ago 以前，从前

之前的例句

Dinosaurs lived millions of years ago. 恐龙生活在数百万年前。

I spoke to Oscar just a minute ago. 我刚和奥斯卡说过话。（spoke 的原形是 speak）

Five years ago I broke my leg.

五年前我摔断了腿。

broke 的原形是 break

She had a baby a month ago.

一个月前她生了孩子。

had 的原形是 have

a week ago 一周前

two weeks ago 两周前

……

* “昨天”不说a day ago，而是说 yesterday

last 上一次的，上一个的，最后的，最终的

Last week I went to London.

上个星期我去了伦敦。

Last year I visited the USA.

去年我去（访问）了美国。

visited 的原形是 visit 参观，访问，拜访，做客

last month 上个月

last night 昨晚

in the last century 在上个世纪（century 世纪，一百年）

……

in

She was born in the last century.

她出生于上个世纪。

(be) born in 出生于……

in the 1970s/1980s/1990s... 在20世纪70/80/90年代……

In the 1970s disco music was very popular.

20世纪70年代，迪斯科音乐非常流行。

in those days 在那些日子里，在那些天里

In those days, there weren't many cars on the roads.

在那些日子里，路上的汽车不多。

一般过去时的否定句（negatives）
使用 didn't (did not) + 动词原形

（过去的某个时间）我工作 I worked —> 改否定

I didn't work.

You didn't work.
He / She / It didn't work.
We didn't work.
They didn't work.

I did not work.
You did not work.
He / She / It did not work.
We did not work.
They did not work.

疑问句（questions）
使用 did + 主语 + 动词原形

Did you work?
Did he / she / it work?
Did we work?
Did they work?
Did I work?

练习
I lived in the UK last year. 

改成疑问句 —>
Did you live in the UK last year?
改变人称 —>
Did he / she live in the UK last year?
Did they live in the UK last year?

简短回答（short answers）
Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.
Yes, you did. / No, you didn't.
Yes, he/she/it did. / No, he/she/it didn't.
Yes, we did. / No, we didn't.
Yes, they did. / No, they didn't.

不规则动词 irregular verbs
irregular 不规则的，不规律的，不规则变化的
表示否定的词头-ir + regular 规则的，规律的
规则动词 regular verbs

be - was [单数] / were [复数] 
become - became 变成，成为，变得
begin - began 开始
break - broke 破碎，打破，弄坏
bring - brought 拿来，带来
buy - bought 买，购买
catch - caught 抓住，接住
choose - chose 选择，挑选
come - came 来，过来
cost - cost 价格为，要花费
do - did 做
drink - drank 喝
drive - drove 开（车），驾驶
eat - ate 吃
fall - fell 跌倒，跌落，降落
feel - felt 感觉，觉得
find - found 发现，找到
fly - flew 飞，飞行
forget - forgot 忘记，遗忘
have - had 有，拥有
hear - heard 听见，听到
get - got 获得，得到
give - gave 给，送给，提供
go - went 去，走
know - knew 知道，认识，了解
learn - learnt / learned 学习，学会，记住
leave - left 离开，留下，剩下
lose - lost 丢失，失去
make - made 做，制作，制造
meet - met 会面，遇见
pay - paid 支付，花钱
put - put 放，放置
read - read (/red/) 阅读，看懂
ring - rang 打电话，响起铃声
run - ran 跑步，奔跑
say - said 说，讲
see - saw 看，看见，看出
sell - sold 卖，出售
send - sent 送，发送，寄
sit - sat 坐，坐下，就坐
sing - sang 唱歌
sleep - slept 睡觉
speak - spoke 说，讲，说话
spend - spent 花费，用
take - took 拿，拿走
teach - taught 教，教授
tell - told 告诉，说
think - thought 想，觉得，认为
understand - understood 明白，理解，懂得
wake up - woke up 醒来
wear - wore 穿（衣服），戴（首饰帽子手套等）
win - won 赢，赢得，获胜
write - wrote 写，写字，写信

规则动词过去式的发音有三种：/t/ 和 /d/ 和 /id/

worked （发/t/音) 
lived（发/d/音）
admitted（发/id/音）

怎么判断变过去式时应该如何发音呢？
根据动词原形结尾的发音判断变过去式该发哪个音。

发 /id/ 音

结尾发音是 /d/ 和 /t/ 的动词，例：

decide - decided 决定
end - ended 结束，停止，告终
land - landed 着陆，降落，落地
start - started 开始，开始营业，创办
visit - visited 参观，拜访
wait - waited 等待，等候
hate - hated 讨厌，厌恶

发 /t/ 音

结尾发音是清辅音（/t/除外）的动词，例：
pick - picked 挑选，选择，采，摘
hop - hopped 单腿跳，快速地跳上、跳下
laugh - laughed 笑，大笑
cross - crossed 越过，横穿，穿越
push - pushed 推，推动，推挤
watch - watched 观看，注视

发 /d/ 音
结尾发音是浊辅音（/d/除外）和所有的元音的动词，例：

live - lived 生活，活着，居住
plan - planned 计划，打算，规划 
smile - smiled 微笑，笑 
judge - judged 判断，断定，评论 
sneeze - sneezed 打喷嚏 
cry - cried 哭，流泪 
try - tried 努力，尝试 
hurry - hurried 加快，催促，匆忙 
weigh - weighed 称重量，有……重 

动词的过去式不随人称或单复数变化：
I lived
You lived
He / she / it lived
We lived
They lived

规则变化的动词，动词原形后面加 -d 或 -ed 变成过去式。
单词本身e结尾，就加-d，不是e结尾，就加-ed：
live - lived

work - worked

I worked
you worked
he / she / it worked
we worked
they worked

其他变化

如果动词结尾是一个元音加一个辅音，双写最后的辅音再加-ed：
stop - stopped 停止，中断（The bus stopped suddenly. 公共汽车突然停下来。）
plan - planned 计划，打算，规划（Who planned this trip? 谁计划的这次旅行？）
hug - hugged 拥抱
ship - shipped 运输，运送
admit - admitted 承认

