Sangyan Podcast – World AIDS Day | English Conversational Version
Ritika: Hi everyone, I'm Ritika, and welcome to a special World AIDS Day episode of the Sangyaan Podcast by the Foundation of Healthcare Technologies Society. December 1st is a day when the world comes together to talk about HIV and AIDS — and today, we're doing exactly that. And with me is Dr. Nikita.
Dr. Nikita: Hi Ritika, and hello to everyone listening. Yes, today's conversation is really important. So before we go further, let's clear up the basics — because many people still get confused between HIV and AIDS. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It weakens the immune system over time, and if it's not treated, it can progress to AIDS- Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus Syndrome — which is the advanced stage of HIV, when the immune system is severely damaged.
Ritika: Right. And just to give everyone perspective — around 40.8 million people globally are currently living with HIV, and about 2.5 million are in India. Treatment has come a long way, but stigma and misinformation are still huge barriers. Some people say HIV isn't a big deal anymore because treatment is so advanced. What's your take on that?
Dr. Nikita: I wish that were true, but no — HIV is still very much a public health concern. ART, or antiretroviral therapy, allows people to live long and healthy lives, but only if they take their medicines consistently. The challenge is that many people stop treatment when they start feeling better. And add to that — millions of people still struggle to access treatment without interruptions because of social or economic barriers.
Dr. Nikita: If I ask you, Ritika, what do you think stops people the most — what comes to mind?
Ritika: Stigma. 100%. I've spoken to HIV counsellors who say many young people don't even share their diagnosis with their families. People are so afraid of being judged that they'd rather avoid testing altogether — and that silence keeps others at risk. Research shows that stigma leads to isolation and discrimination.
Dr. Nikita: Exactly. And stigma affects everything — not just treatment. It affects mental health, relationships, employment, marriage… people fear the judgment more than the virus. That's why awareness and compassion are as important as medicine.
Ritika: And myths play a huge role in stigma, right?
Dr. Nikita: Oh yes. So let's bust a couple of them right now. Myth: HIV spreads through hugging, shaking hands, sharing food, or mosquito bites. Fact: None of these transmit HIV. Myth: HIV affects only "certain groups" or you can always tell if someone has HIV. Fact: Anyone can get HIV if exposed to a risk, and many people with HIV look and feel completely healthy.
Ritika: So, what actually causes HIV transmission?
Dr. Nikita: Unprotected sex with someone who has HIV and is not on effective treatment, sharing needles, and mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding if preventive steps aren't taken.
Ritika: People often ask — "How do I know if I have HIV?"
Dr. Nikita: That's the tricky part — many people have no symptoms for years. Some do get flu-like symptoms 2–4 weeks after exposure, but many don't. So the only answer is: testing.
Ritika: And testing is easily available in India through National AIDS Control Organization centers, NGOs, private labs — so no excuses, right?
Dr. Nikita: Absolutely. If you test early, you can start treatment early — and protect both yourself and others.
Ritika: Let's jump into prevention. What really helps?
Dr. Nikita: Sterile needles if injecting, knowing your partner's HIV status, PrEP if you're at higher risk, and regular testing. And importantly — for pregnant women living with HIV, treatment can dramatically reduce the risk of transmission to the baby.
Ritika: Since you mentioned PrEP — most people don't even know it exists.
Dr. Nikita: True. PrEP -pre-exposure prophylaxis is a pill that can prevent HIV before exposure. But awareness in India is incredibly low — studies show only 6.1% of people who inject drugs and around 8% of men who have sex with men have even heard of PrEP. Most people who could benefit from it don't know it's available — and stigma stops them from asking.
Ritika: And this brings us to something a lot of our listeners may not know — U = U.
Dr. Nikita: Yes! U = U stands for Undetectable = Untransmittable. If a person living with HIV takes ART regularly and reaches an undetectable viral load, they cannot sexually transmit HIV to their partner.
Ritika: That's such a powerful message — treatment is also prevention.
Dr. Nikita: Exactly. It brings hope and helps fight stigma. But it only works when someone stays on treatment and regularly monitors their viral load.
Ritika: Before we close, do you think India needs to rethink its HIV strategy?
Dr. Nikita: We've done well in providing ART, but we need to focus more on high-risk and underserved groups — truck drivers, sex workers, the trans community, and migrant workers. Around 72% of people living with HIV in India are on ART, which means millions still aren't — not because they don't want treatment, but because stigma, lack of awareness or access prevent it. Public health succeeds only when people feel safe to seek care.
Ritika: And that's exactly why conversations like this one matter.
Dr. Nikita: Absolutely. HIV isn't just about the virus — it's about society, dignity, and support.
Ritika: So, as we mark World AIDS Day, let's remember — HIV is still here, and it still matters.
Dr. Nikita: Get tested. Know your status. Support without judgment.
Ritika: Thank you for listening.
Dr. Nikita: And thank you for caring. Together, we can make a difference.
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