Glenn Kreisberg is a researcher, engineer, author of Spirits in Stone: The Secrets of Megalithic America and co-founder of The Overlook Mountain Center in Woodstock, New York. For this in-the-field episode, we visit a mysterious archaeological site, a mountainside covered in signs of ancient indigenous habitation, enigmatic cairns and serpentine walls. After a reading of early 19th-century accounts from the likes of Lewis & Clark about stone heaps and large stone worship in Native American culture, we begin an intriguing & controversial conversation about the differences in opinion of the origin of the mysterious stone structures dotted across the Hudson River Valley. Are they merely the remnants of colonial farm life? Are they much older Native American ceremonial landscapes? Do some have astrological alignments to the stars and solstices? And for what purpose were they made? After touring Overlook Mountain, we hike along a ragged ridge top to what appears to be a megalith perched upon a peg. Throughout are wild musings on possible Celtic influence, the study of orbs, psychedelics and the return of the goddess.

Purchase Glenn's book Spirits in Stone: The Secrets of Megalithic America and join his Facebook group Archaeoastronomy and Landscape Archaeology in Northeast America. Learn more about The Overlook Mountain Center at overlookmountain.org 

Music by Eli Murray 

"Bush Meditation"
Written & Performed by BUSHRANGER

"The Warm Waves of Nature"
Written & Performed by Gentleforce

"Mountain Ascension"
Written & Performed by Gentleforce

"Flood Maker"
Written & Performed by BUSHRANGER

"The Rocks are Listening"
Written & Performed by BUSHRANGER

"Gully Music"
Written & Performed by BUSHRANGER

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Dominique Kostelac is an amateur archaeologist, artifact hunter, farmer and all-around history buff living outside Charlottesville, Virginia. After a newspaper reading from 1869 about uncovering the skeletal remains of a conquistador in Appalachia, we open with Dominique describing the Monacan village he discovered on his riparian farm. From there we get into shocking examples of early, forgotten, and/or theoretical first arrivals of Europeans [and even the Chinese!] to Virginia and the East Coast in general. So how does one go about being an artifact hunter? With archival maps, jet skis, metal detectors, goggles and shovels, in search of eroding banks and knocking on farmers' doors. With over 50-years experience, Dominique previews the most prized finds from his 17th-century collection, all dug up in and around the Chesapeake Bay and up her waterways: a Turkish pirate coin; a flintlock pistol; a Spanish coin made into an Indian ornament; clay pipes; and a Jesuit stamped glass bottle. After skimming his overflowing trays of artifacts and hearing what the amateur has to offer to the professional field, we end on human remains and haunted places. 

Reading from Conquistador Found Buried Less than Twenty Miles from Saltville by Jim Glanville for Saltville Progress, April, 11 2013.

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The West Virginia Fur Auction is an annual fur, root, skull & antler consignment sale in Glenville, West Virginia. After a reading about the first fur-trade explorations over the Alleghenies into West Virginia in 1671-74, we head into the auction with in-the-field reporting on the modern fur, root, meat, gland and oddities markets, interviewing the likes of trappers, fur hangers, graders, buyers and members of the West Virginia Trappers Association. Many grew up trapping and we hear how meaningful it is to continue the very trade that founded America. From protecting endangered species to supporting natural materials over synthetic textiles, the trapper is discussed as an environmentalist. Throughout are charming moments like a young lady demoing how to skin a noxious skunk or what to do with a raccoon's pecker bone. As the buyers stand around the racks of bobcat pelts, piles of beavers, boxes of skunks and deer horns, we find out what they're looking for whether they specialize in garments, felt, costumes or oddities. As the auctioneer rattles off the bidding, you've got a front row seat to the fascinating world of American fur. 