如果动词结尾是一个辅音加-y，把 -y 变成 -i 再加-ed：
study - studied (study一般现在时第三人称单数studies)
hurry - hurried 加快，催促，匆忙
carry - carried 背，抱，扛，抬，运送，输送，传输，携带，带有，带着

在英国英语里，如果动词结尾是一个元音加一个l，双写l再加-ed：
*美国英语不双写l
travel - travelled[英]/traveled[美] 旅行，旅游，游历
cancel - cancelled[英]/canceled[美] 取消，注销

一般过去时
the past simple tense 
= the simple past tense
past tense 过去时
tense（动词）时态
past 形容词，过去的，以前的，过去式（时）的
simple 简单的

I live in the UK. [一般现在时]
我住在英国。
Last year I lived in France. [一般过去时]
去年我住在法国。
lived 是 live 的过去式，live 生活，居住

I lived in France when I was a child.
我小时候住在法国。

一般过去时常搭配表示时间的词，比如 last year，when I was a child，ago（以前，从前）。

dinosaur(s) 恐龙
Dinosaurs lived millions of years ago.
恐龙生活在数百万年前。
million 百万，100万
millions of 几百万，数百万
millions of years 几百万年，数百万年
millions of years ago 几百万年前，数百年万年前

I spoke to Oscar just a minute ago.
我刚和奥斯卡说过话。（最近的过去）
spoke 是 speak 的过去时，speak 说，说话，讲话
just a minute ago 就在一分钟前，刚刚，刚才

也可以没有表示时间的词：
I got up early and then had a coffee.
我起得很早，然后喝了杯咖啡。
got 是 get 的过去式
had 是 have 的过去式

情态助动词can的使用规则

Can 没有任何变形，主语是第三人称单数（he/she/it）也不会变化。

Can I have the menu? 能给我菜单吗？
Can you pass me the newspaper? 你能把报纸递给我吗？
Can she sit next to me? 她能坐在我旁边吗？
Can we pay you now? 我们可以现在付钱给你吗？
Can they use the VIP lounge? 他们可以使用贵宾休息室吗？（VIP lounge 贵宾休息室，lounge 休息厅，等候室）

Can后面跟动词原形。
Can I have the menu?
Can you pass me the newspaper?
Can she sit next to me?
I can hear you.

疑问句直接把can提前，放主语前面，不需要用do或does。

简短回答
Yes, you can / No, you can't
Yes, s/he can / No, s/he can't
Yes, they can / No, they can't

否定形式是can't，不需要用don't或doesn't。

I can't believe you said that! 
我不敢相信你那么说！
said 是 say 的过去式，say 说，讲

Can't的完整形式是cannot，在正式语境或想强调某事时用cannot。
I cannot understand why she behaves like that.
我不明白她为什么那样做。
behave 表现，行事
like that 那样地（的）

Can还可以表示一般性事实。

Exercise can help reduce stress.

运动可以帮助减轻压力。

exercise 运动，锻炼

help 动词，帮助（help的这个意思后面的动词是原形，如果help后面的动词是动名词形式doing时，help意思是忍不住，禁不住）

reduce stress 减轻压力

reduce 动词，减轻，减小，减少，降低，缩小

stress 紧张，压力

Reducing cholesterol through diet can be difficult. 

通过饮食降低胆固醇可能很困难。

cholesterol 胆固醇

reducing 原形是 reduce 

through 通过

diet 饮食

句子结构 [Reducing cholesterol | through diet] can be difficult.

Can 还可以表示可能性。

Smoking can cause cancer.

吸烟可能会导致癌症。

cause 导致，造成，使（不好的事情）发生

cancer 癌症

Noise can be quite a problem when you're living in a flat.

住公寓噪音会很成问题。

noise 噪音，噪声，喧闹声

(be) quite a problem 很是问题（quite是程度副词，quite a + something [强调某事的程度或数量]很……，挺……）

noise can be a problem 噪音会是个问题

noise can be quite a problem 噪音会很是个问题/会很成问题

flat 公寓，单元房

can 也可以用来表示质疑可能性：

比如，朋友说ta正在节食 on a diet

(be) on a diet 节食，控制饮食（diet 名词，节食，控制饮食，饮食；也作动词，节食；还作形容词，（食物或饮品）健康的，低脂的，低糖的，diet cola 健怡可乐）

朋友说节食但却买了好多巧克力，我就说：

Well, how can you be on a diet if you buy so much chocolate? 

嗯，如果你买这么多巧克力，你怎么能节食呢？

well（常用来表示不太同意、惊讶、怀疑、生气，或继续前面讲的）啊，那么，好吧，哎呀……

well, how can you + 动词 你怎么能……

Can 还可以用来表示具有某种能力，能……，会……

Can you drive? 

你会开车吗？

Can you swim? 

你会游泳吗？

I can sing one song in French. 我能用法语唱一首歌。

Can 常会和感知动词和表示心理过程的动词搭配，如：

hear 听见、听到，see 看见，看到，smell 闻到，taste 尝，品尝……的味道

guess 猜，猜测，imagine 想象、设想，picture 想象、设想，understand 明白、理解

I can hear you.

我能听到你说话。

I can see her coming down the road now.

我可以看到她现在正沿着这条路走来。

Can you smell something burning?

你能闻到烧焦的味道吗？

burning 形容词，烧着的，燃烧的

I can guess why you're angry.

我能猜出你为什么生气。