On Onkelos the convert, who is known for translating the Torah, and also for his ability to convert Romans to Judaism, as his "gift of gab" shows on this daf. Also, the particulars of another pagan festival - with several component parts - as an example of the tension between the Jews and non-Jews over their holidays.

More on the festivals of the non-Jews, including, specifically, the coronation of their kings. With specific focus on the coronation of a king born of a king - except that the Romans didn't really function that way. So perhaps it was the king's birthday, not his coronation day? The Gemara attempts to unravel the terms. Also, Antoninus, about whom there are many stories with Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi, a caesar who hated the Jews, and the role of circumcision in defining the Jewish community.

The link Yardaena mentions towards the end of the episode: https://thelehrhaus.com/scholarship/cutting-a-peace-the-story-of-ketiah-bar-shalom/

On the idea that the world's entirety is said to last 6,000 words. Also, if you aren't sure which year of the 7 years of the sabbatical cycle is current, the Gemara explains how to do the math to figure it out. Plus, the question of ushering in the messianic era.

A new mishnah! Listing the non-Jewish holidays, by name. Plus, other more local celebrations, based on the locale or a given family's rejoicing. Also, the story of Adam's first year, when the days were increasing in dark before the winter solstice, and his fear that it was a punishment - until the days started getting longer again. Also, with regard to Rome - and an allegiance with Israel for 26 years. Plus, the laws of penalties and R. Yehudah ben Bava's success in keeping those halakhot alive during the Hadrianic persecutions.

Organizing the halakhah from the mishnah, in accord with its various opinions. Including the principle of a single unattributed view that follows a machloket (dispute) - when is that view followed and when discarded? How significant is the order? And how close in terms of proximity do these statements need to be? Perhaps there's no "sequence" to the Mishnah... at least not from tractate to tractate... [Who's Who: Nachum the Mede]. Plus, dill and tithing.

Are the "3 days before the non-Jews' holidays" inclusive of the day of the holiday itself? Or really not? What about Sundays? Other holidays are named explicitly too. Also, what if you did do business with the non-Jews on these days? How temporary must a thing be? How guilty is the one who does this? Plus, Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi, consulting Resh Lakish on what to do with regard to this kind of case.

On sin and the purpose of sin! God allows sin to happen so that future sinners can repent. Consider the story of King David with Batsheva, with the implication that David wouldn't have done the sin were it not for his later repentance. Comparably, the sin of the Golden Calf. When an individual sin, we encourage reflection, repentance, and atonement. A group sin is a little more complicated, but the same principle stands. Plus, the differences between humans and angels, including, or especially, progeny. Plus, the harsh punishments for sin (for example, Rabbi Akiva). Also, a return to halakhah, with the question of why 3 days of not selling to non-Jews before their holidays (why not more or less)?

More on Jews and non-Jews -- how does God anger and how does He mete out punishment? Also, God's indignance during the day, which only Balaam the prophet knew how it was timed. Plus, the donkey gets the better of Balaam when he wants to hide the degree to which he relied on the donkey.

On the special relationship between God and the Jewish people, there's a recognition of the Jews as having kept the Torah -- and criticism by the non-Jews that perhaps the Jews hadn't actually been keeping the Torah. God is willing to testify on their part, but His testimony isn't considered legitimate because of God's bias, as it were, for treating Israel as a son. So God calls the heavens and earth as witnesses -- but they are also considered suspect. Finally, God points to the non-Jewish nations of the world themselves. Plus, a reference back to preparation for Shabbat from Shabbat eve... and the granting of one small mitzvah for the non-Jews, who apparently now want in on God's command. Also, converts to join the Jewish people were not accepted during the time of King David and King Solomon -- when things are so good that the likelihood of sincerity is that much diminished. At least, until they heard of the travails of the Children of Israel... and the war of Gog and Magog. Plus, God's laughter -- rare, hopeful, or limited in some ways? Plus, remembering Jerusalem.

A new tractate! A lot of material that is relevant when Jews live among non-Jews -- without delving into idolatry necessarily per se (though it will come up in the tractate, certainly). A new mishnah: For 3 days before the festivals of non-Jews, Jews are not supposed to do certain things that would make the non-Jews happy, lest they express gratitude to their pagan gods as part of the holiday. Which opens the question of whether a Jew could collect money - which might be painful, but also joyous down the road, for being rid of the debt. Plus, the Gemara delves into the spelling of the word that means their "holidays." Plus, there's no polity without a king -- a monarchy. Also, Rome as the most important of the non-Jewish nations (certainly at that time).