safir podcast | سایبر پادکست آموزشگاه زبان سفیر گفتمان

متن پادکست:

You are listening to Cyber podcast episode 35 – What if – part 2

E: Wow, such an awesome idea for us to meet today.

A: Yeah, it was my idea, by the way! [mischievously]

E: I was literally bored to death.

M: Tell me about it! Felt like such a gloomy day at first, but we turned it around! [chuckles]

A: Yeah, even on such boring days, being together and hanging around, is a game changer!

E: That’s exactly it! That’s why they say we humans are social creatures!

A: You bet! I can’t even imagine being alone in life!

E: Really? But I sometimes think about it. Just wondering what I would do if I was the only human survivor on planet Earth.

M: Wow, that’s so scary Even to think about!

A: Right! Why would you wanna even live if you were the only human being?

E: Well, everything is possible. One day you might find the whole world to yourself and be the only king [laughingly]

A: Oh, thanks…save the kingdom to yourself…not interested.

تا حالا خودتون رو تنها توی تمام دنیا تصور کردید؟ یه لحظه فقط تصور کنید! حالا به هر دلیلی دنیا خالی از سکنه شده، خونه ها، خیابونا، همه جا خالی خالیه

و تنها شمایید. اگه این اتفاق می افتاد چه حسی بهتون میداد؟ فکر می کنید زنده می موندید؟ یا اگه می خواستید زنده بمونید چکار می کردید؟ بیاید یکم

تصورات و تخیلاتمون رو به کار بندازیم ببینیم چکار می کردیم!

E: Now, if that was to happen, I would first freak out. I think everyone would, wouldn’t they?

L: You bet…not only freaked out but be petrified!

H: Well, depends how you look at it and where in the world you were.

E: In any case…that would be horrifying.

H: You know what? If I were the only one left on the planet, I would just go around the city, find the best house to live in and enjoy my solitude.

L: Alright. And then?

H: And then what? You see, if I were the only survivor, all the resources of the world, from food to anything you wish, would be there for me.

L: Ok, so, you would just go about, consume and do nothing, right?

E: But, just imagine, if it were only you, you would be your own boss, so no to be accountable to.

H: Right! That’s the best part of it.

L: Yeah, and why would you need to work when everything was freely provided for you?

E: Exactly! It’s like the I’m beginning to like the idea. [chuckles]

واقعا فکرشو بکنین. کل دنیا و تمام اون چیزی که توش هست می موند برای شما و فقط شما. از تمام امکانات و منابعی که تا حالا بوجود اومده بود استفاده

تمال می کردین، راحت بدون اینکه نگران قیمت و بقیه مسائل بشین. خیلی خوب میشد، نه؟ خب، چند درصد فکر می کنین احتمال یا امکان وقوع یه

همچین چیزی هست؟ تقریبا صفر درصد، درسته؟ اگه به مکالمه ای که شنیدید یه بار دیگه گوش کنید، متوجه میشید که تمام این خیال پردازی های

غیرممکن رو با زمان گذشته و نتیجه ش رو با would گفتیم. مثل جمله: if it were only you, you would be your own boss.

ولی یه سوال. وقتی میگیم if it were only you, در مورد زمان حال صحبت می کنیم یا زمان گذشته؟ درسته. زمان حال. اما با استفاده از past tense . آیا موضوعی که داریم راجع بهش صحبت می کنیم امکانپذیر هست؟ مسلما نه. بنابراین، هر موقع بخواین در مورد یه موضوع غیرممکن در زمان

حال صحبت کنین از این ساختار استفاده می کنین: if + simple past, would + verb

Like:

If I were you, I would buy that car.

Meaning I am not you and I cannot buy that car.

E: But guys, let’s get serious. Like, if we look at this question seriously, what would we do to survive physically and emotionally? I mean, after the terror subsided, how would you find comfort and what would you do to continue living?

L: Well, I think one of the most important things that would help in this situation would be to find meaning. In other words, you’d need to have a reason for wanting to live.

H: Wow…I didn’t know you were capable of such a reflection.

E: [laughs]

L: Now, was this a complement or…? [laughingly]

[everyone laughs]

L: But seriously, not only in such situations, but generally in life, you need a reason, a meaning to push you forward.

E: Can’t agree more. Without a reason, nothing you do makes sense.

H: Well, yeah. I think I agree with you guys. But I’d like to imagine how I’d enjoy life if I was the only king of the world!

E: Ok, then. Tell us more. What else would you do?

H: After settling down in the best place, I’d find a car to drive around.

L: Ok, but how long could you drive? Wouldn’t you need to fill up the tank or something?

H: Well, since there would be so many cars left behind, I could use the remaining gas in each.

E: Why would you do that? You could simply drive another car any time you ran out of gas!

H: Oh, right! I like this solution better. Nice idea. Thanks!

E: Ok, but why would you wanna drive around?

L: Exactly! Since you didn’t need to work or do anything in particular. Why would you need a car?

H: Well, to look for the meaning you guys kept talking about [sarcastically chuckles]

[everyone laughs]

نه تنها در همچین شرایطی، بلکه کلا توی زندگی یه معنایی باید وجود داشته باشه تا آدمو به جلو سوق بده. حالا اگه تنها آدمی بودید که توی دنیا رها شده

بودید این معنا رو در چی و چطور پیدا می کردید؟ اگه دقت کرده باشید، در زبان فارسی هم وقتی میخوایم در مورد یه موضوع تخیلی و غیرممکن در زمان

حال صحبت کنیم از ماضی ساده یا simple past استفاده می کنیم. یه چندتا مثال رو با هم مرور کنیم. مثلا این جمله رو به فارسی چطور میگید ؟

Since you didn’t need to work, why would you need a car?

یکم بهش فکر کنید. درسته، فارسیش میشه: از اونجایی که نیاز نداشتی کار کنی، ماشین میخواستی چکار کنی؟ میبینید که فعل نداشتی و میخواستی، هر دو

به زمان گذشته ساده استفاده شدند چون تخیلی و غیرممکن هستند.

E: So, apart from accommodation and cars, what would you be excited about?

L: I’d be excited about all the delicious things that were left in the world for me. [chuckles]

[everyone laughs]

H: After finding meaning or before then? [sarcastic chuckles]

L: Stop it already [laughingly]. Just imagine [in an excited tone] if there were a lot of exotic things to eat and you didn’t have to pay for them. Wouldn’t you be excited?

E: Of course, I would. That would be great because exotic things are always too expensive and if they were free, you could make a pig of yourself and eat as much as you wanted.

H: You glutton big eaters!!!

L: Come on, don’t tell me you wouldn’t enjoy eating all you wanted without paying a dime!

E: Alright, we would eat and enjoy ourselves while you’d be driving around looking for meaning! [chuckles]

L: [burst out laughing] good one! Yeah…[laughs]

H: But what if you became ill? What would you do?

E: Oh, that’s a serious one. If you became seriously ill and there were no doctors around, that would be terrible.

L: I’d first test all the home remedies I knew about the problem and if they didn’t work, I’d just wait and see what would happen next. I’d either survive or die!

E: Hmm…right, there wouldn’t be much to do for us, right?

H: Exactly.

توی این قسمت علاوه بر مثالهای شرطی نوع دوم یا همون conditional nd2 که قبلتر بررسی کردیم، چندتا لغت و اصطلاح خوب هم داشتیم. یکی از

کلمات exotic هست. صفتی به معنای یه چیز عجیب و غریب یا غیرمعمول، چون از یه جای دور اومده. مثلا میوه های استوایی برای ما توی ایران

exotic هستند. یه اصطلاح داشتیم به معنی خوردن بیش از اندازه ست یا دلی از عزا در آوردن. درسته، make a pig of yourself. برای اینکه این

اصطلاح رو راحت تر بخاطر بسپارین، یادتون باشه که خوک یا pig به پرخوری معروفه و وقتی you make a pig of yourself یعنی در خوردن

زیاده روی می کنی. اگه به انگلیسی بخواین بگین یه قرون، چی میگین؟ انگلیسیها قرون ندارن. عوضش dime دارن. یه قرون میشه .. a dime . و در

نهایت، به آدم شکمو و پرخور در انگلیسی glutton یا big eater گفته میشه. Are you a big eater? Are you a glutton?

H: Well, in order not to come down with any health issues, I would try to eat healthy and exercise a lot. After all, if I had all the time in the world, I would be able to take a better care of myself.

L: That’s nice but, what if after some time all the food stuff available depleted or went bad. You’d have to find something to eat.

E: That’s when you might want to think about something more serious to do. Like, hunting or agriculture?

L: I guess! But if you had no one to teach you things like that, how would you overcome this predicament?

H: Well…going back to the meaning. Maybe the “meaning thing” you mentioned in the beginning could come to your aid.

E: oh…give me a break, please. Laughingly.

[everyone laughs]

این سوال رو از خیلیا پرسیدم و جوابهای متفاوتی گرفتم ولی اولین و رایج ترین واکنش آدمها به این سوال میدونین چیه؟ اصلا مرتبط به بقا نیست. اینکه

تنهایی چکار کنم؟ اکثر آدما، شاید هم هممون از تنهایی مطلق بیزاریم یا فراری برای همین هم بهمون میگن موجودات اجتماعی. زندگی ما آدما، در کنار

هم، با هم و برای همدیگه معنا پیدا میکنه. دوام آوردن در چنین شرایطی نه تنها سخت بلکه شاید غیرممکن باشه. شاید اولش به دلیل ترس، هیجان یا هر

احساس دیگه ای قادر باشیم با شرایط کنار بیایم اما من فکر می کنم بعد از مدتی یا انقدر ناامید بشیم که بخوایم به زندگیمون پایان بدیم و یا انقدر به شرایط

عادت کنیم که دیگه نتونیم توی جمع دوام بیاریم. به هر حال، هر چند همه ما یه زمانهایی به تنهایی خودمون نیاز داریم، اما تنهایی مطلق میتونه خیلی

وحشتناک باشه. نظر شما چیه؟ شما توی چنین شرایطی چکار می کردید ؟

If you’re listening to this part, it means you’ve stayed with us throughout this episode for which we are absolutely grateful. This podcast was brought to you by Safir Language academy’s content development department. All the scripts can be found and downloaded on Castbox, Spotify and Shenoto.

Until next week, stay safe stay tuned, bye.

Word or expression

Definition

Meaning in Farsi

Gloomy

Sad and causing a feeling of sadness

دلگیر

Game changer

Something that affects the final result greatly

متحول کنند ه

Survivor

A person who survives or copes with the hardships of life

نجات یافت ه

Freak out

Be afraid or shocked

ترسیدن، جا خوردن

Petrified

Be extremely scared

زهره ترک شد ن

Horrifying

Be extremely scared

وحشتناک

Solitude

Being alone

تنهایی

Consume

Use, eat up

مصرف کرد ن

Accountable

Responsible

مسئول بودن در قبال...

