be able to
能够（做某事）

Be able to 比 can 更加正式一些。 
Be 跟着主语变化，如 I'm able to，you're able to，he's able to，she's able to...

I am able to attend the meeting.
I'm able to attend the meeting.
我能够参加会议。
attend the meeting 参加会议
attend 参加，出席，到场

You are able to leave the country without a passport.
You're able to leave the country without a passport.
你可以在没有护照的情况下离开这个国家。
without 没有，无，缺少

He is able to drive a car.
他会开车。
He's able to drive a car.

She is able to read without glasses.
She's able to read without glasses.
她不戴眼镜就能看书。

We are able to buy a new house.
We're able to buy a new house.
我们能买个新房子。

They are able to walk very far.
They're able to walk very far.
他们能走很远。

ability

能力，才能，才智

前面讲过 can 可以表示能力：

I can drive = I know how to drive

Can 的语法规则：

I can drive.

You can drive.

He can drive.

She can drive.

We can drive.

They can drive.

否定形式是 cannot 或 can't：

*在正式语境或强调时用 cannot，一般就用 can't。

I cannot / can't drive.

You can't drive.

He can't drive.

……

疑问句把 can 放到主语前面：

Can you drive?

Can he drive?

……

简短回答：

Yes I can. / No I can't.

Yes he can. / No he can't.

小对话

A: Can she drive?

B: Yes she can. / No she can't.

Can 的过去式：

是 could，表示过去具备某个能力。

I could run fast when I was a child.

我小时候跑得很快。

否定形式是 couldn't：

I couldn't speak a foreign language when I was a child.

我小时候不会说外语。

foreign language 外语

foreign 外国的

language 语言

这节课学一下询问 duration 持续时间。
用 How long...? 询问持续时间。
谓语可以使用 be，也可以用 take。

1）使用 be
How long is the lesson? 这节课多长时间？
How long was your journey? 你的旅行有多长时间？

2）使用 take，需要助动词 do/does
How long does it take? 要花多长时间？
* 这句里it是形式主语
How long does it take to fly to Paris? 飞往巴黎需要多长时间？
How long did the journey take? 旅程花了多长时间？

当我们问别人做某事需要花多长时间，有三种句式：
① How long does it take you to … 你（们）需要多长时间……
② How long do you take to … 你（们）需要多长时间……
③ How long does it take to … 需要多长时……

你吃晚饭需要多长时间？
How long does it take you to eat dinner?
How long do you take to eat dinner? 
吃晚饭需要多长时间？
How long does it take to eat dinner?
*这句话问的是晚餐的持续时间，而不是问你吃晚餐需要花多长时间。

Frequency words 频率词

当别人问我们 how often...? 多久做一次什么的时候，比如：
How often do you go to the gym?
你多久去一次健身房？
How often do you play football?
你多久踢一次足球？

可以回答用：
once a week 一周一次
twice a week 一周两次
once a fortnight 两周一次 （fortnight = 2 weeks）
every day 每天
every two or three days 每两三天

还可以用表示频率的副词：
always 总是，每次都
often 经常，时常
usually 经常，通常
sometimes 有时候
from time to time 有时候，偶尔
hardly ever 几乎不
never 从不

I never go to the gym – I hate it! 
我从不去健身房，我讨厌健身房！
I go there from time to time. 
我偶尔去（那儿）。
I hardly ever go.
我几乎不去。

频率副词的位置
① 通常放在动词的前面；

如果频率词很长（像from time to time），放在该句子最后面。
② 放在be动词和其它助动词的后面。
He is never sad. 他从不伤心。

How often...? (frequency)
多久（一次）……？（频率）
How often do you play football?
你多久踢一次足球？

How long...? (duration)
多长时间……？（持续时间）
How long does it take?
需要多长时间？
How long does it take to fly from London to Paris?
从伦敦飞往巴黎需要多长时间？

How much...? (uncountable nouns)
多少……？（不可数名词）
How much does a ticket cost?
一张票多少钱？
cost 动词，价钱为，需花费

How many…? (countable nouns)
多少……？（可数名词)
How many brothers and sisters do you have?
你有多少兄弟姐妹？

What kind / What type (of)...?
什么类型……？
What kind of car do you drive?
你开什么车？

Which kind / which type (of)...?
哪种类型……？
Which type of sport do you play: team sports or individual sports?
你喜欢哪种运动：团体运动还是个人运动？
individual 个人的，个体的，单个的

疑问词 question words

带疑问词的疑问句语序：Question words（疑问词）+ 助动词 + 主语 + 动词

Where + do + you + live?
Why + do + you + want to study English?
Who + do + you + know at this party?
How + do + you + go to work?

