PainExam Podcast Show Notes Compression Fractures, Vertebroplasty, Kyphoplasty & Occipital Neuralgia for the ABA Pain Medicine Boards

In this episode of the PainExam Podcast, Dr. David Rosenblum reviews two frequently tested topics on the ABA Pain Medicine Board Examination: Occipital Neuralgia and Vertebral Compression Fractures, including the indications, techniques, complications, and evidence surrounding vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty.

Whether you are preparing for the ABA Pain Medicine Boards, ABPM, ABIPP, FIPP, or simply looking to strengthen your interventional pain knowledge, this episode covers essential board pearls, anatomy, diagnosis, imaging findings, and treatment options.

Episode Highlights Occipital Neuralgia

Topics discussed include:

• Anatomy of the greater, lesser, and third occipital nerves

• C2 dorsal ramus anatomy and clinical relevance

• Diagnostic criteria for occipital neuralgia

• Differentiating occipital neuralgia from:

  • Cervicogenic headache

  • Migraine

  • Cluster headache

  • Tension headache

• Physical examination findings

• Occipital nerve blocks

• Pulsed radiofrequency ablation

• Cryoneurolysis

• Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS)

Board Pearl

The greater occipital nerve originates from the dorsal ramus of C2 and temporary pain relief following a diagnostic occipital nerve block strongly supports the diagnosis.

Vertebral Compression Fractures

Topics reviewed include:

• Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures

• Thoracolumbar fracture patterns

• MRI findings

• STIR sequence interpretation

• Patient selection for vertebral augmentation

• Conservative treatment versus intervention

• Vertebroplasty technique

• Kyphoplasty technique

• Cement leakage and other complications

• Evidence supporting vertebral augmentation procedures

Board Pearl

Bone marrow edema on MRI STIR imaging is one of the most important findings suggesting an acute compression fracture.

Kyphoplasty vs Vertebroplasty Vertebroplasty

• Direct injection of PMMA cement into the vertebral body

• Stabilizes micro-motion within the fracture

• Can provide rapid pain relief

Kyphoplasty

• Balloon tamp creates a cavity before cement placement

• May partially restore vertebral body height

• May reduce risk of cement extravasation

• Often preferred in selected patients with significant vertebral collapse

Commonly Tested Complications

• Cement leakage

• Pulmonary cement embolism

• Adjacent level fractures

• Infection

• Neurologic injury (rare)

High-Yield ABA Pain Medicine Keywords

• Occipital Neuralgia

• Greater Occipital Nerve

• C2 Dorsal Ramus

• Third Occipital Nerve

• Cervicogenic Headache

• Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

• Vertebral Compression Fracture

• Kyphoplasty

• Vertebroplasty

• PMMA Cement

• STIR MRI

• Osteoporosis

• Cement Extravasation

Upcoming Educational Meetings & Conferences 2026 ASPN Annual Meeting – Miami

Learn more about the upcoming meeting hosted by the American Society of Pain and Neuroscience:

📍 ASPN Annual Conference & Miami Meeting Information

PainWeek 2026 – Las Vegas

Join thousands of pain physicians, APPs, nurses, and industry professionals at:

📍 PAINWeek Las Vegas 2026

Latin American Pain Society Meeting – Brazil

For information regarding the upcoming regional pain meeting in Brazil:

📍 Latin American Pain Federation (FEDELAT) Information

CME, Ultrasound & Board Review Resources NRAP Academy

CME Courses, Virtual Pain Fellowship, Ultrasound Workshops, Regenerative Medicine Training, and Board Review Programs:

📍 NRAP Academy Website

CME Calendar

Upcoming Ultrasound Workshops, Regenerative Medicine Courses, Board Review Programs, and Conferences:

📍 NRAP Academy CME Calendar

Virtual Pain Fellowship

Comprehensive longitudinal pain management education:

📍 Virtual Pain Fellowship Program

Pain Management Board Review

Prepare for:

• ABA Pain Medicine Boards

• ABPM

• ABIPP

• FIPP

📍 PainExam Board Review Resources

Connect With Dr. David Rosenblum Patients Seeking Care

Appointments and consultation requests:

📍 AABP Integrative Pain Care & Wellness

Physician Education

CME, Ultrasound Training, Regenerative Medicine, and Board Review:

📍 NRAP Academy

References

1. Margetis K, Patel A, Petrone B, et al. Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; Updated April 6, 2025. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525963/

2. Daher M, Kreichati G, Kharrat K, Sebaaly A. Vertebroplasty versus Kyphoplasty in the Treatment of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurgery. 2023;171:65-71.

3. Masala S, Fiori R, Massari F, Simonetti G. Kyphoplasty: Indications, Contraindications and Technique. Radiologia Medica. 2005;110(1-2):97-105.

4. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). Cephalalgia. 2018.

5. Bogduk N. The Clinical Anatomy of the Cervical Dorsal Rami. Spine-related anatomy and occipital nerve pain syndromes.

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📍 PainExam Podcast & Board Review Resources

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🎙️ PainExam Podcast Show Notes CRPS & Intrathecal Pain Pumps — High-Yield ABA Pain Board Review 🔥 Episode Overview

In this episode of the PainExam Podcast, David Rosenblum reviews two essential ABA Pain Medicine Board topics:

• Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
• Intrathecal Drug Delivery Systems (Pain Pumps)

This episode focuses on:

• High-yield board pearls
• Clinical decision-making
• Interventional treatment strategies
• Common exam pitfalls

Whether you are preparing for the:

• ABA Pain Medicine Boards
• ABPM
• ABIPP
• FIPP

—or looking to sharpen your interventional pain knowledge—this episode delivers practical and testable concepts.