Terror

Extreme fear

ترس، هرا س

Subside

Go down, ease, calm

کم شدن، کاهش یافت ن

Exotic

Unusual and strange

عجیب غریب

Glutton

Eating too much

شکمو

Big eater

Eating too much

پرخو ر

Dime

A ten-cent coin, a small amount of money

قرون

Remedy

Solution

درمان، چار ه

Deplete

Consume, use up

تمام شد ن

Agriculture

Farming, cultivation

کشاورز ی

Predicament

A difficult or unpleasant situation

سختی، مخمص ه

Give me a break

Exclamation used to show exasperation or disbelief

ولم کن، دست بردار.

متن پادکشت:

You are listening to Cyber podcast episode 34 – What if…part 1

When making friends, it’s not always easy to get to know people on one go; it usually requires time and companionship, spending time together and seeing one another in different situations. But one fun thing to do when there is a group of people who don’t know much about each other but want to make friends is playing some games one of which we’ll be playing here today. It’s gonna be really fun, I promise. So, stay tuned and play the game with us!

معمولا وقتی قرار هست گروهی از افراد نسبت به هم شناخت پیدا کنن، زمان زیادی لازمه و این کار در مراحل و شرایط متفاوت میسر میشه. اما یه راهی که

ما توی این پادکست استفاده کردیم هم خیلی فانه و هم تا حدودی کمک میکنه آدمای دور و برمون رو بهتر بشناسیم. من ادیت هستم و امروز با آیدا و مریم

میخوایم یه بازی باحال یادبگیریم که هم به گرامرمون کمک کنه و هم همدیگه رو بهتر بشناسیم. پس با ما همراه باشین .

Now, to set the scene, let me tell you what’s going on here. There are three of us in this podcast, we don’t know each other very well. We are only acquaintances but would like to get to know each other and if possible, make good friends. What we will be going is, each individual will have a set of questions and will ask them to anyone they wish. I’m sure the answers are not only going to be fun and exciting, but also eye-opening to help decide about the future of the friendship. So, let’s get started!

کاری که قراره توی این پادکست انجام بدیم خیلی جالبه. یه سری سوال دست هر کدوم ما هست که به دلخواه از هر کسی دوست داری م می پرسیم و بر

اساس جوابی که می گیریم می تونیم نوع رابطه دوستانه مون رو با اون شخص تعریف کنیم....مثلا بر اساس شناختی که پیدا می کنیم می تونیم بگیم آیا

میتونیم دوستای صمیمی باشیم یا فقط در حد آشنا باقی بمونیم و غیره. مهم نوع سواله که همین الان بهشون میرسیم .

So, are you guys ready?

Everyone: Yeahhh

E: Ok, I’ll go first. Aida, what if I ask you for your purse? I mean will you lend me your purse for a couple days?

A: Course I will. It’s nothing important and by the way, everyone knows I’m not really into accessories like this. My purses are usually empty [laughingly] and I only carry them coz everyone else does. [chuckle] and there have been occasions when I’ve left them behind without realizing! [laughing]

M: Wow, great. You’re generous. What if the purse is a designer item and is very expensive? Will you still lend it to me?

A: Well, [chuckles]…

[everyone shows a kind of reaction here]

E: Uh huh…good one! Will you???

M: Come on, be honest!

A: Alright…alright…for your information, I do have a purse as such and I have lent it to my friends a couple times. So, no big a deal!

E and M: Nice…so, you are generous indeed! Great!

M: Let me ask the next question. I hear you have an important exam tomorrow, right?

A: Oh…don’t remind me…yeah! [whining].

M: What if you don’t get to study. Will you attempt to cheat?

A: [laugh] I actually have not covered even half the material….so, I guess if I don’t cheat, I’ll definitely fail.

E: Alright, we still didn’t get our answers. Will you or won’t you cheat??? [chuckle]

A: As gross as it may sound, yes, I will. [laughingly]

[everybody laughs]

M: What about you Edith? What if you have an exam and have not studied well. Will you cheat?

E: Um…I’m actually too lousy in cheating and I get too stressed. So, I don’t think I will.

A: Oh, come on! She’s one of those nerds! [chuckles]

M: You bet! [chuckles]

E: No, it’s not that. I just don’t know how to cheat. Maybe because I get too stressed. But, I get to admit, if anybody asks me for an answer, I will share, if I know the answer, of course. [chuckle]

A: Alright, better than nothing. [chuckles]

M: I know, right? [chuckles]

خب، تا اینجا سوالاتی که از هم پرسیدی م اینا بود:

If I ask you to lend me your purse, will you do it?

What if you have an expensive purse? Will you still lend it to me?

If you don’t get to finish your studies for the exam, will you cheat?

قبل از اینکه به ادامه سوالات بپردازیم، یکم ر وی این قسمت تمرکز کنیم و ساختارش رو با هم رور کنیم .

When I say: “If I ask you to lend me your purse,” what tense is it? Present!

part, will you ndDo you think it is possible for me to ask you for your purse? Yes, it is. Now, look at the 2do it?” What tense is it? Future. Can it happen? Yes, it can.

پس نتیجه می گیریم که، در این نوع جملات، یعنی شرطی نوع اول، عبارت شرطی که با if شروع میشه با زمان حال ساده ساخته میشه و عبارت دوم که

نتیجه اون شرطه، با زمان آینده. توجه بکنید که این نوع جملات درباره امکان بروز یه نتیجه در زمان آینده در پی یک شرط در زمان حال صحبت می کنند.

به ادامه پادکست گوش کنین و به نمونه های بیشتر این ساختار توجه کنید.

E: Alright, my next question. What will you do if your guests call in to say they won’t go to your party tomorrow?

M: Oh no. That’s really anticlimactic. I’ll definitely go nuts.

E: Will you cut ties with them?

M: I will first try to hear their reasons. But if I sense, me and my party don’t matter to them, or they have lame excuses, then I will cut ties. I won’t hate them, though.

A: Well, that’s one awful situation. I’ll first get very angry, I may even cry. I’ll even call my guests and tell them off, that I am very upset and I don’t want to see them ever again.

E: Oh, wow…isn’t it too much?

A: Yeah, but they’ve ruined my plans and after all, you may say anything when angry, right?

M: But what about those who really have a problem?

A: If they have a problem why don’t they tell me in the first place?

E: hmmm…this is serious.

M: What about you Edith? What will you do?

E: I will first feel disappointed and resentful but will make sure to listen to their reasons. If I see their reasons are nonsense, or sound like mere excuse [chuckle], I will not invite them again in the future. Because after all, they have their own choice. I can’t force them to come to my party.

A: Fair enough.

M: Yeah, but easier said than done. [chuckle]

E: let me ask you one more question. Considering the fact that we are not yet close friends, if I ask you very personal questions, like about your income or family affairs and so on, what will you think about me and how will you answer the question?

A: Oh, my God….I think all of us have had that experience before. Honestly, I will just look at the person and smile.

M: But I will be outspoken and say that your question is too personal and that I don’t feel comfortable answering it!

E: Great. I love both reactions. As for me, I may do one way or another….I sometimes may pretend I did not hear the question, some other times, I may say it’s too personal, in a tongue-in-the-cheek tone.

A: Yeah, I think that’s a good strategy. Fun is usually a good softener!

M: Yep. You have a point!

E: Anyway,what if you realize you will be judged by the questions you just answered? Will you feel self-conscious or …?

M: Not even a bit. I am who I am and I’m ok with that. I just shared my opinion.

E: Nice!

A: Well, it will be an overstatement if I say I won’t at all, but it won’t bother me. I mean, I will think about it but won’t let it bring me down. Because after all, I am being honest and I’m quite Ok with that.

اگه دقت کرده باشین، بعضی وقتها توی عبارت اصلی به جای will از may هم استفاده میشه. این زمانیه که خیلی مطمئن وقوع اون اتفاق نیستی و فقط

در حد یه حدسه. مثل: I may cry یا I may pretend… . بنابراین اگه یه بار دیگه شرطی نوع اول رو بخوایم دوره کنیم، می تونیم بگیم:

جملات شرطی از دو عبار تشکیل شده ن، عبارتی که شرط رو معرفی میکنه و با if شروع میشه و عبارتی که در مورد نتیجه اون شرط صحبت میکنه و در

شرطی نوع اول با will یا may استفاده میشه. این نوع شرطی در مورد اتفاقی صحبت میکنه که اگه شرایطش در زمان حال محیا باشه در زمان آینده

اتفاق خواهد افتاد و کاملا ممکن هست.

E: So, now, do you guys think we got to know one another or you need to ask more questions?

M: Well, not only more questions but I think we will need to hang out more in different settings and situations.

A: Absolutely right. I second that.

E: So, when and where are we going to meet next? [chuckles]

A: Well, let’s see…

M: Hmm…what about…[fading]

خب در آخر، چندتا لغت و اصطلاح رو هم با هم مرور کنیم بد نیست:

گفتیم یه سری از آدما رو فقط دورادور میشناسیم و دوستمون نیستن. به این نوع اشخاص و نوع رابطه شون acquaintance گفته میشه. مثلا همسایه

ای که میشناسید ولی خیلی باهاش ارتباط آنچنانی ندارید. وقتی میخواید با کسی قطع رابطه کنید میتونید از اصطلاح cut ties استفاده کنید . مثلا Japan and Russia have cut ties. یا I cut ties with that team. اصطلاح بعدی self-conscious هست که به معنی خجالت زده شدن یا

خجالت کشیدن هست. مثلا Teenage girls are usually very self-conscious. زمانی که در مورد چیزی اغراق می کنیم می تونیم از کلمه

overstatement استفاده کنیم. مثلا، Cutting ties is an overstatement. اصطلاح بعدی bring someone down هست که به

معنی دلسرد کردن یا روحیه از دست دادن هست. به این جمله توجه کنید: I never let difficulties bring me down. وقتی حالتون گرفته ست

و از چیزی عصبانی یا ناراحت یا دلچرکین هستین می تونین ار کلمه resentful استفاده کنیم: I really felt resentful after what she did.

خب، حالا یه بار دیگه پادکست رو گوش کنید و سعی کنید این لغات و اصطلاحات رو توش پیدا کنید و باهاشون تمرین کنین. راستی اگه دوست صمیمیتون

به مهمونیتون نیاد چکار می کنین؟ چه حسی بهتون دست میده؟ با استفاده از جمله شرطی توی کامنت برامون بنویسین.