Reading from The West Virginia Encyclopedia by Philip Mallory Conley

To learn more about the West Virginia Trappers Association: wvtrappers.com

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Steve McCue is a trapper, naturalist, all-around outdoorsman & Vice President of the West Virginia Trappers Association from Nicholas County, West Virginia. On this in-the-field episode we visit his wall-tent camp and head out for a morning on the bobcat trapline. After a 1929 reading about handling & relocating backcountry bobcats, Steve opens on the significance of the bygone American chestnut. We hear of his deep Appalachian roots & how his outdoorsman lifestyle is a spiritual pursuit that reaches back into pre-history where trapping was the oldest way to procure food & clothing. After some archaeological examples of ancient trapping, Steve describes the 4-types of modern trappers: the hobbyist, the animal damage controller, the longliner, and the territorial/conservationist. From there we get into the natural history of Steve's favorite furbearers starting with the gray fox whose population is in decline. Leaving the tent behind, Steve walks & talks on the trapline about such things as: chaga foraging; uses of birch bark; the origin of "fairy-diddle;" making cat sets; skunk essence; lure-making as the witchy side of trapping; and what one might find in a bobcat's stomach.  We wrap it up on what we've learned from reading historical accounts, how an inexperienced trapping family survived on plants alone in the north woods followed by Daniel Boone's bear bacon enterprise. 

Reading from West Virginia Wild Life Magazine Vol 7. Ep. 1 [1929]. 

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Nathan Griffin [like his younger brother] is a lifelong houndsman, bear hunter, and commercial turkey farmer in Pendleton County, West Virginia. On this 2nd part of our in-the-field, ride along with Appalachian bear hunting brothers we open with a riveting reading from the memoir of an early-1800's backwoodsman about a bear skin umbrella & hunting with a knife. As we drive the snowy mountain roads in search of a fresh track, Nathan describes various aspects of being a modern houndsman: from dog-work to being a good example, selective harvest and seasons based around wildlife management. We hear about sleeping in the woods, finding den trees, and a wildcat encounter in a rock hole. Of course a major part of any hunt is the food it provides and thus we talk of bear roasts, pies, meat handling and uses for rendered bear fat. And that's just about when we find a track! The dog box is thrown open and the howling dogs are cut loose into the cold mountains. While they lose the track in melted snow, we end up bushwhacking a thousand feet down a ridge to a bear in a tree where Nathan's hounds have joined another hunting party's and Jacob [from Part I] successfully tags out on a beautiful he-bear. From the mountains to the farm workshop, we come together around the Griffin family hearing from both brothers, a wife & their father about butchering, cooking and this truly American folkway. 

Reading from Fourty-Four Years of the Life of a Hunter by Meshach Browning. 

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Jacob Griffin is a lifelong houndsman, bear hunter and turkey farmer in Pendleton County, West Virginia. This is the first of a two-part podcast series recorded in the field with the Griffin brothers as we drove up rough mountain forest roads covered in snow and ice in pursuit of bear tracks. After a reading of Abraham Lincoln's 1846 poem, "The Bear Hunt," we jump right into it, hearing how the dogs work including Jacob's fearless mountain feist, Pete, who recently was nearly killed by a bear. Our jovial huntsman summarizes an exciting lifetime of dog injuries, harrowing bear encounters, and a pile of destroyed trucks. We hear how meaningful this Appalachian folkway & tradition is to the Griffin family, including how the old timers did it before modern GPS technology.  Moving on to felines, we discuss large cat tracks we've found and regional panther-lore. As we finally reach our remote starting point, Jacob tells a haunting story of a paranormal scream he heard in that exact location which opens up talk of finding long forgotten graveyards as well as eerie signs of people hiding out in this mountain fastness. Let the hunt begin! To be continued...

Reading of The Bear Hunt by Abraham Lincoln

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Doug Wood is a West Virginia living historian portraying the life of the eastern woodland American Indians. After a reading about bear hunting & raccoon trapping with Mohawks in 1755, Doug describes how a historical trail project mixed with his own Cherokee ancestry got him interested in representing the lives of the various woodland Indians of the 18th-century. We begin on captive-taking practices and West Virginia being abandoned by the time of European arrival, yet remaining as a hunting ground for more northern tribes. Then we shoot right into the details of their hunting & trapping methods as described in historical first-hand accounts: excursions of 100s-of-miles for furs & skins; uses of bear grease; catching beavers before Europeans' metal traps; deer stalking in buck hides; fire rings; smoking bears out of dens; a Cherokee bear hunting song; dogs for the chase & for food; pet raccoons, parrots & a caged bear; eating box turtles & toads; bird snaring; and finally, Doug shares a childhood story about the Indian practice of fishing with black walnut hulls. Intermixed throughout are side tangents about: pictographs on trees as a way to relay information such as the outcome of a raid; buffalo in West Virginia; Doug's uncanny memories; and visiting significant historical places. 