🧠 Topic 1: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) 🔬 What is CRPS?

CRPS is a chronic neuropathic pain condition characterized by:

• Disproportionate pain
• Autonomic dysfunction
• Sensory abnormalities
• Motor and trophic changes

📋 CRPS Types CRPS Type I

• No confirmed nerve injury
• Formerly "Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy"

CRPS Type II

• Confirmed nerve injury
• Formerly "Causalgia"

⚠️ Pathophysiology

CRPS involves:

• Peripheral sensitization
• Central sensitization
• Sympathetic dysfunction
• Neurogenic inflammation
• Cortical reorganization

🩺 High-Yield Clinical Features

• Burning pain
• Allodynia
• Hyperalgesia
• Temperature asymmetry
• Skin color changes
• Edema
• Weakness and trophic changes

📚 Budapest Criteria (BOARD FAVORITE)

Diagnosis requires:

• Continuing pain disproportionate to injury
• Symptoms in ≥3 categories
• Signs in ≥2 categories

💊 Treatment First-Line

• Physical therapy (MOST important)
• Early mobilization

Medications

• Gabapentin
• Pregabalin
• TCAs

Interventional

• Sympathetic blocks
• Spinal cord stimulation

🚨 Board Pearls

• Early treatment improves outcomes
• CRPS may spread beyond the initial site
• Immobilization worsens symptoms

💉 Topic 2: Intrathecal Drug Delivery Systems (Pain Pumps) 🔬 What Are Intrathecal Pumps?

Intrathecal pumps deliver medications directly into the CSF, allowing:

• Lower systemic doses
• Better analgesia
• Reduced systemic side effects

🎯 Indications

• Failed back surgery syndrome
• Cancer pain
• Refractory neuropathic pain
• Severe chronic pain not responsive to conservative therapy

💊 Common Intrathecal Medications Opioids

• Morphine
• Hydromorphone

Non-Opioid

• Ziconotide

Other

• Baclofen (spasticity)

⚠️ Ziconotide — HIGH-YIELD BOARD PEARL

Ziconotide:

• Blocks N-type calcium channels
• Does NOT cause respiratory depression
• Can cause psychiatric side effects

⚠️ Major Complications

• Infection
• Catheter malfunction
• Pump failure
• Withdrawal syndromes
• Catheter-tip granuloma formation

🚨 Granuloma Formation

High-dose intrathecal opioids may cause:

• Catheter-tip inflammatory masses
• Cord compression
• Neurologic deficits

📋 Trialing

Patients typically undergo:

• Bolus trial
• Continuous infusion trial

before permanent implantation.

🎯 Board Pearls

• Ziconotide = no respiratory depression
• Pump failure can cause life-threatening withdrawal
• Granulomas are associated with opioid concentration

📝 High-Yield Board Takeaways CRPS

• Budapest criteria = critical
• Early PT = first-line
• Autonomic dysfunction = hallmark

Intrathecal Pumps

• Ziconotide is highly testable
• Know granuloma risks
• Understand pump complications and withdrawal

🎓 Pain Board Prep Resources

Prepare for your ABA Pain Medicine boards with:

👉 https://painexam.com 👉 https://nrappain.org

🏆 Why Physicians Choose NRAP Academy

• Comprehensive board prep
• High-yield MCQs
• Virtual Pain Fellowship
• Ultrasound-guided pain training
• Interventional pain education

🎤 Upcoming Training

Join upcoming:

• Ultrasound-guided procedure workshops
• Regenerative medicine courses
• Pain board review sessions

📢Register today!

If you're serious about: ✅ Passing your pain boards ✅ Mastering interventional pain ✅ Improving patient outcomes

Subscribe to the PainExam Podcast and join the Virtual Pain Fellowship.

👉 https://nrappain.org 👉 https://painexam.com

Reference

https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/complex-regional-pain-syndrome/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459151/

🎙️ PainExam Podcast Show Notes Corticosteroids & Contrast Agents in Pain Management + Evidence-Based Steroid Selection 🔥 Episode Overview

In this high-yield episode of the PainExam Podcast, David Rosenblum breaks down a must-know board topic:

👉 Injectable corticosteroids vs contrast agents in interventional pain procedures

This episode goes beyond basics and dives into:

• Particulate vs non-particulate steroids
• Comparative profiles of dexamethasone, betamethasone, triamcinolone, and methylprednisolone
• Contrast agent selection and safety
• Critical complications including embolization and neurotoxicity
• A recent study comparing steroid effectiveness in transforaminal epidural injections

This is essential for physicians preparing for the ABA Pain Medicine boards and for clinicians performing spine interventions.

🧠 Core Concept

• Corticosteroids = therapeutic (reduce inflammation)
• Contrast agents = diagnostic + safety tools (confirm needle placement)

👉 Board pearl: Steroids treat pain — contrast prevents complications

💉 Corticosteroids — High-Yield Comparison 🔬 Mechanism

• Inhibit phospholipase A2
• Reduce inflammatory mediators
• Decrease nerve root irritation

⚖️ Key Steroids Compared Steroid Type Particle Profile Key Advantage Major Risk Dexamethasone Non-particulate No aggregation Safest for TFESI Possibly shorter duration Triamcinolone Particulate Large particles Longer depot effect Embolic infarction Methylprednisolone Particulate Aggregates Strong anti-inflammatory Avoid in cervical TFESI Betamethasone Mixed Depends on formulation Potent Acetate = particulate risk 🚨 Major Steroid Risks