Glossary:

Meaning in Farsi

Definition

Word or expression

آشن ا

Someone you know but not closely

Acquaintance

قطع رابطه کرد ن

Stop or break up a relationship

Cut ties

خجالت ی

Uneasy, embarrassed

Self-conscious

اغراق آمیز

Exaggeration

Overstatement

تضعیف روحیه کردن، دلسرد کرد ن

disappoint sb, upset

Bring sb down

آزرده، دلچرکی ن

irritated

Resentful

دیوانه شدن از عصبانیت یا ناراحت ی

Get upset or angry

Go nuts

ضد حا ل

Causing disappointment at the end of something exciting

Anticlimactic

بهانه بیجا یا الک ی

Illogical or unreasonable, poor-quality excuse

Lame excuse

متن پادکست:

You are listening to Cyber podcast Episode 23 – Funny language misunderstandings

A: May I help you?

B: We’ll be asking the questions old man. Who are you?

A: Yu.

B: No, me, you!

A: Yes, I’m Yu.

B: Just answer the damn questions. Who are you?

A: I have told you.

B: Are you deaf?

A: No, Yu is blind.

B: I’m not blind, you blind.

A: That is just what I said.

B: You just said what?

A: I did not say what. I said Yu.

B: That’s what I’m asking you.

A: and Yu is answering.

B: Shut up! You!

A: Yes?

B: Not you, him! What’s your name.

C: Mi.

B: Yes, you.

C: I am Mi.

A: He is Mi and I am Yu.

Did you get confused by what you just heard? Well, you are not to blame. The conversation is quite easy and straight forward. Even someone with basic English knowledge can answer the question “What’s your name?” or “Who are you?” but as you heard, simple questions as such can also be misunderstood. But why? What causes this misunderstanding? I’m Edith your host and in this podcast, we’re talking about some funny language related misunderstandings and why they happen. So, stay with me to see if any of these mishaps ring a bell for you?

سوء تفاهم برای همه پیش اومده و خیل ی هم مسئله رایجی هست، حتی زمانی که داری با هم زبانت صحبت میکنی! اکثرا هم با یه عذرخواهی ساده و یه

شوخی کوچولو برطرف میشه. البته ممکنه قضیه جدی تر باشه اما اکثر اوقات مشکل خاصی ایجاد نمیکنه. اما زمانی که بحث مکالمه دو غیر همزبان پیش

میاد که سعی میکنن به زبان همدیگه صحبت کنن اتفاقات خیلی خنده دار یادی میتونه بیفته که گاهی خجالت آور و شوکه کننده هم میشه. امروز میخوایم

در مورد سوء تفاهم های بین فارسی و انگلیسی زبونها صحبت کنیم و ببینیم برای چی پیش میان.

So, I was around 25 at that time and I used to work in a well-known Korean company, where I sometimes had to accompany foreign representatives of different companies for their business deals and stuff. So, one summer afternoon, around 3:00 we had just finished a meeting and were headed back to our office. So, we, I mean 3 Korean high-ranking representatives and I, are on our way back but since the job is done and we are almost about the closing time, they suggested they’d first drop me off at home instead of the office, and they’d go back to their hotel. Happy about the fact that I’d be going

home a bit earlier, I directed the driver to my address and when we arrived, I got off the car, thanked them and as we Iranians do, …

B: Oh, I know what you’re gonna say…[laughingly]

E: [laughing] yeah, so, just trying to be polite I said “would you like to come in and have some coffee?”

B: Oh, no! [laughingly]

E: [laughingly] God! you won’t believe how fast they were to get off the car ready to come in!

[everyone laughs]

E: I was only expecting an Iranian type of taarof or let’s say, back-and-forth kind of pleasantries. But I couldn’t believe what I’d put myself into.

[everyone laughs]

بیخود نیست میگن تعارف اومد نیومد داره! داستانی که براتون تعریف کردم کاملا واقعیه و فقط زمانی که نماینده های کره ای از م اشین پیاده شدن تا بیان تو

و قهوه ای که بهشون تعارف کرده بودم رو بخورن باید قیافه منو میدیدین! قبل از اون هیچوقت تا این حد از اینکه تعارف کرده بودم از خودم عصبانی نشده

بودم! البته که یه قهوه واقعا چیزی نبود، اما اینکه من فقط تعارف کردم و اینطور غافلگیر شدم درسی بهم داد که هرگز فراموش نمی کنم. این یه سوء تفاهم

به خاطر بلد نبودن زبان نبود، بلکه به دلیل عدم آگاهی از فرهنگ! خب، کلمات این بخش رو با هم مرور کنیم: گفتم یکی از مسئولیت های من این بود که

نمایندگان رده بالا یا high-ranking representatives رو برای برگزاری جلسات همراهی یا accompany کنم. یه روز بعد از یکی از این

جلسات ک ه داشتیم بر میگشتیم، راننده منو جلوی خونه پیاده کرد. پیاده کردن به انگلیسی میشه off sbdrop . زمانی که تعارف می کنید و مثلا چیزی رو

رد می کنید ولی در نهایت قبول می کنید به این کا ر در انگلیسی میگیم forth kind of pleasantries-and-back .

B: Oh, you’re absolutely right. You mentioned back-and-forth pleasantries and it suddenly hurt so bad [laughingly]. I have a similar story, something I remember from when I was only 14 up until now!

E: Oh!

B: You bet! See, we had some family friends who were not Iranians, they were from the far East. We have really different customs when it comes to taarof.

E: Yeah, right. I don’t think any nation has so much taarof as we do.

B: So, as I was saying, once we were invited to their place and as we were just hanging around the house playing and having fun, I noticed some very tempting chocolate cupcakes in a covered cake pedestal on the table. So, I was just waiting for the right moment to gobble one up. So, it was after dinner and the hostess took the serving dish around to offer some. She approached me saying “would you like some?” and I was just trying my best to be a well-behaved boy, and so I said “No, thanks” on the first time and I waited for her to insist! And guess what happened!

E: Oh nooooo!!!!

B: Yeah, simple as that. She just took the cupcakes away and put them back in the cupboard! So, my dreams came crashing down!

E: Oh, that was painful!

B: So painful indeed!

خلاصه که تع ارف کردنهای ما ایرانیا میتونه خیلی کار دستمون بده. این موضوع انقدر برای یه سری از فرهنگها مثل فرهنگ غرب ناآشناست که حتی معادل

لغوی دقیقی در انگلیسی براش ندارن، بطوری که خود کلمه تعارف کم کم داره وارد زبان انگلیسی میشه و بکار میره.

توی داستانی که از علیرضا شنیدیم. چندتا کلمه خوب داشتیم که بد نیست اشاره ای بهشون بکنیم. کاپ کیکهایی که هنوز دل علیرضا رو میسوزونن توی

ظرف شیرینی خوری پایه دار بود که بهش میگن pedestal یا pedestal dish به استرس کلمه دقت کنین که روی بخش اول کلمه ست. وقتی

چیزی رو با ولع می خورین یا به اصطلاح می بلعین به این کار میگیم gobble که یه فعل هست. مثلا He wanted to gobble the cake. ولی

خب خانم میزبان یا همون hostess مجالی بهش نداد و کیکها رو قایم کرد .

E: But you might think this can only happen when you don’t speak a certain language but language is only one part of it. Culture has such a big role.

B: Absolutely right. Language and culture are intertwined. Sometimes the impact of culture is so great that even your body language; something you expect everyone to understood, might get misunderstood. Like you may have gestures in your culture that can be offensive in another.

E: Right, and something as simple as nodding or shaking the head. You see, here in Iran, if we want to show agreement we nod, I mean we move our head downwards and if we wanna show disagreement, we tilt our head upwards. In some cultures, tilting the head upwards means yes and shaking the head from side to side is a sign of no.

B: Seriously? That’s weird.

گفتیم فرهنگ و زبان رو نمیشه از هم جدا دونست چون در هم تنیده یا intertwined هستن و مثالی هم که زدیم در مورد زبان بدن بود. گفتیم یه سری

از حرکات دست یا gestures در یه فرهنگ خوبن در حالیکه در یه فرهنگ دیگه ممکنه توهین آمیز یا offensive تلقی بشن یا حتی گیچ کننده باشن،

مثل حرکت سر به سمت بالا یا upward tilt که معانی مختلفی در فرهنگهای مختلف داره.

E: Yeah, in my previous job, we would mean no but they thought we said yes and that was a problem. [laughingly]

B: But apart from culture and body language, a great deal of misunderstanding occurs due to mispronunciation. Especially, when two similar-sounding words are confused.

E: Oh, yeah. This reminded me of my very first day at work. You see, I was very young and inexperienced and it was the very first day I went to work. I mean, I went for the interview, got accepted right away and they asked me to stay till the end of the working hours of the very same day. So, as I said earlier, it was a Korean company, so, my manager and some colleagues were Koreans.

B: Did they speak English or Korean? Or perhaps Farsi?

E: Well, a combination of all the three! A little of each. [laughingly]

B: Oh, that’s even harder, especially with the difference of the accent.

E: Anyway, the manager came to my desk, put the big pile of paper in his hand down and said: “Edith, please give me a copy!” and left. So, very excited to do my very first task, I loaded the copy machine with paper and made a copy of the documents. I think they were something around 50 pages. I put them in a cover and handed them to him. He looks at the copies, looks at me puzzled and asks “What are these?” “The copies you asked for.” I said. “Me? When?” he said. Now, I’m beginning to feel nervous when he suddenly says: “No, no…I asked for a copy, not copy…a cup of copy!”

B: Oh wow...he wanted a coffee [laughingly]

E: Yeah. You see there is no “f” sound in Korean and they use “p” instead. I was soooo embarrassed and nervous that I’d wasted so much paper, I kept apologizing for the next 30 minutes, until he said “Are you going to give me a copy [coffee] or not?”

[everybody laughs]

So, what about you, dear listeners? Has ever anyone misunderstood your English? What was the cause? Write it in the comments and let’s find out the reasons this might happen.

تا اینجا متوجه شدیم که سوء تفاهم پیش اومده در زبان های متفاوت میتونه دلایل مختلفی داشته باشه. این دلایل میتونن فرهنگی یا صرف ا زبانی باشن. مثلا

تلفظ اشتباه یه کلمه میتونه یه معنی دیگه ای رو برسونه و باعث سوتعبیر کل جمله بشه. مثل اتفاقی که در اولین روز کاریم برام پیش اومد حالا شما بهمون

بگین، آیا چنین تجربیاتی تا حالا داشتین؟ چه مشکلات یا احساسی در شما ایجاد کرد؟ توی کامنت برامون بنویسین.

If you’re listening to this part, it means you’ve stayed with us throughout this episode, for which we are absolutely grateful. This podcast was brought to you by Safit language academy’s content development department. All the scripts can be found and downloaded on Castbox, Spotify and Shenoto. Until next week stay safe stay tuned, bye!

