoes
One tomato | Two tomatoes
One hero | Two heroes(hero 英雄)
一般现在时的疑问句(questions)
I, you, we, they 用助动词 do,第三人称单数he, she, it 用助动词does。
语序
[疑问词] + 助动词 + 人称 + 动词(原形)
Where do you live? 你住在哪儿?
Where does he/she live?
Where do they live?
What do you do? 你是做什么(工作)的?
What does he/she do?
What do they do?
Why do you argue all the time? 为什么你(们)总是吵架?(argue 动词,争论,争吵,争辩,辩论,论证;all the time 总是,一直)
Why does he/she argue all the time?
Why do they argue all the time?
Do you live here?
Does he/she live here?
Do they live here?
简短回答(short answers)
- Do you live here?
- Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
- Does he/she speak English? 他/她说英语吗?
- Yes, he/she does. / No, he/she doesn't.
- Do we take this train? 我们坐这趟火车/列车吗?
- Yes, we do. / No, we don't.
- Do I sign here? 我签在这里吗?(sign 动词,签名,签字)
- Yes, you do./ No, you don't.
一般现在时的否定形式(negative form)
先来说肯定句:
live 动词,生活,居住
I live here. 我住在这里。
You live here.
He lives here.
She lives here.
It lives here.
We live here.
They live here.
一般现在时的否定形式
用助动词don't,第三人称单数(he, she, it)用doesn't,后面加动词原形。
把上面的句子变成否定句:
I don't live here.
You don't live here.
He doesn't live here.
She doesn't live here.
It doesn't live here.
We don't live here.
They don't live here.
请大家练习:
I live in...(我住在……)后面加上你所在的地方,然后变化各种人称,然后再都变成否定句。注意第三人称单数的变化。
下面是有错误的句子,哪里错了呢?
X ①He live in London. X
X ②He does live in London. X
X ③He don't live here. X
X ④He doesn't lives in London. X
正确句子:
①He lives in London.
②He lives in London.
③He doesn't live here.
④He doesn't live in London.
一般现在时
the present simple tense
present 现在,目前
tense(动词)时态
present tense 现在时态
simple 简单的
当表达客观事实、真实情况、日常习惯时,使用 the present simple tense(一般现在时)。
In England it often snows in winter.
在英格兰,冬天常常下雪。[客观事实a fact]
I live in London
我住在伦敦。[真实情况true]
Oscar eats cereal for breakfast (routine or habit)
奥斯卡早餐吃麦片。[日常习惯habit]
cereal 麦片,谷类食物
注意
第三人称单数he,she,it后的动词要加s或es或ies:
-ss, -sh, -ch, -tch结尾的动词后加es,如:I teach / (s)he teaches, I wish / (s)he wishes
-y结尾的动词变为ies,如:I study / (s)he studies
curling 冰壶(运动)
I play curling
You play curling
He / She plays curling
We play curling
They play curling
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