Local:

• Tissue atrophy
• Depigmentation

Systemic:

• Hyperglycemia
• Adrenal suppression
• Immunosuppression

Catastrophic (Board Tested):

• Spinal cord infarction
• Stroke

👉 Caused by intra-arterial injection of particulate steroids

📊 Contrast Agents — High-Yield Review Common Agents

• Iohexol (Omnipaque)
• Iopamidol (Isovue)
• Iodixanol (Visipaque)

🎯 Purpose

• Confirm needle placement
• Detect intravascular injection
• Prevent intrathecal injection

⚠️ Risks

• Allergic reaction
• Anaphylaxis
• Contrast-induced nephropathy

👉 Board pearl: Shellfish allergy ≠ contrast allergy

⚠️ Critical Safety Topic: Gadolinium

Gadolinium-based contrast agents are:

❌ NOT approved for epidural or intrathecal use ❌ NOT safe substitutes for iodinated contrast in spine procedures

🚨 Intrathecal Gadolinium Risks

• Encephalopathy
• Seizures
• Respiratory distress
• Death

👉 Extremely high-yield board concept

📚 Evidence-Based Medicine Segment Study Review: Steroid Selection in TFESI

A recent study comparing:

• Dexamethasone
• Methylprednisolone
• Betamethasone

🔑 Key Findings

• Dexamethasone showed comparable or better outcomes
• No clear advantage of particulate steroids
• Similar rates of:
  • Repeat injections
  • Surgical progression

🎯 Clinical Implication

👉 Efficacy differences are smaller than previously thought 👉 Safety is driving practice change

🚨 Board-Level Takeaway

• Non-particulate steroids = safer
• Outcomes ≈ similar
• Technique matters more than steroid choice

👉 Best exam answer: dexamethasone for TFESI

🎯 Board Prep Summary

• Dexamethasone = safest for transforaminal injections
• Particulate steroids = embolic risk
• Contrast must be used before steroid injection
• Gadolinium = dangerous in neuraxial space
• Clinical outcomes often similar across steroid types

🎓 Pain Board Prep Resources

Prepare for your ABA Pain Medicine boards with:

👉 https://painexam.com 👉 https://nrappain.org

🏆 Why Physicians Choose NRAP Academy

• High-yield board review content
• Thousands of MCQs
• Virtual Pain Fellowship
• Ultrasound + regenerative training
• Real-world clinical integration

Register Today!

🎤 Upcoming Training

• Ultrasound-guided pain procedures
• Regenerative medicine courses (PRP, biologics)
• Hands-on workshops

Register Today!

📢 Call to Action

If you're serious about passing your boards and practicing safer interventional pain medicine:

✅ Subscribe to the PainExam Podcast ✅ Join the Virtual Pain Fellowship ✅ Visit https://nrappain.org

References

Calvo N, Jamil M, Feldman S, Shah A, Nauman F, Ferrara J. Neurotoxicity from intrathecal gadolinium administration: Case presentation and brief review. Neurol Clin Pract. 2020 Feb;10(1):e7-e10. doi: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000696. PMID: 32190427; PMCID: PMC7057078.

Moreira, Alexandra M., et al. "Comparing the effectiveness and safety of dexamethasone, methylprednisolone and betamethasone in lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections." Pain physician 27.5 (2024): 341.

🎙️ PainExam Podcast & Video Show Notes Facet-Mediated Pain, RFA, and Advanced Interventional Strategies 🔥 Episode Overview

In this episode of the PainExam Podcast, David Rosenblum delivers a high-yield, board-focused deep dive into:

• Lumbar, cervical, and thoracic facet-mediated pain
• Medial branch blocks (MBB) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
• Key Medicare / LCD criteria for performing procedures
• Advanced therapies including multifidus stimulation and regenerative medicine (PRP)

This episode is essential for pain physicians preparing for the ABA, ABPM, ABIPP, and FIPP board exams — and for those looking to refine their interventional practice.

🧠 Key Topics Covered 🦴 Facet-Mediated Pain (Lumbar, Cervical, Thoracic)

• Axial, non-radicular pain
• Worse with extension and rotation
• Cervical facet pain → often post-whiplash
• Thoracic facet pain → underdiagnosed

🔬 High-Yield Anatomy & Innervation

• Dual innervation of facet joints
• L5–S1 facet → L5 dorsal ramus (board favorite)
• C2–3 facet → third occipital nerve

💉 Diagnosis & Medicare Criteria

• Gold standard: Medial branch blocks (NOT imaging)
• Medicare requires:
  • Chronic pain ≥ 3 months
  • Failed conservative therapy
  • Two diagnostic blocks with ≥80% relief

⚡ Interventional Treatment

• Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
  • 6–12 month relief
  • Repeatable
• Proper needle placement and stimulation techniques

🚀 Advanced & Emerging Therapies

• Multifidus stimulation
  • Restores spinal stability
  • Treats underlying dysfunction
• PRP / Regenerative Medicine
  • Targets inflammation and tissue healing
  • Growing role in pain management

🎯 Board Prep Takeaways

• Facet pain = axial + extension-based
• Diagnosis = medial branch blocks
• Know cervical vs lumbar differences
• Medicare requires dual blocks before RFA
• L5 dorsal ramus = high-yield exam concept

🎓 Pain Board Prep & CME Resources

If you're preparing for your boards or want to advance your clinical skills:

👉 Start your Pain Board Review: https://nrappain.org

👉 Access Question Banks, Lectures & Virtual Fellowship: https://nrappain.org

👉 PainExam Platform: https://painexam.com

🏆 Why Pain Physicians Choose NRAP Academy

• Comprehensive ABA / ABPM / ABIPP / FIPP board prep
• High-yield lectures + MCQs
• Ultrasound-guided procedure training
• Regenerative medicine education
• Virtual Pain Fellowship curriculum

🎤 Upcoming Live Training & Conferences

Join Dr. Rosenblum at upcoming events:

• ASPN 2026 Annual Meeting — Ultrasound & regenerative medicine labs
• PainWeek 2026 — Lectures on:
  • Image-guided interventions
  • Ultrasound integration
  • Regenerative pain therapies
  • AI in pain management

🔗 Connect & Learn More

• 🌐 NRAP Academy: https://nrappain.org
• 📚 PainExam Board Prep: https://painexam.com
• 🎥 YouTube: NRAP Academy
• 🎓 Courses: Ultrasound & Regenerative Medicine Training

📢 Call to Action

If you're serious about passing your pain boards and mastering interventional pain:

✅ Subscribe to the PainExam Podcast ✅ Join the Virtual Pain Fellowship ✅ Attend a live ultrasound or regenerative medicine course

🎙️ PainExam Podcast Show Notes Phantom Limb Pain & Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction — High-Yield Pain Board Review 🔥 Episode Overview

In this episode of the PainExam Podcast, David Rosenblum delivers a high-yield review of two must-know topics for the ABA Pain Medicine Board Certification exam:

• Phantom Limb Pain — mechanisms, risk factors, and advanced treatment strategies
• Sacroiliac (SI) Joint Dysfunction — diagnosis, provocative testing, and interventional management

Whether you're preparing for the ABA, ABPM, ABIPP, or FIPP boards, or looking to sharpen your clinical practice, this episode focuses on testable concepts, real-world applications, and interventional pearls.

👉 Explore full board prep and CME: PainExam.com

🧠 Topic 1: Phantom Limb Pain — Key Points

Phantom limb pain is a neuropathic pain syndrome following amputation, driven by both peripheral and central mechanisms.

High-Yield Pearls

• Caused by cortical reorganization + central sensitization
• Strongly associated with pre-amputation pain
• Distinct from:
  • Phantom sensation (non-painful)
  • Stump pain (localized)

Clinical Features

• Burning, cramping, or electric pain
• Perceived in the missing limb
• May be triggered by stress or environmental factors

Treatment Strategies

• First-line: gabapentinoids, TCAs
• Advanced: ketamine, neuromodulation
• Key non-pharmacologic therapy: mirror therapy

🚨 Board Pearl

Preemptive analgesia reduces the risk of phantom limb pain

🦴 Topic 2: Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction — Key Points

SI joint dysfunction is a major cause of axial low back pain, accounting for up to 25% of cases.

High-Yield Pearls

• Pain is typically:
  • Unilateral
  • Buttock-dominant
  • Radiates to posterior thigh (rarely below knee)

Physical Exam

• Positive provocative tests:
  • FABER
  • Gaenslen
  • Thigh thrust
  • Compression

👉 3 or more positive tests = high diagnostic accuracy

Diagnosis

• Confirmed with image-guided intra-articular injection
• Imaging alone is NOT diagnostic

Treatment

• Physical therapy
• SI joint injections
• Lateral branch RFA
• SI joint fusion (refractory cases)

🚨 Board Pearl

Diagnostic SI joint injection is the gold standard

🎯 Board Prep Takeaways

• Always distinguish central vs peripheral mechanisms in neuropathic pain
• Know diagnostic confirmation strategies (blocks vs imaging)
• Focus on first-line vs interventional escalation pathways
• Understand procedure indications for boards

🎓 Upcoming Events & Live Training 🏆 ASPN 2026 Annual Meeting

Join Dr. Rosenblum for:

• Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks
• Spine interventions
• Regenerative medicine techniques (PRP, biologics)
• Hands-on procedural training

💉 Ultrasound-Guided Regenerative Medicine Course

Learn:

• PRP injection techniques
• Ultrasound-guided joint and nerve procedures
• Real-world workflows for integrating regenerative medicine into your practice

👉 Hosted through NRAP Academy

🎤 PainWeek 2026 Lectures

Dr. Rosenblum will be presenting on:

• Precision image-guided pain procedures
• Ultrasound integration in clinical practice
• Regenerative medicine in interventional pain
• Future directions: AI and neuromodulation

🔗 Resources

• 🌐 Pain Board Review: PainExam.com
• 🎓 Courses & CME: NRAPPain.org
• 📺 YouTube: NRAP Academy
• 🧠 Question Bank + Virtual Fellowship: Available now

📢 Call to Action

If you're preparing for the pain boards or want to elevate your clinical skillset:

✅ Subscribe to the PainExam Podcast ✅ Join our Virtual Pain Fellowship ✅ Attend a live ultrasound or regenerative medicine course

PainExam Podcast Show Notes Red Light Therapy (Photobiomodulation) for Pain Evidence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications

Host: Dr. David Rosenblum

Red light therapy, also known as photobiomodulation (PBM) or low-level laser therapy (LLLT), is an emerging non-invasive treatment modality increasingly used in pain medicine, rehabilitation, and regenerative medicine practices.

In this episode of the PainExam Podcast, Dr. Rosenblum reviews the mechanisms, clinical evidence, indications, and safety considerations surrounding photobiomodulation therapy for pain.

Red and near-infrared wavelengths stimulate mitochondrial activity, increase ATP production, reduce inflammatory mediators, and promote tissue healing. These physiologic effects may translate into analgesic benefits for a variety of musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain conditions.