Word or expression

Definition

Meaning in Farsi

Accompany

Go somewhere with someone as a company

همراهی کرد ن

High-ranking

High profile, important

رده با لا

Representative

Official, a person to present a group

نماینده

Deal

Commercial trading

تجارت،

Drop sb off

Take sb by car to a particular place

پیاده کردن کس ی

Tempting

Appealing, enticing, attractive

وسوسه برانگیز

Pedestal (dish)

The base or support of a statue or dish

پایه، پایه دا ر

Hostess

A woman who receives and entertains guests

میزبان خان م

Offensive

Rude, insulting

توهین امی ز

Intertwined

Twisted together

در هم تنیده، در هم آمیخت ه

Tilt

Move into a slopping position

کج یا متمایل کردن چیز ی

Gobble

Eat or swallow rapidly

بلعیدن، با ولع خوردن

Gesture

A movement of a body part like hands to signal an idea or feeling

حرکت دست یا اعضای بد ن

Back-and-forth Pleasantry

A discussion with little outcome

تعارف کردن

+ Nice steak wasn't it?

_ ooh yeah I really enjoyed it, especially the sauce.

Winter is coming. huh?

This is podcast 29:

Have you written the last chapter of your life yet!!

Z: Come here, son! Show me how to do this, please. K: What is it again, dad? Z: I want to attach this file and forward it to 3 people. How do I do it? K: I just explained yesterday. It’s the same, now! [naggingly] Z: I know…just see if I’m doing it right! K: [reluctantly] Phew! Select your file first, then go to… Z: Wait, wait how do I select it? K: Gush, dad! You just hold your finger on the icon!!! Z: Uh-huh! Like this….then? K: No! it didn’t get selected…pay attention to the color change. Like this! Z: Ok…there… K: Now click on the share button and choose recipient! Z: My phone has no share button! K: [sarcastic laughter] how’s that even possible? What is this, then??? Z: Oh, Ok. After that…? K: Give it to me, I’ll do it for you...who do you want to send it to? [angrily] Z: Nope, I wanna learn to do it myself! Did I teach you stuff this way? [angrily] K: Oh, Give me a break, dad! “The children now have luxury. They have bad manners, contempt for authority; they show disrespect for elders and love gossip in place of activity. What a world we are living in!” Sounds familiar, doesn’t it? Did he take the words right out of your mouth? Well, frankly speaking, these are the words of a wise man, but not a recent one. It was Socrates who said these things in 400 B.C, but strangely enough, he does sound like someone of our time. this shows that there has always been this thing called generation gap! Right, a situation in which older and younger people do not understand each other because of their different experiences, opinions, habits, and behavior. A lack of understanding between older and younger people caused by different life experiences. I bet you just remembered the last time you had an argument with your parents or perhaps your kids and felt you are poles apart. Or at least you thought to yourself “Why don’t they understand?” or “What’s so hard about this?” Well, we are talking about an issue which could be no one’s fault, and yet could drive everyone up the wall, simply because one doesn’t understand the other. But what causes this and what effects does it have? We’re gonna find out soon. Join me and my friends in this discussion about generation gap! شکاف نسلها! اصطلاح نامانوسی که شاید در زبان فارسی خیلی استفاده نمیشه، یا شایدم تا الان زیاد استفاده نشده. شکاف نسلها! به شرایطی گفته میشه که اشخاص از نسلهای مختلف قادر به درک و تعامل موثر با همیدگه نیستند. مطمئنا برای شما هم پیش اومده که طرز فکر یا دلیل انجام یه سری از کارهای پدر مادرتون رو درک نکنین و خب، اونها هم شما رو درک نکنن. این ناتوانی در درک افراد از نسلهای متفاوت موضوع امروز ماست. من ادیت هستم و امروز با چند نفر از دوستان گپ و گفت جالبی خواهیم داشت در این مورد. پس با ما همراه بشید.

A: [in a funny tone] Now, he’s holding his new smart phone in his hand so tight that you can see he’s hands are already sweating. I’m trying to show him just how to find a contact’s number. He’s so tense that I know whatever I’m saying is going nowhere. E: I know right? It’s like they are scared stiff of it. Like if you pushed that button, the universe would explode! [laughingly] Sh: Oh, Tell me about it! I have explained the same thing over and over again and she, I mean my mom, comes to me every single time she wants to send a picture to someone. E: Oh, that’s exactly it! A: Tell me about it. [laughingly] Sh: Oh God! [laughingly] these baby boomers! E: So annoying! [laughingly] E: You said baby boomers? What’s that? Sh: People born between 1946 and 1964 are called baby boomers. A: I guess my grandparents are baby boomers. Now, how many years is your age difference with your parents? Sh: For me it’s 24 years. A: and for me, 27. I’m the 2nd child. E: Hmm… it’s 30 for me. I’m the last of the three! A: Quite long! Sh: Yeah, sort of! E: Yeah, I’m a generation X member! I was born in 1980. What about you guys? A: I was born in 1984. Sh: So, you are a Millennial or generation Y like me, I was born in 1985. The ones born after us, like from 1995 are called post-millennials or generation Z. A: Yeah. But you know what amazes me? You see some baby boomers who are really comfortable around all this technology and stuff. I really admire them. E: Yeah, but they are not many. Hardly ever can you find someone like that. Sh: Yeah, the effects of generation gap are so widespread that you rarely see people like that.

خب، اول از همه چندتا از نسلها رو اسم بردیم اینجا. کسانی که بین سالهای1946 تا 1964 میلادی به دنیا اومدن در انگلیسی اصطلاحاbaby boomers گفته میشن. افراد این نسل سنتی هستن و از تکنولوژی فراری. نسل بعدی مربوط به سالهای 1965 تا 1981 هست که بهش X generation میگن. آدمای این نسل هم پرکار و با پشتکار هستن و تقریبا با تکنولوژی آشنان. بعد از X نسل Y هست که بین سالهای 1982 تا 1994 بدنیا اومدن و بهشون نسل هزاره یا Millennial هم گفته میشه. این نسل native digital هستن، یعنی زندگی روزمره شون تحت تاثیر تکنولوژیه و معمولا برچسب خودشیفته و لوس رو با خودشون یدک میکشن. و در نهایت متولدین سالهای 1997 تا 2012 نسل millennial-post هستن که زندگیشون با اینترنت گره خورده و انگار که در DNA شون ثبت شده. مصرف کننده های پرتوقعی با دامنه توجه بسیار کوتاه! شما جزو کدوم generation هستین؟ حالا ببینیم دلایل و اثرات شکاف نسلها چیه و چکار باید کرد.

E: Hmm...right. But what are the possible causes of this gap? Is it only the age difference we have with people or are there other factors involved? A: I don’t think it’s the age itself but what different ages, or let’s say the people of certain ages have or don’t have in common. I mean, it’s the common experiences of people that helps them get along or understand each other well. E: Absolutely! Like, if you just compare something as simple as the fads or trends of each generation, you will see a great difference. Like, generation Y or Millennials, are considered digital natives. Their lives are tied to technology. But baby boomers, actually are technophobes! [laughingly] B: Hmm…you have a point here. But, I think experiences that you mentioned can be categorized into different groups. Like those that come with level of education, social class, family background and so on. A: Right on point. There are many factors. E: Hmm... I never thought of it this way. The technology related gap is so big that it kind of overshadows other factors.

گفتیم وقتی آدما وجه اشتراکی با هم ندارن، شکاف نسلها بیشتر حس میشه. وجه اشتراک داشتن در انگلیسی میشه in things have to .common مثال: .common in little have Z and X Gen یعنی نسل زی و اکس وجه اشتراک کمی با هم دارند. یکی از تفاوتهای عمده نسلهای قبلی با جدیدتر ها اینه که نسلهای قدیم انگار از تکنولوژی می ترسن یا technophobe هستن. حتما کلمه phobia رو بلدین که به معنی ترس هست. تکنوفوب یعنی از ترسان از تکنولوژی! یکی دیگه از اختلافهایی که بین نسلها هست میتونه به دلیل اختلاف طبقاتی باشه که در انگلیسی بهش میگیم differences class social . اما به هر حال به نظر میرسه تکنولوژی دلیلی هست که بقیه دلایل رو تحت شعاع قرار میده یا به اصطلاحovershadow میکنه.

Sh: Right. I read somewhere that increased life expectancy and social mobility are also two main factors causing generation gap. A: Hmm…I can understand how life expectancy can play a role as we discussed, but what is social mobility? E: Wait, I think I know it. Social mobility is the movement of people of the society within social classes. Like from a low class, moving up to middle class or higher class and so on. A: Is this class only related to people’s finances? Sh: No, it could be education, income and social status. A: Oh, interesting. E: Wow…good information. I always thought it’s only the age that matters. A: There are also factors like cultural differences and technological gap, as we said. E: You bet! The technological gap is a killer! I mean, it’s such a pain in the neck. [everyone agrees and laughs]

برای چیزی که خیلی آزار دهنده ست و باعث انزجار میشه، دو تا اصطلاح خوب در این قسمت داشتیم. میتونین پیداشون کنین؟ دقیقا! killer A و a زندگی به امید یا متوسط عمر همینطور technology gap is a killer / is a pain in the neck.: میگیم مثال pain in the neck در انگلیسی میشه expectancy life که هرچقدر بیشتر باشه ظاهرا شکاف نسل بیشتری ایجاد میکنه.

E: Now, it seems generation gap has been studied quite a bit. I mean it’s a serious matter. But, what are the effects or aftermaths of it? Is it just the frustration and lack of understanding? I think there should be more to it. A: I think that in itself is annoying enough! [laughingly] Sh: Can’t agree more [laughingly]. Actually, there are a lot of negative and some positive side effects. You know, lack of understanding can lead people to be impatient and intolerant of each other’s mistakes. This can in turn make them less respectful toward others. A: Exactly. And this can also lead to lack of interaction between generations. Just because they want to avoid conflicts and disputes, they avoid interacting all together.

یه نکته مهم اینجا بهتون بگم! وقتی توی متنی دو عبارت یا کلمه با حرف ربط and یا or به هم وصل میشن انتظارمیره که یا هم معنی باشن یا اگر دقیقا هم معنی نباشن، در یه زمینه معنایی قرار داشته باشن. حالا این به چه درد ما میخوره؟ وقتی معنی یکی از دو کلمه رو بلد باشین، به راحتی میتونین معنی دومی رو حدس بزنین. قسمت قبلی رو گوش کنین دو سه مورد این مدلی داریم. ببینین پیداشون می کنین. جواب درست میشه: aftermath or effect side به معنی عوارض جانبی یا عواقب هست. مورد بعدی intolerant and impatient به معنی کم طاقت یا بی صبر و مورد آخر dispute and conflict به معنی تضاد یا کشمکش.

