In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, reviews Optic Neuritis, an acute inflammatory condition of the optic nerve often associated with multiple sclerosis. You’ll learn to recognize hallmark signs like unilateral vision loss, pain with eye movement, and an afferent pupillary defect. We’ll also cover the diagnostic approach—including the role of MRI—and discuss treatment considerations, including the use of high-dose corticosteroids and referral to neurology.
#OpticNeuritis #VisionLoss #MultipleSclerosis #NeuroOphthalmology #PANCEprep #PAstudent #ProPAPodcast #EENT101

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, explores Nystagmus, a rhythmic, involuntary movement of the eyes that can be congenital or acquired. You’ll learn how to differentiate between pendular and jerk nystagmus, recognize patterns that suggest central versus peripheral causes, and understand how underlying etiologies—such as vestibular disorders, multiple sclerosis, or drug toxicity—can affect management. We also review diagnostic evaluation and when urgent neuroimaging is warranted.

#Nystagmus #EyeMovements #NeuroOphthalmology #VestibularDisorders #PANCEprep #PAstudent #ProPAPodcast #EENT101

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, dives into Entropion, a condition where the eyelid—typically the lower lid—rolls inward, causing the eyelashes to rub against the cornea. We’ll discuss the underlying causes such as age-related degeneration, scarring, or spasm of the orbicularis muscle. You’ll learn to recognize key symptoms like foreign body sensation, eye redness, tearing, and photophobia, as well as potential complications like corneal abrasion or ulceration. Management ranges from lubricating drops to surgical repair for definitive treatment.

#Entropion #EyelidDisorders #CornealAbrasion #Ophthalmology #PANCEprep #PAstudent #ProPAPodcast #EENT101

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales, DMSc, MPAS, PA-C, explains Ectropion, an eyelid disorder where the lower lid turns outward, exposing the conjunctiva. We review the causes—ranging from age-related tissue laxity to facial nerve palsy and post-trauma changes—and walk through the classic signs and symptoms like excessive tearing, eye irritation, and redness. You’ll learn when conservative management (like lubricants) is appropriate and when surgical correction is indicated. Plus, we'll go over complications if left untreated, including exposure keratitis.

#Ectropion #EyelidDisorders #Ophthalmology #PAstudent #PANCEprep #ProPAPodcast #EENT101

In this EENT101 episode, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales covers the classic Hordeolum—also known as a stye. You’ll learn to identify the hallmark presentation: a painful, red, swollen bump along the eyelid margin. We’ll differentiate between external (gland of Zeis) and internal (meibomian gland) types, discuss common pathogens like Staph aureus, and review evidence-based management including warm compresses, hygiene, and when antibiotics or referral may be necessary.

#Hordeolum #Stye #EyelidInfection #PAstudent #PANCEprep #EENT101

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales breaks down the essentials of a Chalazion, a painless, chronic granulomatous inflammation of the meibomian gland. Learn how it differs from a hordeolum (stye), what causes it, and how to manage it conservatively with warm compresses and eyelid hygiene. We’ll also discuss when to refer for incision and curettage or steroid injection—especially if it’s persistent, recurrent, or cosmetically bothersome.

#Chalazion #EyelidLump #MeibomianGland #PANCEprep #PAstudent #EENT101

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales discusses Blepharitis, a common and often chronic eyelid inflammation seen in primary care and ophthalmology settings. Learn how anterior (Staph or seborrheic) and posterior (meibomian gland dysfunction) subtypes present with symptoms like eyelid irritation, crusting, burning, and red eyes. We cover diagnosis based on clinical exam and the importance of lid hygiene, warm compresses, and topical antibiotics for management—plus when to refer to ophthalmology for complications like hordeolum or chalazion.

#Blepharitis #EyelidDisorders #RedEye #PANCEprep #PAstudent #EENT101

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales reviews Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, also known as dry eye syndrome. We discuss the common causes—including aging, autoimmune conditions like Sjögren syndrome, and environmental factors—and how decreased tear production or increased evaporation leads to ocular discomfort. Tune in to learn about hallmark symptoms like foreign body sensation, burning, and fluctuating vision, plus diagnostic methods like Schirmer test and vital dye staining. Treatment pearls include artificial tears, cyclosporine drops, and punctal plugs for refractory cases.

#DryEye #KeratoconjunctivitisSicca #SjögrenSyndrome #PANCEprep #PAstudent #EENT101

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales explains Dacryostenosis, or nasolacrimal duct obstruction—most commonly seen in infants. You’ll learn how to recognize the classic signs of persistent tearing and mucoid discharge without conjunctival injection. We also cover the first-line management with lacrimal sac massage, the role of warm compresses, and when to refer for surgical probing if symptoms persist beyond 6–12 months.

#Dacryostenosis #TearingBaby #NasolacrimalDuct #PANCEprep #PAstudent #EENT101 #Ophthalmology

In this episode of EENT101, host Dr. Christina G. Gonzales breaks down Dacryocystitis, an infection of the lacrimal sac typically caused by obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. You’ll learn how this condition presents—classically with pain, redness, swelling, and purulent discharge near the medial canthus—and which organisms are most common (Staph aureus, Strep pneumo). We also review treatment strategies, from warm compresses and oral antibiotics to surgical intervention for recurrent or chronic cases.

#Dacryocystitis #EyeInfection #LacrimalSac #PANCEprep #PAstudent #EENT101 #Ophthalmology