Clinical research suggests potential benefit in temporomandibular disorders, chronic neck pain, and inflammatory oral conditions, though results vary due to differences in dosing parameters and treatment protocols.

Despite these limitations, PBM has a favorable safety profile and is increasingly being integrated into multimodal pain management strategies.

Key Topics Covered

• What is photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) • How red and near-infrared light interact with mitochondria • Mechanisms of analgesia and tissue repair • Evidence from clinical trials in TMD, neck pain, and oral inflammatory pain • The biphasic dose response (Arndt-Schulz law) • Safety profile and contraindications • How PBM may integrate with regenerative pain medicine

Mechanism of Action

Photobiomodulation works primarily through stimulation of mitochondrial chromophores, particularly cytochrome c oxidase.

This leads to:

• Increased ATP production • Modulation of inflammatory cytokines • Increased angiogenesis and tissue repair • Reduced oxidative stress

These effects may improve pain, inflammation, and healing in certain musculoskeletal conditions.

Evidence Discussed in This Episode Temporomandibular Disorders

Randomized trial demonstrating improvements in pain and mandibular function with red light therapy.

De Carvalho et al., Pain Research and Treatment (2019) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1155/2019/8578703

Chronic Neck Pain

Clinical trial demonstrating improvements in pain scores and pressure pain thresholds after photobiomodulation therapy.

Chen et al., Lasers in Medical Science (2022) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10103-022-03540-0

Oral Pain and Dental Inflammation

Randomized study demonstrating reduced pain and improved healing following PBM treatment.

Almeida et al., BMC Oral Health (2023) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12903-023-02784-8

Who May Benefit From Photobiomodulation?

Red light therapy may be considered as an adjunct treatment for:

• myofascial pain • cervical spine pain • temporomandibular disorder • tendinopathy • peripheral neuropathy • musculoskeletal injury recovery

Safety and Contraindications

Photobiomodulation has a very favorable safety profile.

Reported adverse effects are rare and usually mild:

• transient erythema • warmth at treatment site • headache • eye irritation without proper protection

Precautions include:

• avoiding direct retinal exposure • avoiding treatment over malignancy • avoiding application over the uterus during pregnancy • caution in photosensitive disorders

Resources For Patients Seeking Treatment

Learn more about integrative and regenerative pain treatments including PRP, ultrasound-guided injections, and advanced pain therapies:

AABP Integrative Pain Care & Wellness https://www.AABPpain.com

For Pain Physicians and Advanced Practice Providers

Training in ultrasound, interventional pain procedures, and pain board preparation:

NRAP Academy CME Education https://www.NRAPpain.org

Dr. Rosenblum from NRAP Academy presented a webinar on the integration of regenerative medicine into pain practices, highlighting its benefits and applications. He discussed the evolution of treating pain, emphasizing the shift from neural blockade to addressing tissue health. Dave explained the use of PRP and BMAC in treating conditions like knee pain, and shared patient success stories. He addressed common misconceptions about regenerative medicine, including its cost and effectiveness. Dave also mentioned upcoming events and training opportunities in regenerative medicine.

Regenerative Medicine Pain Management Events

Dr. Rosenblum announced his upcoming involvement in two significant events: a webinar on regenerative medicine for ASIPP and co-directing the ASPN Ultrasound and Regenerative Medicine Pain Workshop in Miami with Dr. Ali Valimoed. He encouraged attendees to register for these events, emphasizing their importance in the field of pain management. He also mentioned a previous lecture he gave on the integration of regenerative medicine into pain practices, though the recording was not successful.

Regenerative Medicine in Pain Practices

Dr. Rosenblum discussed the integration of regenerative medicine into pain practices, emphasizing its importance in 2026 and beyond. He explained that traditional approaches like steroids and RFA only manage pain without addressing tissue health, using the knee as an example. He suggested combining visco supplements with regenerative techniques like PRP or BMAC to preserve joints in patients seeking alternatives to knee replacement. He noted that while other stem cell products are promising, more research is needed for wider adoption, and he plans to focus on PRP and BMAC for now.

Regenerative Medicine Patient Education

Dr. Rosenblum discussed the importance of educating patients about regenerative medicine and pain treatment options. He explained that while regenerative treatments cannot fully reverse severe issues like meniscus damage, they can help heal and repair tissues, reduce inflammation, and improve function. He highlighted the growing demand for non-surgical, opiate-sparing solutions and mentioned the role of government and physician-led campaigns in addressing the opiate crisis.

PRP's Role in Chronic Pain Management

Dr. Rosenblum discussed the growing demand for alternative treatments to opioids and surgeries, highlighting the role of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in addressing chronic pain by modulating inflammation and stimulating tissue repair. He emphasized the importance of using high-quality PRP preparation methods, such as a double-spin kit, to achieve optimal results, and criticized studies claiming PRP's ineffectiveness, often due to poor preparation techniques. David also noted that effective PRP treatments can improve pain and function better than corticosteroids, and he expressed hope that patients would refer others, leading to business growth.

PRP Therapy: A Promising Alternative

Dr. Rosenblum discussed the effectiveness of PRP (platelet-rich plasma) therapy compared to steroids and viscosupplements in treating various musculoskeletal conditions. He cited a meta-analysis showing that PRP provided better relief than steroid and viscosupplement treatments for patients with moderate arthritis after one year. David also shared a recent case where he used PRP to treat coccydynia, a condition involving pain in the coccyx, and mentioned its potential use in treating other conditions such as radiculopathy and foraminal stenosis.