E: Hmm…interesting. But is there a way one can minimize these side effects? A: Well, there’s always a way. I truly believe that improving communication skills is of utmost importance. When you know how to interact or communicate with people of different backgrounds, most problems can be avoided. E: Can’t agree more. Most of our problems arise from miscommunication. Sh: Right. And one more thing is to keep up with the trends. Especially parents, need to keep updating themselves on current trends and so on. A: Oh, absolutely. Something they mostly fall behind! E: That’s exactly it. And not only parents should keep themselves up to date but younger generations should also develop respect and an understanding of their elders! A: Right. But if relationships of any kind are spiced with love, not many of these problems will even arise. So, cultivating love in relationships is, I guess, the most important of all! E: Wow…nicely put. You summed up everything very nicely. B: Yeah, you’re right.

در آخر به این جمع بندی رسیدیم یا اینطور up sum کردیم که اگه بیشتر همدیگه رو بفهمیم و به طرز تعامل با همدیگه توجه کنیم و از همه مهمتر با عشق و محبت این کارو انجام بدیم، اکثر این مشکلات حل میشن و یا اینکه اصلا پیش نمیان!

So dear listeners, which generation do you belong to? What are some issues you are facing due to generation gap? Write it in the comments and remember, love can change everything for better. If you’re listening to this part it means you’ve stayed with us throughout this episode, for which we are absolutely grateful. This podcast was brought to you by Safir language academy’s content development department. All the scripts can be found and downloaded on Castbox, Spotify and Shenoto. Until next week, stay safe stay tuned and don’t forget to love! Bye… Glossary:

Word or expression /Definition /Meaning in Farsi

1-Socrates /سقراط

2- Widespread /Global, common /متداول، گسترده

3-Get along /Have a good relationship with/ جور بودن

4-ِِDigital native /So familiar with computer and internet /آشنا با دنیای دیجیتال

5-Overshadow/Appear more important /تحت شعاع قرار دادن

6-Life expectancy /Average time a person expects to live/ امید به زندگی

7-Social mobility / Movement of people among social classes /تحرک اجتماعی

8-Finance/ Money matters /مالی امور

9-Baby boomers /Born between 1946-1964 /1964-1946 متولدین

10-Generation X /Born between 1965-1981 /1981-1965 متولدین

11-Generation y /Born between 1982-2004 /2004-1982 متولدین

12-Generation z / Born between 2005-2012 /2012-2005 متولدین

13- Millennial/ Related to millennium /هزاره ای

14- Post-millennial /After the millennium /پسا هزاره ای

15- To be a killer / Be annoying / آزار دهنده، مخرب، کشنده

16-To be a pain / in the neck Be annoying /آزاردهنده

17-Aftermath /Consequence, after effect /پیامد

18-Frustration /Annoyance, anger /ناامیدی، کلافگی

19- Impatient / not patient , Snappy/ بی حوصله، کم طاقت

20- Intolerant /Unfair, not tolerating differences/ متعصب

21-Conflict/ Disagreement /کشمکش

22-Dispute / Disagreement /مشاجره، اختلاف نظر

23-Utmost / Most, extreme /بیشترین

24-Arise /Appear, emerge /رخ دادن

25-Sum up/ conclude/ نتیجه گیری کردن

26-Cultivate / develop/ پرورش دادن

27-Fad / Craze, trend, fashion /تمایل، مد

28-Trend / Craze, fad, fashion / تمایل ، مد

Prepared and presented by: Edith Khodabakhshi

Special thanks to Zhubin Samiee Kaveh Samiee Shabnam Baghi Alireza Safari for their support and contributions

[Class ambience]

S: I see picture beautiful. T: Oh, you mean, “I see a beautiful picture.” S: Yes, beautiful picture. T: What’s your favorite fruit? S: I love apple. T: Hmm…you mean apples, right? S: Yes apples. T: What do you do in your free time? S: I’m listening to music. I’m drinking coffee. T: You mean now or always?

میخوام بگم موسیقی گوش میدم، قهوه میخورم....

Always: S T: So, you say “I listen to music, I drink coffee.” T: What did you do on the weekend? S: Teacher, went to park and ate kebab. T: Uh-huh. Who did that? S: Teacher, I. T: So, I… S: I went to park and ate kebab.

اگه زبان آموز هستید حتما باید براتون پیش اومده باشه که بخاطر اشتباهات کوچیک و تکراری کلافه شده باشین. ولی واقعا به نظرتون چرا این اتفاق میوفته؟ چی میشه که هر چقدر هم حواسمون رو جمع می کنیم یه سری از اشتباهات رو هی تکرار می کنیم؟ تقصیر کیه واقعا؟ زبان آموز؟ استاد؟ کتاب؟ آموزشگاه؟ یا...؟ از همین اول خیالتون رو راحت کنم که نه تقصیر زبان آموزه و نه هیچ کدوم این موارد. ولی اگه دوست دارین بدونین تقصیر کیه و چرا این اتفاق میفته با من همراه بشین. قول میدم هم سورپرایز بشین و هم اینکه با نکاتی که یاد می گیرین دیگه این اشتباهات رو کمتر تکرار کنین.

Do you ever wish there was only one language in the whole world so you wouldn’t have to learn a foreign language? Or perhaps, all languages had similar structures so learning would be easier? I’m Edith, your host and together with my colleagues we’re going to tell you about something that might surprise you and at the same time relieve you from the stress of errors and common mistakes of English. So, follow through. I promise you’re gonna love it. Imagine you hear a Frenchman or say, a Chinese or an Indian guy speak English? In most cases you can quickly figure out from their accent where they are from. But have you wondered why? I believe you already know the answer; their mother tongue! Right, the effect and influence of our mother tongue is so great that it can affect the way we learn or speak a foreign language. Each language has its own characteristics in terms of structure, pronunciation and the like and we tend to carry those characteristics to the new language we are trying to learn or speak. In other words, we speak a language with the structure of another language. Now, if the two languages are way too different, what we say may either sound funny or we’ll end up being misunderstood. But let’s not forget that languages do have similarities too. All that remains, is how we make use of them to our own benefit.

حتما تا حالا پیش اومده براتون که از لهجه کسی متوجه بشین اهل کجاست. مثال یه هندی رو درنظر بگیرین که انگلیسی صحبت میکنه. در برخورد اول حس می کنین داره هندی صحبت میکنه ولی وقتی خوب گوش میدین، متوجه میشین انگلیسیه. گفتیم دلیلش اینه که زبان مادری تاثیر بسیار زیادی در نحوه یادگیری و صحبت کردن به یه زبان دیگه داره. چرا؟ چون ساختار زبان مادری رو ناخودآگاه با خودمون به یه زبان دیگه می بریم. حالا اگه زبان مادری و زبان خارجی با هم خیلی متفاوت باشن، که خیلی وقتها همینطوره، زبان خارجی رو با ساختار زبان مادری صحبت می کنیم که خب یا خنده داره یا اینکه باعث سوءتفاهم میشه. البته یادمون باشه که زبانهای مختلف شباهتهای زیادی هم میتونن داشته باشن. تنها چیزی که میمونه اینه که چطور این شباهت و تفاوتها رو به نفع خودمون استفاده کنیم.

So, the languages we are discussing here are English and Persian or Farsi and we wanna see how comparing these two can help us learn and speak them better. We will address some of the most common areas of difference between the two which are mostly responsible for the errors and mistakes Iranian learners of English make.

زبانهایی که امروز مقایسه می کنیم فارسی و انگلیسی هستند و قراره به چند مورد از رایج ترین اشتباهاتی اشاره کنیم که زبان آموزان فارسی زبان به خاطر تفاوت این دو زبان مرتکب میشن.

Now, let’s begin with intonation: Alireza, as an experienced teacher, what are some of the most common mistakes our learners make when learning English? A: Well, I once heard someone saying that Farsi is a musical language, which I kind of agree. In Farsi the intonation we have, especially when asking questions, has a lot of rise and fall and is very different from that of English. E: Yeah right. Can you make some examples? A: Sure. For instance, take the following in Farsi: میای بریم سینما؟ Now, when this same sentence is said in English by a Persian speaker it may sound like: “will you go to cinema with me?” [Farsi intonation] which is wrong and it may sound funny for a native listener. E: So, what is the correct intonation in English? A: You see, depending on the type of question, there are two types of intonation; rising and falling. If you wanna ask a yes/no question, your intonation is rising and if the question is Wh-word, then the intonation should be falling. In farsi, almost all questions are asked with a rising intonation. Now, let’s make some more examples: For yes/no Q: Did you see Jack? [rising intonation] دیدی؟ جکو For wh-Q: Where did you see him? [falling intonation] دیدیش؟ کجا E: Hmm…interesting! I guess it’s mainly because in Farsi the structure of y/n question and the declarative sentence is the same, and the only difference is the intonation. A: Yeah, right.

خب، یکی از مواردی که بهش بر می خوریم لحن یا intonation هست. در زبان فارسی، مخصوصا زمان پرسیدن سوال، لحن ما خیلی بالا و پایین میشه. در حالیکه در انگلیسی مشخصه که چه نوع جمله یا سوالی چه نوع intonation داره. مثال میگیم: جکو دیدی؟ کجا دیدیش؟ این دو تا سوال از نظر ساختاری متفاوت ولی از نظر intonation تقریبا شبیه همن در حالیکه اگه همین جملات رو به انگلیسی بگیم متفاوتند. برای question no/yes باید intonation به سمت بالا و برای word-Wh باید به سمت پایین باشه. مثال: Did you see Jack? [rising] و Where did you see him? [falling] یه نکته دیگه هم اینه که در فارسی ساختار جمله خبری و question no/yes یکیه و فقط با intonation مشخص میشه کدوم جمله و کدوم سواله. مثال جکو دیدی. )جمله ست( و جکو دیدی؟ )سواله(

E: Ok. Now, another major area of difference between Farsi and English is the word order. Zhubin, how are Farsi and English different in this regard? Z: Well, one of the first things we learn is that the word order of a sentence in English is SVO; in other words, Subject+verb+object. For instance, “she ate the cake.” In Farsi however, the word order is SOV, meaning sub.+obj.+verb. for example: .خورد را کیک او Now, another very important point here is that in Farsi verbs are inflected; میشن صرف افعال فارسی زبان در یعنی , and you can have a sentence without an obvious subject. You can simply say: .خورد را کیک This can sometimes cause learners to make sentences without a subject, like: “ate the cake!” Which is wrong. E: Exactly, especially in elementary levels this mistake is very common and it shows the student is thinking in Persian and speaking English. You have to keep reminding them of the subject. یه تفاوت عمده دیگه در فارسی و انگلیسی ترتیب کلمات جمله ست. در انگلیسی به صورت فاعل، فعل و مفعول هست و در فارسی فاعل، مفعول و فعل! مثل نمونه هایی که گفته شد. و اینکه یادمون نره که در فارسی افعال صرف میشن و خود فعل فاعل رو نشون میده در حالیکه در انگلیسی اینطور نیست و جمله حتما حتما باید فاعل داشته باشه. اگه مثال برای "کیک خوردم" بگید cake ate مشخص نیست که چه کسی کیک رو خورد. پس جمله تون اشتباهه.