Reading from An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences in the Life and Travels of Colonel James Smith; 1755-1759 by James Smith

Check out Doug's schedule of living history events at appalachianlivinghistory.com

Archival Native American [Seneca, Iroquois, & Chippewa] music thanks to Drumhop.com

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Harrison Idol is a sportsman, fly fisherman, Army Officer and budding antiquarian currently building up his collection of antique sporting books in Maryland. After a reading from The Compleat Angler written in 1653 about fly tying & trout, Harrison opens on growing up on his family's generational tobacco farm in North Carolina. While inspired by vintage sporting aesthetics, Harrison boldly embarked on a collector's shopping spree of antique fishing & hunting books dating back to the 15th-century.  From Ancient Greece & Rome to the medieval, we hear of Dame Juliana Berners' 1420 treatise [the first English book on fishing] which introduces angling not solely as a means to acquire food, but as a contemplative art loaded with Christian symbolism. A prayer, a review of a 350-year-old trout recipe, an unlikely collaboration between men of vice & virtue; pike folklore; and historical rod & tackle materials; Harrison's collection culminates with a leather bound, time worn copy of the famous 17th-century instructional fishing narrative, The Compleat Angler by Englishman, Izaak Walton. Bringing this episode into the spirit of the autumnal season, we end on a hunting ghost story from Harrison's old family farm. 

Reading from The Compleat Angler by Izaak Walton. 

Follow Harrison on Instagram @idol.hour

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Simeon England is a blacksmith, traditional flintlock hunter, and living historian portraying the 18th-century frontiersmen, scouts and longhunters of Kentucky. We start this living history episode about the daily lives of the colonial longhunters [1760s-1770s] who set out from Virginia & North Carolina for deer skins & furs in the wilds of Kentucky, with readings of first-hand accounts about beavers and salt licks. From their hunting methods to their frontier camps we discuss topics such as: tomahawks; boiling salt; hide work; backcountry blacksmithing; traps; horses; dogs; wolves; a slippery elm cure for peeling feet; deer & bear hunting; and buffalo traces. There's learning from books & then there's learning from doing, as Simeon shares some lessons learned from hunting with period gear & flintlock rifles. We hear of Simon Kenton's harrowing experiences running the gauntlet while captured by natives and conclude on a sort of reverence for the craftsman's raw, natural materials [that perhaps we have lost in our age of fast & cheap mass manufacturing]. 

Readings from The History of the Dividing Line Betwixt Virginia and North Carolina by William Byrd and by A Tour of the United States of America by JFD Smyth.

Check out Simeon England's blacksmithing at SimeonEngland.com. Follow him on Instagram & watch his Townsends Longhunter living history features.

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Fair Lawn Farm's 18th-Century Trades Fair is an annual living history trades encampment in bucolic Highland County, Virginia, featuring artisans affiliated with the likes of Colonial Williamsburg, The Frontier Culture Museum, The Smithsonian and Townsends. For this in-the-field episode, we will be touring the tents, hearing from a dozen craftsmen-&-women about their historical trades ranging from gunsmithing & engraving, to powder horn making & woodworking. Topics discussed: Indian trade silver; gorgets; tin as 18th-century plastic; how to be an American peddler; the itinerant green-woodworker; bread-baking with "baker's match;" natural dyes made from wood shavings; historical uses of animal fats such as bear grease, deer & cow tallow; powder horns and the origin of scrimshaw folk art; casting lead ammunition; Fort Seybert's annual fort burning festival; the surveyor's compass & the white man's flies; acanthus scrollwork on flintlock firearms & self-taught mastery; and last and most importantly, the potential for a craft revival as the antidote to the AI Revolution. Till next year!

Reading from Colonial Craftsmen: And the Beginnings of American Industry by Edwin Tunis

Check out the Fair Lawn Farm events page at visitFairLawnFarm.com 

The Craftsmen-&-women in order:

• Tim Duff - Farm Owner/Event Organizer 
• Mitch Yates - Gunsmith/Silversmith 
• Historian's Stitch - Tinsmith 
• Ye Lowfarb Pedlar - Peddler 
• Stone House History - Bodger & Wife
• Simeon England - Engraver/Blacksmith
• Mark Bradbury - Horner/Scrimshaw Artist
• David Allen - Longhunter/Knifemaker 
• Paul Parish - Surveyor
• Mark Thomas - Engraver/Gunsmith
• David Ray Pine - Woodworker/Furniture Maker

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