关于 be
What time + is + it? [be作谓语]
What + are + you + doing? [现在进行时态 be doing]

Question words

What (for a thing, when there are many things)
什么（问某个东西/事情，用于有很多东西/事情时）
What is your name?
你叫什么名字？

Which (for a thing, when there aren't many things)
哪一个（也是问某个东西/事情，用于东西/事情不多时）
Which gym do you go to?
你去哪个健身房？
Which is your name? 
哪（一）个是你的名字？

Who (for a person)
谁（问人）
Who is your boss?
谁是你老板？

Where (for a place)
哪里，哪儿（问地方）
Where do you hang out at the weekends?
你周末都去哪里玩？
hang out 玩儿，闲逛
at the weekends 在所有周末，每个周末
（at the weekend 在特定某个周末）

Why (for a reason)
为什么（问原因）
Why do you hate your job?
你为什么讨厌你的工作？

When (for a time)
什么时候（问时间）
When is your birthday?
你的生日是什么时候？

How (for a method)
怎么，如何（问方法）
How do you learn English words?
你如何学习英语单词？

Whose (to ask about possession)
谁的（所有物，所有权）
Whose book is this?
这是谁的书？
这句话用上节课讲的 belong to 表达的话：
Who does this book belong to? 这本书是谁的？

谈谈拥有某个东西还能怎么表达：

own 动词，拥有
She owns a sports car.
她有一辆跑车。
I own a mountain bike.
我有一辆山地自行车。

own + 后缀-ner
owner 所有者，主人，物主

the dog's owner 狗的主人
the owner of this car 这辆车的主人
Are you the owner of this car? 你是这辆车的车主吗？

belong to 属于……
The red car belongs to Jack.
这辆红色的车是Jack的。

Who does this scarf belong to?
这条围巾是谁的？

物主代词（mine, yours, his, hers, theirs）
That book is mine.
那本书是我的。
Those keys are yours.
那些钥匙是你的。

关于 have 和 have got 的常见错误

1. I haven't any brothers or sisters.
这句话是错误的。
如果要用 have got，应改为：I haven't got any...
如果要用实义动词 have，应改为：I don't have any...

2. A: Have you got a new coat?
B: Yes, I have got.
B: Yes, I've.
B的回答应为：Yes, I have.
have got 的简短形是 have. 当回答 I have 时不能缩略为 I've.

3. Last week I had got a bad cold.
应改为：Last week I had a bad cold. 上周我得了重感冒。


's
表示“有，拥有”也使用 's ……的

Sarah's eyes are blue.
John and Jane's children are very tall.

关于 's
① 's 一般用于人，不用于物
John's car is big.

*如果是物，可以使用两个名词，或用 of（……的）

比如：“车窗”可以说 car windows 或 windows of the car

The car windows are dirty. 车窗很脏。
The windows of the car are dirty.
不说 The car's windows are dirty.

② 's用于单数名词或不规则变化的复数名词后面
my son's bedroom 儿子的卧室（一个儿子，一个卧室）
the women's football team 女子足球队

规则变化的复数后面，只用 '
my sons' bedroom 儿子们的卧室（两个或更多的儿子，一个卧室）
the girls' school 女孩子们的学校

③ 当说到两个的所拥有的人或物时，'s 放在第二个人的后面
John and Jane's children 

如果是过去时态表达“有，拥有”，不使用 have got，而是用（实义动词）have 的过去式 had。
Last year I had a lot more time.
去年我有更多的时间。
X不说 Last year I had got a lot more time.
 
除了“拥有某物”“有时间”，现在时态还有什么情况 have 和 have got 可以互换使用？
- 生（病）
She has the flu.
She has got the flu.(She's got the flu.)
她得了流感。
*flu是流感（普通感冒是cold）

- 必须要做的事情，责任，职责，义务 To talk about obligation
I have to study for the exam.
I've got to study for the exam.
我得复习准备考试了。

- 其他
have / have got 

... an idea
I have an idea. 
I've got an idea.
我有个主意/想法。

... a suggestion / proposal
suggestion 提议，建议
I have a suggestion.
I've got a suggestion. 
proposal 建议，计划，提案
I have a proposal.
I've got a proposal. 
我有个建议/提议/提案。

... a feeling that ...
I have a feeling that I'm not welcome.
I've got a feeling that I'm not welcome. 
我感觉到我不受欢迎。

... dark hair and black eyes 
I have dark hair and black eyes.
I've got dark hair and black eyes.
我有深色的头发和黑色的眼睛。

Have got 的疑问句

I have got = Have I got…?
You have got = Have you got…?
He / she has got = Has he / she got…?
We have got = Have we got…?

They have got = Have they got…?

Have I got time to go shopping before the film starts? 电影开始前我有时间去购物吗？
Have you got room in your bag for my phone? 你包里有地方放我的手机吗？
Has he got any children? 他有孩子吗？
Have we got a bottle of water for the car journey? 我们这趟自驾（汽车行程）有水吗？ 
Have they got a new car? 他们有新车吗？

简短回答（short answers）
Yes, I have / No, I haven't
Yes, you have / No, you haven't
Yes, he / she has / No, he / she hasn't
Yes, we have / No, we haven't
Yes, they have / No, they haven't