PRP Injection Treatment Flexibility

Dr. Rosenblum discussed a medical procedure involving PRP and lidocaine injections in various areas of the body, including the coccygeal ligaments, caudal space, and transforaminal spaces, to address pain and inflammation. He emphasized the importance of tailoring treatment to individual patients rather than adhering to insurance company guidelines, which can limit the number of injections given in a single session. David highlighted that when patients pay out-of-pocket, practitioners have more flexibility to effectively treat their conditions, potentially avoiding surgery or improving post-surgical outcomes.

PRP in Orthopedic Practice

Dr. Rosenblum shared his experience treating a patient with PRP for post-operative knee surgery, despite the orthopedic surgeon's skepticism. He discussed how regenerative medicine can enhance a practice by positioning it as innovative and attracting younger patients who prefer non-surgical treatments. David noted that while some orthopedic surgeons may refer patients for PRP, others might be hesitant due to potential decreases in surgical procedures. He also mentioned that primary care doctors may not be aware of the growing evidence supporting PRP's effectiveness and safety.

PRP: A Cost-Effective Alternative

Dr. Rosenblum discussed regenerative medicine, particularly PRP, highlighting its potential to avoid surgeries and improve patient satisfaction with an estimated 70% success rate. He emphasized the financial benefits for physicians, as it provides a cash stream with no need for prior authorizations or denials. David also addressed patient responsibility in healthcare costs, comparing the cost of regenerative treatments to other lifestyle expenses. He noted that while training is necessary, most interventional pain physicians possess the skills to administer PRP treatments.

PRP Treatment Success Stories

Dr. Rosenblum shared patient testimonials highlighting successful outcomes from PRP (platelet-rich plasma) treatments for various pain conditions, including shoulder, back, and neck issues. Patients reported significant improvements in pain relief and mobility, with some noting long-lasting effects beyond cortisone shots or surgery. David emphasized the importance of individualized treatment approaches and quality care, encouraging both patients and physicians to reach out for training and consultations. He concluded by inviting listeners to share the content with colleagues and patients, emphasizing the value of PRP treatments when done correctly.

Peptides in Pain Management: BPC-157, Risks, Reality, and the Business of Regenerative Medicine

Episode Length: ~12–15 minutes Target Audience: Pain physicians, anesthesiologists, PM&R, sports medicine, and regenerative medicine clinicians Hosted by: Dr. David Rosenblum, MD Produced by: PainExam | NRAP Academy

🧠 Episode Overview

Peptides like BPC-157 have exploded in popularity across regenerative medicine, sports medicine, and cash-based pain practices — but does the science support the hype?

In this episode of PainExam, Dr. David Rosenblum takes a critical, evidence-based look at BPC-157 and other peptidesin pain management, examining:

• The biological rationale behind peptide therapy

• Preclinical and early human evidence for pain and tissue healing

• Regulatory status and safety concerns

• Ethical, legal, and marketing risks for physicians

• How peptides are currently being incorporated — and monetized — in pain practices

This episode is designed to help clinicians separate science from marketing, and to approach peptide therapies with appropriate caution and professionalism.

⏱️ Episode Breakdown 🔹 00:00–01:30 — Introduction

• Why peptides are trending in pain and regenerative medicine

• What patients are asking — and what physicians need to know

🔹 01:30–04:30 — What Is BPC-157?

• Origins of Body Protection Compound-157

• Mechanisms: angiogenesis, inflammation modulation, tissue repair

• Summary of preclinical data and animal pain models

🔹 04:30–07:00 — Evidence for Pain Relief & Healing

• Early inflammatory and non-inflammatory pain studies

• Intra-articular BPC-157 for knee pain: what the case series showed

• Why current human data are hypothesis-generating, not definitive

🔹 07:00–09:30 — Risks, Unknowns & Regulatory Issues

• FDA status and investigational use

• Quality, purity, and dosing variability

• Theoretical biologic risks and drug interactions

🔹 09:30–12:30 — The Business of Peptides in Pain Practice

• How peptides are marketed in regenerative clinics

• Cash-based models and patient demand

• Ethical marketing, informed consent, and medicolegal exposure

🔹 12:30–End — Clinical Takeaways

• Where peptides fit — and don't fit — in current pain practice

• Why evidence still matters in regenerative medicine

⚠️ Key Clinical Takeaways

• BPC-157 shows promising preclinical data, but human evidence remains limited

• Current studies lack randomization, controls, and long-term outcomes

• Peptides are not FDA-approved for pain or musculoskeletal indications

• Marketing peptides without transparency poses ethical and legal risk

• Physicians must clearly distinguish experimental therapies from standard of care

📚 Key References Discussed

• Józwiak et al. Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of BPC-157 — MDPI Pharmaceuticals (2025)

• McGuire et al. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 — Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine (2025)

• Sikirić et al. Effects of BPC-157 on Inflammatory and Non-Inflammatory Pain — Inflammopharmacology (1993)

• Lee & Padgett. Intra-Articular Injection of BPC-157 for Knee Pain — Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine (2021)

📢 Sponsored Message / Advertisement 🔔 Ready to Master Evidence-Based Pain Medicine?

If you're preparing for Pain Medicine boards or looking to strengthen your foundation in interventional and regenerative pain management, check out the educational resources at:

👉 https://www.nrappain.org

🎓 Offered through NRAP Academy:

• ✅ PainExam® Pain Management Board Review

• ✅ ABA, ABPM, FIPP, and ABIPP exam preparation

• ✅ Ultrasound-guided pain procedure training

• ✅ Regenerative pain medicine education — grounded in evidence, not hype

• ✅ Virtual Pain Fellowship curriculum

All content is designed by practicing pain physicians, for practicing pain physicians.