Z: Right. And one more problem related to word order is adjective + noun in English, which is right the opposite in Persian. A nice day vs. خوب روز E: Oh, right, right. This is very often confused. So, remember the way we put words together to make a sentence is different in English and Persian.

یه تفاوت دیگه از نظر ترتیب کلمات هم در مورد اسم و صفت هست که در انگلیسی درست برعکس فارسیه. در انگلیسی میگیم day nice a در حالیکه در فارسی میگیم یه روز خوب.

E: Now, what about verb tenses? Do we have the same tenses and are they used in the same way? A: There are fewer tenses in Farsi than in English and they definitely are not used in the same way. Take the present simple and progressive in English, for instance. The simple form goes like “She lives here.” And the progressive is “she’s living here.” Now, for both of these in Farsi we say: ".میکند زندگی اینجا او E: This is mostly true about formal Persian. But there is one point that can help learners choose the correct form. In colloquial Persian, the sentence goes like: .میکند ی زندگ اینجا دارد او In other words, you add the verb “dashtan” to make it progressive. A: You are absolutely right. So, this can sometimes confuse students as to which form to use.

از موارد دیگه ای که ممکنه چالش یادگیری انگلیسی را ، خصوصا برای زبان آموز فارسی زبان بیشترکنه اینکه که فارسی غیر رسمی و محاوره ای با فارسی رسمی خیلی فرق داره . این تفاوت وقتی زبان آموز به فارسی فکر میکنه و به انگلیسی صحبت میکنه بیشتربه چشم میاد. مثلا در حال ساده و استمراری در زبان فارسی رسمی به یه شکل استفاده میشه و فقط در فارسی محاوره ایه که متفاوته. مثلا جمله ی : او اینجا زندگی می کند در فارسی میتونه هم ساده باشه و هم استمراری در حالیکه فرم انگلیسی این دو زمان با هم فرق داره میکنه. حال ساده رو به صورت she lives here و حال استمراری رو به صورت She’s living here بکار می بریم. ولی در فارسی محاوره اون اینجا زندگی میکنه استفادهمیشه یعنی از داره استفاده می کنیم .

E: Right. Another tense which seems really problematic for Iranian learners of English is the present perfect. In other words, to distinguish between simple past and present perfect. A: Oh, yeah. That’s a big one! Z: Absolutely. It takes such a long time and so much effort for them to use these two correctly. E: Exactly. But there is one little point knowing which can ease the learning very much. You see, in spoken Farsi, just a little sound and sometimes the intonation shows which is which. While in English they are structured differently. In English we say: Did you write a letter? to refer to past simple and “ have you written a letter.” for present perfect. The structure for both in Farsi is: نامه نوشتی .The only difference here is the intonation and focus. For simple past we say: نامه نوشتی؟ having the stress on "نامه" and for present perfect we say: نامه نوشتی with the stress on نوشتی which in fact means: نوشته ای So, to sum up, the only little difference between the two tenses is the "ه "sound. A: Exactly. Actually, what makes it problematic is the difference of spoken and written Farsi, which is rather big compared to English. Z: Right. In English we have contracted forms in less formal use of the language but the structure is still the same. In Farsi however, the spoken and written forms are very different.

یه زمان دیگه ای که بین زبان آموزان ایرانی خیلی چالش ایجاد میکنه ماضی نقلی یا همون حال کامل یا present perfect هست . اول از همه باید بدونین که زبانهای مختلف زمانهای مختلفی دارن که همیشه یکسان نیستن و مثلا در فارسی تعداد زمانهای کمتری نسبت به انگلیسی داریم . نکته بعدی، در فارسی وقتی ماضی نقلی استفاده می کنیم گاهی اوقات با ماضی ساده فرقی نداره . مثلا میخوایم بپرسیم did you write a letter یا have you written a letter? در فارسی محاوره ای برای هر دو میگیم نامه نوشتی. یعنی ساختار همونه فقط لحنمون متفاوته . برای ماضی ساده میگیم نامه نوشتی؟ و برای ماضی نقلی میگیم نامه نوشتی؟ که در فرم رسمیش میشه نامه نوشته ای؟ یعنی در فارسی فقط یه صدای ه کوچولو این دو زمان رو از هم متمایز می کنه . البته یادمون باشه که در فرم رسمی و نوشتاری ساختار هم متفاوته .

E: Alright, we can talk for hours about these similarities and differences, but for today, let’s address one more point. The use of plural and singular forms. A: There are two major differences here. One, in spoken Farsi, the verb and the subject may not agree in terms of number. In other words, a plural subject may be used with a singular verb or vice versa. Look at these examples: You say: “ .آمدند پدرم the father is one but the plural form is used for curtsy. On the contrary, you might say: .اینجاست وسایلم Where وسایل is plural and it is used with a singular verb. This is not allowed in English. The subject and verb must be compatible in terms of number.

خب می رسیم به جمع و مفردها . از اونجایی که گفتیم در انگلیسی جمله مون حتما باید فاعل داشته باشه، این فاعل از نظر تعداد باید با فعلش همخونه داشته باشه ، در حالیکه در فارسی محاوره ای اینطور نیست . یه فعل جمع می تونه فاعل مفرد داشته باشه یا برعکس. در فارسی برای احترام بیشتر ما از جمع استفاده می کنیم ولی در انگلیسی اینطور نیست.

E: Nice! And what about the second difference? Z: It is related to talking about general and specific concepts. In English when you talk about a general concept, you use plural form. Like, “I love apples.” This talks about my general feeling but when you talk about something specific, then you use singular form. Like, I’d like an apple. Which specifically means “now.” In Farsi however, both general and specific concepts are used in singular form. Like: سیب دوست دارم یا سیب میل دارم . E: Exactly. This is actually an area hardly noticed by learners and they need to be repeatedly corrected to figure out the difference.

و آخرین نکته امروز، گفتیم که در زبان انگلیسی برخلاف فارسی، وقتی در مورد یه مقوله کلی صحبت می کنیم، از جمع استفاده می کنیم ولی در فارسی در هر دو حالت خاص و کلی از مفرد استفاده می کنیم .

Alright! A lot of great points we discussed today. Which of these mistakes have you been making in your journey of learning English? Have you been able to overcome them? Next time you’re going to speak in English, remember the points we mentioned here and you will be less likely to make mistakes.

معمولا وقتی دلایل بروز یه سری از چالش ها رو میفهمیم و از همه مهم تر مطمئن میشیم که ما مقصر نیستیم ، راحت تر می تونیم از عهده شون بربیایم و پیروز بشیم. سعی کنین دلیل اشتباهاتتون رو در یادگیری زبان پیدا کنین تا برای همیشه از شرشون خلاص بشین .

if you’re listening to this part, it means you’ve stayed with us throughout this episode, for which we are absolutely grateful. This podcast was brought to you by Safir Language academy’s content development department. All the scripts can be found and downloaded on Castbox, Spotify and Shenoto. Until next week, stay safe stay tuned, bye!

You are listening to cyber podcast episode 19 – AI Imagine you live in such a smart house:

A-Please Jazz

B-playing jazz

A-Smoothie

B-making smoothie

A-Calendar

B-no meetings today. Remember dentist at 9:30

A-fire off

B- fire off

A-open door

B-door opened

C-and we’re gonna do one more.

A- Ok

A-opened door [with mouth full – fail tone]

B- wrong voice command

A-opened door [with mouth full]

B- wrong voice command

A-opened door [with mouth full]

B- repeat that A-opened door [with mouth full]

B- I didn’t understand that A-please open door [shouting] B- play on the floor

Let’s talk about artificial intelligence. When you think of AI, you might think of a surreal or science fiction kind of stuff we usually see in the movies. But AI is no longer sci-fi, it’s everywhere; we are using it even without realizing it’s there. From the algorithms on IG to predictive text, to automated chats, so on and so forth. It is becoming almost like electricity; impacting almost every area of our lives. But what is AI in the first place? Why is it receiving so much attention and funding? Is it really necessary for us? Isn’t it too good to be true? I’m Edith your host, and today together with my colleague, Zhubin, we are going to briefly address these questions about AI.

در مورد هوش مصنوعی داریم صحبت می کنیم. پدیده ای که تا همین چند وقت پیش فقط توی فیلمهای علمی تخیلی میدیدیم ولی الان انگار حکم برق رو برامون داره و چنان جزیی از زندگیمون شده که دیگه اصلا متوجهش هم نمیشیم. از الگوریتم اینستاگرام گرفته که پستهای مورد عالقه تون رو دسته بندی میکنه تا چت های اتوماتیک و غیره. میخوایم ببینیم هوش مصنوعی اصال چی هست و چرا در دنیای امروز اینقدر مورد توجه قرار گرفته. آیا اصال ضروریه یا ...؟

E: So, first things first, what is AI? Z: Thank you very much for inviting me to this interview. First of all I should apologize for my voice, you know I caught a terrible cold or maybe it’s an allergy but whateber it is my voice might sound not so clear. Thousands of apologies for that. E: Oh, sorry about that. No worries at all. Z: Well, back to your question. let me put it this way; have you heard the famous saying “need is the mother of invention?” E: Yeah, sure?! Z: Well, since we human beings are naturally lazy [sounding sarcastic – laughing], always looking for easier ways of doing things, we’ve felt the need for something that will do most of our tasks in our stead. From the simplest tasks like opening the door to the most complex ones like performing a surgery. We needed something that would do the thinking for us and would actually facilitate comfort in our lives. So, AI was invented to help us with this. E: [laughingly] I see! Z: But, all jokes aside, artificial intelligence means creating computerized systems that could solve problems and could think like humans do. A system that could replicate human-style decision making. E: Ok, so far so good. But how does it work? Z: The main approach; which is called machine learning, is the idea that a computer algorithm, can learn from data, recognize patterns and make decisions on its own. E: Hmm…this is amazing. Unlike the traditional computer use where we provide input and tell the computer what to do. Z: Exactly! Take all these mapping programs, for instance. They use the real time data and existing patterns to precisely predict how long your journey from point A to B will take.

در این قسمت یه اصطلاح داشتیم که دقیقا عین همون رو در فارسی هم داریم که میگیم نیاز مادر اختراع ست. معادل انگلیسی این اصطلاح میشه: need invention of mother the is .معمولا اصطلاحاتی که معادل دقیقی در زبان خودمون دارن بهتر توی ذهن میمونن. گفتیم که نیاز ما به چیزی که بجامون فکر کنه و تصمیم بگیره و از همه مهمتر توانایی حل مسئله داشته باشه باعث بوجود اومدن هوش مصنوعی شد. هوش مصنوعی آسایش یا همون comfort رو برای ما فراهم میکنه. فراهم کردن یا تسهیل کردین در انگلیسی میشه facilitate که کلمه facility هم از همون خانواده ست. خب، یه اصطالح دیگه هم در اینجا داریم که عینا فارسیش رو هم داریم. اگه این قسمت رو دوباره گوش بدین پیداش میکنین. درسته! aside jokes all , یعنی گذشته از شوخی. گفتیم AI در واقع قدرت تصمیم گیری و فکر کردن آدم رو کپی میکنه. کپی یا تکثیر کردن در انگلیسی میشه replicate .به جایی که استرس کلمه قرار میگیره دقت کنید replicate .در بعضی موارد انقدر دقیق یعنی precisely این کار رو انجام میده که خیلی از کارها رو facilitate یا تسهیل میکنه.