🎯 Why Learn with NRAP Academy?

• Evidence-driven, board-relevant education

• Practical clinical insights you can apply immediately

• Trusted by physicians nationwide

• Focused on ethical, safe, and effective pain care

👉 Explore courses and upcoming programs at https://www.nrappain.org

🎧 Subscribe & Stay Sharp

If you found this episode helpful:

• Subscribe to the PainExam Podcast

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• Leave a review to help other pain physicians find evidence-based content

Disclaimer: This podcast is for educational purposes only. Discussion of investigational therapies does not constitute endorsement or clinical recommendation. Physicians should follow applicable laws, regulations, and professional guidelines when considering experimental treatments.

References

Lee, Edwin, and Blake Padgett. "Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain." Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine 27.4 (2021).

Józwiak, Michalina, et al. "Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide—Literature and Patent Review." Pharmaceuticals 18.2 (2025): 185.

McGuire, F. P., Martinez, R., Lenz, A., Skinner, L., & Cushman, D. M. (2025). Regeneration or risk? A narrative review of BPC-157 for musculoskeletal healing. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, 18(12), 611-619.

Meralgia Paresthetica Education and the Pain Boards

This podcast episode from the NRAP Academy features Dr. David Rosenblum discussing Meralgia Paresthetica, a mononeuropathy affecting the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. The condition involves entrapment or compression of this purely sensory nerve as it passes under the inguinal ligament near the anterior superior iliac spine, causing burning pain, tingling, and numbness in the anterior lateral thigh.

Key clinical points covered include the nerve's L2-3 origin from the lumbar plexus, common causes such as obesity, tight clothing, pregnancy, and diabetes, and the absence of motor weakness or reflex changes. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, though ultrasound can visualize nerve entrapment effectively.

Treatment approaches range from conservative management including weight loss, avoiding tight clothing, physical therapy, and neuropathic pain medications (gabapentinoids, duloxetine, tricyclics) to interventional procedures. Dr. Rosenblu strongly advocates for ultrasound-guided nerve blocks over fluoroscopic or blind approaches, citing better visualization and reduced risk of nerve trauma. Advanced treatments mentioned include peripheral neuromodulation and cryoablation for refractory cases.

The episode emphasizes that this condition is commonly tested on pain management board examinations (ABA, ABPM, FIPP, osteopathic boards) and can be significantly more painful and disabling than typically appreciated.

Upcoming Courses and Training Opportunities:

• Ultrasound training available at nrappain.org
• Regenerative medicine training courses
• Comprehensive Question Bank for Pain Management board preparation covering ABA, ABPM, FIPP, and osteopathic examinations
• CME credits available through the platform
• Clinical consultation services available at Dr. Rosenblu's Brooklyn office for patients seeking treatment

Meralgia Paresthetica Education and Clinical Guidance

• Overview:
• Focused on definition, anatomy, diagnosis, management, and board exam relevance for meralgia paresthetica.
• Anatomy and Pathophysiology:
• Nerve: lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (sensory only), typically arising from L2–L3.
• Course: traverses across the iliacus, passes under or through the inguinal ligament just medial to the ASIS, then enters the thigh.
• Sensory distribution: anterolateral thigh; anterior cutaneous division extends toward the knee.
• Etiology and Risk Factors:
• Common contributors: obesity, tight belts or clothing, pregnancy, prolonged sitting, diabetes, prior pelvic or hip surgery.
• Entrapment site: under the inguinal ligament near the ASIS (most frequent).
• Clinical Presentation:
• Symptoms: burning pain, tingling, numbness, dysesthesia localized to the anterolateral thigh.
• Provocation/relief: worse with standing or walking; relief with sitting or hip flexion.
• Neurologic exam: no motor weakness; no reflex changes.
• Diagnosis:
• Primarily clinical; Tinel's sign over the inguinal ligament may reproduce symptoms.
• EMG and nerve conduction studies are typically normal.
• Ultrasound: superficial nerve, generally easy to visualize, including in obese patients; can identify entrapment.
• Management Recommendations:
• First-line conservative care: weight loss; avoidance of tight belts/clothing; physical therapy; NSAIDs for inflammation.
• Pharmacologic options: gabapentin, pregabalin, duloxetine, tricyclic antidepressants; consider topical analgesic creams (e.g., lidocaine or anti-inflammatory combinations).
• Interventional approach:
• Ultrasound-guided nerve block is strongly recommended; the nerve lies lateral to the sartorius; real-time visualization enables precise, safe injection.
• Avoid fluoroscopic and blind approaches due to risk of further nerve trauma and post-procedure pain.
• Advanced interventions:
• Peripheral neuromodulation may provide benefit in select cases.
• Cryoablation has shown beneficial outcomes for the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.
• Surgery is rarely required; options include neurolysis, decompression, or neurectomy as a last resort.
• Board Exam Preparation Emphasis:
• Key facts commonly tested:
• Involved nerve: lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.
• Nerve roots: L2–L3 (with population variants).
• Sensory-only nerve; absence of motor deficits.
• Compression site: under the inguinal ligament near the ASIS.
• First-line therapy: conservative measures; refractory cases: ultrasound-guided nerve block.
• Keywords to study: meralgia paresthetica; lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (also called lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh).
• Practice Considerations:
• Severity: can be profoundly painful and disabling; often underappreciated.
• Referral: clinicians not trained in interventional techniques should refer patients to an interventionalist for diagnosis and treatment.

Decisions and Recommendations

• Ultrasound guidance is the preferred modality for lateral femoral cutaneous nerve interventions, superseding fluoroscopic or blind approaches.
• Rationale: superior visualization, real-time feedback, and reduced risk of nerve trauma and post-procedural pain.

Outreach and Resources

• NRAP Academy resources:
• Ultrasound training, regenerative medicine training, CME credits, and a comprehensive pain board question bank (ABA, ABPM, FIPP, osteopathic, and related exams).
• Clinical availability:
• Patient consultations for meralgia paresthetica offered in Brooklyn at www.AABPpain.com 718 436 7246 .

🎙️ PainExam Podcast Show Notes Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): What Pain Physicians Must Know for the Boards

In this episode, Dr. David Rosenblum reviews the current science, pharmacology, risks, and clinical relevance of Kratom — an herbal substance widely discussed by pain patients and increasingly appearing on pain-medicine board exams. The discussion focuses on evidence-based mechanisms, safety considerations, and counseling points essential for ABA/ABPM/ABIPP/FIPP board preparation.

🔍 Key Board-Relevant Takeaways 1. Pharmacology & Mechanism

• Kratom's primary alkaloids are mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine.

• They act as partial mu-opioid receptor agonists and demonstrate G-protein biased signaling, which may reduce β-arrestin–mediated respiratory depression seen with full opioids.

• No FDA-approved medical use; pharmacokinetics and dose-response remain inconsistent.

2. Reported Effects

Potential Benefits (mostly anecdotal or preclinical):

• Analgesia for chronic pain

• Mood elevation and increased energy

• Reduction of opioid withdrawal symptoms

Major Limitations:

• No high-quality randomized controlled trials

• Not a recommended analgesic for evidence-based pain practice

3. Adverse Effects & Safety Concerns

Commonly reported:

• Nausea, vomiting, constipation

• Tachycardia, palpitations

• Hepatotoxicity in some users

• Dependence and withdrawal syndrome similar to mild-moderate opioid withdrawal

Serious risks:

• Product variability and contamination

• Potential interactions with CNS depressants

• Unpredictable potency of alkaloids

4. Regulatory Status

• Kratom is unregulated, with significant variability in purity and composition.

• FDA and multiple public-health agencies caution against its use due to safety concerns.

• Not recommended as a first-line or adjunct pain therapy.

5. What Boards Like to Test

Expect questions on:

• Mechanism: partial MOR agonist, G-protein bias

• Differences from classical opioids

• Adverse effects and withdrawal

• Toxicology and contamination risks

• Counseling patients who self-medicate

• Lack of clinical trial data and regulatory approval

🎓 Board Prep Resources

Prepare for the ABA, ABPM, ABIPP, FIPP, and AOBPM exams with the PainExam Board Review and full curriculum at the NRAP Academy: 👉 https://www.NRAPpain.org

🫁 Hands-On Ultrasound Training for Pain Physicians

Boost your procedural skills with live ultrasound-guided interventional pain and regional anesthesia workshops: 👉 https://www.nrappain.org/pages/ultrasound-training

📚 References (Condensed)

• Kruegel AC, Grundmann O. Neuropharmacology of kratom alkaloids. Neuropharmacology.

• Eastlack SC et al. Kratom: Pharmacology & clinical implications. Phytother Res.

• Striley CW et al. Health effects of kratom. Front Pharmacol.

• FDA Public Health Advisory on Kratom.

Educational Offerings & Learning Opportunities

PainExam / NRAP Academy Training & Programs:

• Neuromodulation & Regional Anesthesia Workshops

• Ultrasound-Guided Pain Procedures

• Regenerative Pain Medicine Training

• Virtual Pain Fellowship

• Pain Management Board Review & Question Banks

Learn More / Register: 🔹 https://PainExam.com 🔹 https://NRAPpain.org

Board Prep & Certification Support

Prepare for:

• ABA Pain Boards

• ABPM

• ABIPP

• Pain Management Board Certification Exams

• (No reference to FIPP included, per request)

Access Board Prep Courses & Q-Banks: ➡️ https://PainExam.com ➡️ https://NRAPpain.org

Clinical Practice

AABP Integrative Pain Care (Brooklyn & Great Neck, NY) To schedule a consultation or referral: 🌐 https://AABPpain.com 📞 Brooklyn: 718-436-7246

About the Host – David Rosenblum, MD

Dr. Rosenblum serves as Director of Pain Management at Maimonides Medical Center and Managing Partner at AABP Integrative Pain Care in Brooklyn, NY. He is recognized as an early adopter and leading educator in ultrasound-guided pain procedures, neuromodulation, and regenerative medicine.

He has:

• Developed regional anesthesia training programs

• Published widely in pain medicine literature

• Lectured nationally and internationally through ASIPP, ASPN, NANS, IASP, and more

• Helped over 3000 physicians pass pain board exams

• Hosted the PainExam, AnesthesiaExam, and PMRExam podcasts

Awards (Selected):

• New York Magazine Top Doctors: 2016–2025

• Top Doctors NY Metro Area: 2016–2025

• Schneps Media Honors: Multiple Years

Connect with Dr. Rosenblum

• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/davidrosenblummd/

• Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/painexam/

• Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/david.rosenblum.16

• X (Twitter): https://x.com/AlgoSonic

Episode Call-to-Action

✅ Join the NRAP Community ✅ Register for an Upcoming Workshop ✅ Access Pain Board Review Training

Start here → https://NRAPpain.org | https://PainExam.com