E: right. Now, when was AI first introduced? Z: In the 1950s by Marvin Minsky and John McCarthy who were called the fathers of the field. E: Hm…over 70 years now. Z: Yes, but it is in the last decade that it’s really taken off. We can see it being used in almost every sector. Home appliances, self-driving cars, in sports, the police force, health care, smart homes, face recognition software, you name it!

در این قسمت مشخص شد که هوش مصنوعی اولین بار در دهه 1950 میالدی معرفی شد. دقت کنین که وقتی میخوایم به دهه اشاره کنیم، مثال دهه 50 میگیم 50s the . یعنی وقتی از the و s در آخر عدد استفاده میکنیم، در واقع به دهه اشاره می کنیم. همچنین از مزایا یا کاربردهای AI صحبت کردیم. مثل ماشین های بدون راننده یا cars driving-self نرم افزارهای تشخیص چهره یا software recognition face و هر چیزی که فکرشو بکنید. دقت کردین اگه در انگلیسی بخواین بگین هر چیزی که فکرشو بکنین چی میگیم؟ میگیم

it name you ! E: Yeah, right. But among all the things you mentioned, there’s a common feature and that is, they each handle one single task. I mean, it still has a long way to compete with human intelligence or even animal intelligence where different types of data are being processed and multiple tasks are being handled at the same time. Z: You’re absolutely right. This is actually called artificial narrow intelligence. And this is the first stage of AI, where we are now. E: I see….it even has a name. but do you think we will ever get to have artificial general intelligence; I mean like that of a human? A: Definitely so. In fact, the first step towards developing AGI has already been taken where this one single robot can process 600 tasks all at once. All that remains is to develop this first step and the AGI will rival human intelligence. E: Although it is kind of hard to believe, the development has already begun, as you said. Z: Well, if you had been told about narrow AI, say 100 years ago, it would still have been unbelievable. So, the same goes for AGI now! E: [laughingly] you’re right. Z: Nevertheless, I believe we need more breakthroughs. Only one single step cannot guarantee much rivalry yet, given the complexity of the human brain and intelligence.

خب، نگرانی که اینجا پیش میاد اینه که هوش مصنوعی ممکنه رقیب هوش انسان بشه. رقیب در انگلیسی میشه rival به تلفظش دقت کنین rival .ولی خب یه سری ها هم فکر میکنن هنوز به اون مرحله نرسیدیم و نیاز به یک breakthrough یا پیشرفت غیرمنتظره هست که بتونه به پیچیدگی یا complexity هوش انسان برسه. پیچیدگی میشه complexity .

E: You bet! I totally agree with you. Now, the idea that we might one day have machines that think and act like us, human beings, raises a lot of ethical and philosophical concerns. Whether or not we would benefit from it or we would enter a new era of rivalry, challenges and perhaps wars. Z: I second that. You see, the technology we use now is already throwing up all sorts of issues. From privacy to all sorts of scams and frauds.

اگه منطقی به قضیه نگاه کنیم خود ایده هوش مصنوعی نگرانی های اخلاقی یا ethical و فلسفی یا philosophical ایجاد میکنه. سوالی که پیش میاد اینه که آیا هوش مصنوعی به نفعمونه یا باعث چالش ها و رقابت های جدید میشه؟ رقابت در انگلیسی میشه rivalry .قبال به کلمه رقیب یا همون rival اشاره کردیم که هم فعل و هم اسم فاعل هست و rivalry هم اسم هست. یکی دیگه از چالشهای هوش مصنوعی مشکلاتی مثل اسکم و انواع کاله برداری یا fraud هست که کم هم اتفاق نمی افته.

E: Oh, the technology is already being used against humans. Like all these AI-driven drones used in wars. Z: Not only in wars. Some countries are using technology like face recognition in mass scales to monitor people and their behavior. And this raises the question of civil liberty and the right as simple as privacy. E: Wow…it’s like we always tend to abuse some blessings against ourselves. [laughingly] Z: Well, yeah. But not only that. Sometimes technology failures can cause irreversible damages on human lives. Like the two Boing 737 Max planes which had AI driven auto pilots and crashed in Indonesia and Ethiopia. That was a disaster, a human tragedy. Over 350 people died. E: I also heard somewhere, there’s this self-driving car crash case in the US, I think it was in California. This might cause a lot of casualties. I also heard another, less serious and sort of funny story. You see, during a football match, the AI driven camera kept mistaking the referee’s bald head running here and there for the ball and messed up the final result. [laughter] Z: [laughter] that’s so funny, indeed. Apart from the technology fails, as you said it earlier too, the main question is not the technology itself, but how we use or abuse it! I mean how we coded it in the first place, in what cases and according to which regulations we are allowed to make use of it. Like in the case of lethal war weapons which are autonomous, they can make life or death decisions about who or what to target. E: Wow…it’s incredibly scary. And always makes me fear the day when a manmade machine rises and outsmarts against him. Absolutely terrifying! I don’t know about you, but I kind of feel like believing it’s never going to happen. [laughingly] Z: Right. This is why not only autonomous weapons but all other AI driven areas need to be regulated and operated according to strict rules. E: Exactly! The technology on its own is but a blessing, it’s how we use it that can impose risks and hazards.

وقتی به چالشهای احتمالی هوش مصنوعی فکر می کنیم بعضی موارد واقعا ترسناک میشه. مثل پهپادهایی که با هوش مصنوعی کار میکنن یا driven-AI هستند. همینطور تکنولوژیهای دیگه مثل تشخیص چهره وقتی که در مقیاس بزرگ ازشون استفاده میشه. مقیاس بزرگ در انگلیسی میشه mass scales .حاال چرا ترسناکه؟ چون میتونه عواقب جبران ناپذیر یا irreversible داشته باشه مثل خسارات جانی یا casualties .

So dear listeners? What are your thoughts about AI? Does it scare you or do you think the advantages outweigh the drawbacks? Write your ideas in the comment section.

خب حالا نظرتون در مورد هوش مصنوعی چیه؟ آیا فکر می کنید الزامه یا بیشتر خطرناکه تا ضروری؟ نظر خودتون رو توی کامنتها برامون بنویسین ببینیم عده طرفداراش بیشتره یا عده مخالفاش.

If you’re listening to this part, it means you’ve been with us throughout this episode, for which we are absolutely grateful. This podcast was brought to you by Safir language academy’s content development department. All the scripts can be found and downloaded on Castbox, spotify and Shenoto. Until next week and another topic, stay safe stay tuned, bye!

Glossory:

Word or expression /Definition/ Meaning in Farsi

1- Need is the mother of invention /When the need for something becomes essential, you are forced to find ways of getting it. /نیاز مادر اختراع است.

2- Facilitate/ Make easy /تسهیل کردن

3- Comfort / State of physical ease / آسایش، رفاه

4- All jokes aside / Seriously, in all seriousness / از شوخی گذشته

5- Replicate /Copy/ کپی یا تکثیر کردن

6- Input /Information fed into a processing system/ داده، ورودی

7- Precisely / Exactly/ دقیقا، بطور دقیق

8- Sector / Part, section / بخش

9- Face recognition / System of identifying one’s facial features / سیستم تشخیص چهره

10-you name it!/ Whatever you can think/ چی دلت بخواد، هر چی فکرش رو بکنی !

11- Breakthrough / A sudden, dramatic development /پیشرفت چشمگیر

12- Complexity / The state of being complicated / پیچیدگی 13- Rival / Competitor, opponent /رقیب

14- Rivalry / competition / رقابت

15- Ethical / Relating to moral principals / اخلاقی

16- Philosophical / Related to philosophy/ فلسفی

17- Fraud / Criminal deception intended for personal gain / کلاه برداری

18- Mass scale /A large amount or number / مقیاس بزرگ

19- Irreversible / Not able to be undone/ جبران ناپذیر

20- Casualties / A person killed or injured in an accident or war/ تلفات، خسارات

21-Lethal / Sufficient to cause death / کشنده

22- Autonomous / Self governing/ خودکار ،خودمختار

You are listening to cyber podcast ep. 18 - Zero punctuation E: I’m so hungry. Let’s have lunch? A: Yeah, let’s do that. How about Lily? Isn’t she joining us? E: Let me see. [notification] Oh, she just texted me. “Let’s eat guys.” A: Dang! No thanks. You can join her if you like. E: Why? What happened? A: She wants to eat guys and I think I am one! E: [laughter] I believe you must have heard the saying that goes “Punctuation saves lives.” But do you really think that punctuation is so crucial? Can it really be a matter of death or life? You say no? then listen on for yourself: A: A woman, without her man, is nothing. B: A woman: without her, man is nothing. So, you can see that with just a small dot or a pause, the meaning of a sentences can drastically change without even changing the words forming that sentence.

حتما داستان این جمله معروف رو شنیدید که میگه: بخشش لازم

نیست، اعدامش کنید. یک نمونه بسیار گویا از اینکه punctuation نقش بسیار تعیین کننده ای

در معنی جمله داره. من ادیت هستم و امروز میخوایم قوانین punctuation رو با هم مرور کنیم تا بهتر بتونیم مقصودمون رو به دیگران

برسونیم و ارتباط موثرتری برقرار کنیم. اما قبلش بیاین ببینیم

punctuation اصال از کی و کجا به وجود اومده و برای چی

اینقدر مهم شده!

Before the invention

of punctuation, people had to rehearse and reread a text so many times before

reading it out loud to a crowd so they wouldn’t miscommunicate the intended

message. This was due to the run-on nature of texts at that time – the texts or

writings included zero pauses or punctuation, so only the writer knew where to

pause when reading it. This made things really hard especially when officials

had to read decrees or announcements. As a result, the need for a system to

make things easier came up as early as the 3rd century BC which resulted in the

invention and use of punctuation marks. At that time, 3 types of dots were

introduced, each indicating a certain length of pause required in the sentence.

A dot placed in the bottom showed a short pause, like the one for a comma, the

one in the middle a bit longer and the one on the top was the longest pause

which was used instead of a full stop or period. This method was put to an end

after the Romans took over the Greek not only in politics but also in their

writing. But when Bible verses were being translated the need was once again

came up, because the message; in other words, the word of God’s, had to be

precisely and clearly conveyed in the other language. Since then and through

the years, punctuation has had a lot of changes until it became what we have today.

اگه بخوایم تاریخچه نقطه گذاری رو بررسی کنیم باید برگردیم

به قرن سوم قبل از میالد. در اون زمان نوشته ها یا متون پیوسته و بدون هیچ فاصله و

نقطه گذاری نوشته میشدن و کسی که میخواست متنی رو بخونه باید بارها و بارها اونو

تمرین میکرد تا بتونه درست و با مکث بجا بخوانه و این موضوع مخصوصا زمان خوندن

فرمان یا اعالمیه ها کار رو مشکل میکرد چون باید درست خونده میشد و پیغام باید

درست به مخاطب میرسید. با توجه به این نیاز در قرن سوم قبل از میالد سیستمی متشکل

از سه نوع نقطه معرفی شد که با توجه به محل قرار گرفتنشون نشون میداد مکث کوتاه

باشه یا طوالنی تر. مثال مثل ویرگول امروز باشه یا نقطه. این سیستم بعدا ت غییر

کرد و رسید به زمانی که کتاب مقدس و منابع دینی نیاز به ترجمه داشت و می بایست

پیغام متن دقیق و درست به مخاطب منتقل بشه. خالصه که بعد از یه عالمه باال و پایین

و تغییرات رسید به شکل امروزی.

Now, we realize that

punctuation is essential for efficient communication because it adds clarity

and precision to writing; it allows the writer to stop, pause, or give emphasis

to certain parts of the sentence. But how about the usage of different

punctuation marks? Do we know when and how to use each? Well, this is what we

are going to discuss in this episode and nail our written communication in

English. So, are you ready???

خب، متوجه شدیم که punctuation برای یک ارتباط موثر الزمه

چون صراحت و شفافیت به متن اضافه میکنه، به نویسنده اجازه میده مکث کنه یا بخش

خاصی از متن رو تاکید کنه. حاال بیاین ببینیم هر کدوم از نشانه ها رو کی و چطور

استفاده می کنیم.

1. This punctuation

mark is used to put an end to something; an idea or statement. You guessed it

right. It’s a period or as the British call it a full stop. It appears at the

end of a complete sentence and indicates a longer pause in speech compared to a

comma. In academic writings, period is also used in abbreviations. For

instance, the phrase “et cetera” which is usually written as etc. Besides, if

you see three periods in a row, it’s an indication of ellipsis. It means the

rest of the sentence or some words have been cut out to avoid repetition or

they were obvious from the meaning. One important thing to remember is that the

sentence after a period should start with a capital letter.

عالمت یا نشانه اول نقطه است که در آخر یک جمله کامل

استفاده میشه و نشان دهنده پایان حرف، جمله یا یک ایده ست. مکثی که بعد از نقطه

ایجاد میشه معموال طوالنی تر از مکث بعد از ویرگول هست. گاهی نقطه در انتهای حروف

اختصار یا همون abbreviations استفاده میشه که بیشتر در

متون علمی کاربرد داره. اگه سه تا نقطه پشت سر هم یا row a in استفاده بشه، نشون دهنده حذف به قرینه ست. یعنی به کلمات حذف

شده یا قبال در جمله اشاره شده و یا از معنی جمله میشه حدس زد که چیه. در ضمن،

یادتون باشه که جمله ای که بعد از نقطه میاد حتما باید با حرف بزرگ نوشته بشه.

2. This next item is

the most qualified punctuation mark with many functions and yet the most

misused of all. The comma! Have you ever been confused whether or not to use it

in a sentence? That’s what I’m talking about. There

main cases where

comma is used:

3.نشانه بعدی ویرگول یا همون comma هست. یکی از

پرکاربردترین نشانه هاست که در عین حال خیلی هم اشتباه استفاده میشه. در اینجا سه

تا از مهمترین کاربردهای ویرگول رو با هم مرور می کنیم:

a. After

introductory or adverbial phrases. For example: To begin with, and the rest of

the sentence or when sequencing ideas you say: first, and the rest of the

sentence.

اولین کاربرد comma بعد از عبارت قیدی یا مقدمه جمله

است. مثل کلمات یا عبارت های قیدی که در مثالها گفته شد.

b. Separating

dependent and main clauses A complete sentence may include a main clause and

many subordinate clauses. The main clause is a complete sentence in terms of

grammar and meaning while a subordinate clause is grammatically complete but

incomplete in terms of meaning. Subordinate clauses usually add extra

information and a comma separates the essential from the extra information in a

sentence.

کاربرد دوم comma برای جدا کردن اطلاعات اصلی در

جمله پایه از اطلاعات اضافه در جمله پیرو هست. یه یادآوری هم داشته باشیم که جمله

پایه از نظر ساختاری و معنایی جمله کاملی هست در حالیکه جمله پیرو از نظر گرامری

کامل ولی از لحاظ معنایی وابسته به جمله پایه ست. به مثالها دقت کنین:

If we set out on time, we will meet them. جمله

them meet will We جمله پایه ست که جمله پیرو با استفاده

از comma ازش جدا شده. البته باید یادمون

باشه که اگه اطلاعات اضافه وسط جمله باشه بین دو تا comma نوشته میشه. مثال: .controversial is, earlier mentioned I

which, issue This c. The third use of comma, the most common one is separating

items of a list: like The school subjects I loved were physics, chemistry, and

mathematics. کاربرد سوم و رایج ترین کاربرد

comma جدا کردن موارد قید شده در یک لیست هست مثل مثالی

که گفته شد. اما باید به یاد داشته باشیم که گاهی نویسنده ها فقط برای نشون دادن

مکث و بدون توجه به قواعد ممکنه از comma استفاده

کنند. این مسئله در متون عادی و معمولی مشکلی ایجاد نمیکنه اما در متون علمی و

آکادمیک ممکنه ایجاد ابهام بکنه. یه نکته دیگه هم در مورد comma هست: بعضی نویسنده ها اصلا comma بکار نمی برند چون نگران کاربرد بیش از حدش هستند.

3. There’s also this

punctuation mark which consists of a comma with a period or dot on top. Right,

the semicolon! It actually is the most avoided mark as many people don’t

exactly know how to use it. According to Webster’s dictionary, “The semicolon

does jobs that are also done by other punctuation marks. Like a comma, it can

separate elements in a series. Like a period or colon, it often marks the end

of a complete clause. And like a colon, it signals that what follows it is

closely related to what comes before it.” Semicolons are used in the following

cases: a. To connect two independent clauses in a sentence. Like: My mom had

made a big pot of soup; it was simmering on the stove. b. To separate items in

a list. Like: I love desserts which are sweet, chocolatey; made freshly; and

not so heavy. c. In long sentences before coordinating conjunctions like and,

but, etc. for instance, Mary hated to be late; but did not try to be on time either.

نشانه بعدی که اکثر اوقات نادیده گرفته میشه نقطه ویرگول یا

همون semicolon هست. چرا نادیده گرفته میشه؟ چون خیلی وقتها نمی دونیم چطور

ازش استفاده کنیم. نقطه ویرگول در واقع هم کار نقطه رو میکنه و هم کار ویرگول رو.

یعنی هم در انتهای یه عبارت کامل میاد و هم بین موارد یه لیست. در واقع همونطور که

توی مثالها مشخصه semicolon عبارتهای مستقلی که از نظر

معنایی به هم مرتبط هستند رو به هم متصل میکنه.

4. The easiest

punctuation mark perhaps is the question mark which is used at the end of an

interrogative statement or let’s say a question. Only a small reminder here; do

not use question marks at the end of embedded or indirect questions. 5. The

next is exclamation mark used to show strong feelings, excitement or emphasis.

دوتا علامت بعدی جرو آسون ترین ها هستند؛ علامت سوال و

علامت تعجب. همونطور که از اسمشون پیداست اولی در آخر سوال و دومی آخر جمله ای که

نشون دهنده احساس یا هیجان هست استفاده میشه.

In addition to the

punctuation marks discussed here, we can name a few more like a quotation mark,

colon, hyphen, dash and apostrophe. Which one of these do you know how to use

best? Can you explain the rules? Write in the comments and let’s discuss

possible hacks to improve our writing.

خب علاوه بر نشانه هایی که اینجا بهشون اشاره شد، علامتهای

دیگه ای هم هستند مثل dash, hyphen, colon و غیره که مطمئنا

باید دیده باشین. آیا می دونین چطور و کجا ازشون استفاده میشه؟ توی کامنتها برامون

بنویسین و بیاین با هم نکته هاشون رو بررسی کنیم.

In the end, remember

that punctuation marks are the traffic signals of a language; they tell us to slow

down, notice or stop. So, watch out! The punctuation police are everywhere. If

you are listening to this part it means you’ve stayed with us throughout this

episode for which we are absolutely grateful. This podcast was brought to you

by Safir language academy’s content development department. All the scripts can

be found and downloaded on Castbox, Spotify and Shenoto. Until next week, stay

safe, stay precise, bye!

Word or expression /Definition

/Meaning in Farsi

1- Matter of death

or life/ Extremely important / مهم، مسئله‌ی مرگ و

زندگی

2- Crucial /Key,

critical / کلیدی،مهم، حیاتی

3- Drastically

/Extremely, very / شدیدا، خیلی

4- Rehearse /

Practice / تمرین کردن

5- Run-on/ Without a

pause / ممتد، بی وقفه

6- Official (n)

/Officer, administrative /افسر

7- Decree / Official

order /فرمان، دستور

8- Verse / Line of

rhythmic writing /مصرع شعر، آیه

9- Precisely /

Exactly دقیقا

10- Semicolon / ; / نقطه ویرگول

11- Separate / Part,

split up / جدا کردن

12- Element / Piece,

segment / بخش، جزء

13- Independent

clause / A grammatically and semantically complete sentence/ جمله مستقل

14- Simmer / Slowly

boiling on low heat / قل زدن

15- Coordinating

conjunction / A conjunction placed between words, phrases or clauses of equal

rank / حرف ربط

16- Interrogative /

statement Question/جمله سوالی

17-Embedded /

attached, Implanted /تعبیه شده، جاسازی شده 18-

Exclamation /Sudden strong emotions/ فریاد، تعجب

19- Emphasis/ Focus

/تاکید

20- Hack (n)/ A

technique used to make tasks easy /ترفند 21-

Precision /The state of being exact and accurate/ دقت

22- Essential/ Necessary /ضروری

23- Efficient/ Well

organized, systematic /کارآمد

24- Abbreviation

/Short form /اختصار

25- Ellipsis /

Omission from speech/ حذف به قرینه

26- Misuse/ Use

wrongly /استفاده سوء

27- Introductory

/Opening, initial /ابتدایی، مقدمه

28- Sequence /Order/ترتیب

29- Main clause / A

sentence that can stand alone because it is complete. / جمله پایه

30- Subordinate /

clause A part of or a dependent clause/ جمله پیرو