Page tables provide the mapping between virtual memory and physical memory for each process. This means it needs to be as efficient and as fast as possible. I explore the inner workings of page tables in this episode.

• 0:00 Intro
• 2:00 Virtual Memory

⁃ ⁃ 8:00 MMU

• 10:00 Page Tables

⁃ ⁃ ⁃ ⁃ ⁃ ⁃ ⁃ 11:30 Single Table Byte Addressability  

⁃ ⁃ ⁃ ⁃ ⁃ ⁃ ⁃ ⁃ 16:00 Single Table Page addressability 

⁃ ⁃ ⁃ ⁃ ⁃ 19:00 Multi-level Paging (Radix tree)

⁃ ⁃ 31:00 Huge Tables

⁃ ⁃ 33:00 TLB

⁃ ⁃ Summary

Page faults occurs when the process tries to access a memory that isn’t backed by a physical page kernel raises a fault which loads a page. It happens on first access, stack expansion, COW, swap and much more. However it comes with a cost. 

In this episode of the backend engineering show I dissect the need and the cost page faults in the kernel. 

• 0:00 Intro 
• 4:00 Virtual memory
• Abstraction of physical memory
• Memory sharing
• Allow more processes to run , unused go to disk
• Numa, kernel can place memory near the cpu
• 12:00 VMA areas
• Text/code 
• Data 
• BSS
• Heap
• Stack
• 19:50 Kernel mode
• 25:30 What is a Page fault?
• 30:30 First access page fault
• 33:00 Stack Expansion page fault
• 34:30 CoW page fault
• 38:00 Swap page fault
• 39:39 File backed page fault
• 40:29 Permission page fault 
• 45:30 Summary

On October 19 2025 AWS experienced an outage that lasted over a day, 10 days later we finally got the root cause analysis and we know exactly what caused the DNS to fail0:00 Summary 5:30 How did Dynamo lost its DNS?13:41 EC2 Errors 16:16 Network Load Balancer ErrorsRCA here https://aws.amazon.com/message/101925/

There are cases where the backend may need to close the connection to prevent unexpected situations, prevent bad actors or simply just free up resources. Closing a connection gracefully allows clients and backends to clean up and finish any pending requests. 

In this episode of the backend engineering show I discuss graceful connections in both HTTP/1.1 via the connection header and HTTP/2 via the GOAWAY frame. 

• 0:00 Intro
• 4:58 Why shutdown connection? 
• 6:46 HTTP/1.1 Graceful shutdown
• 12:26 Cost of HTTP/2 
• 17:40 HTTP/2 GoAWAY frame
• 23:40 Summary

Links

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVKPrDrEwTI&t=1s 

https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/net/%2B/master/socket/client_socket_pool_manager.cc#76

https://issues.chromium.org/issues/40555364

https://issues.chromium.org/issues/40501721

Postgres 18 has been released with many exciting features such as UUIDv7, Over explain module, composite index skip scans, and the most anticipated asynchronous IO with worker and io_uring mode which I uncover in this show. Hope you enjoy it

0:00 Intro

1:30 Synchronous vs Asynchronous calls

3:00 Synchronous IO

6:30 Asynchronous IO

10:00 Postgres 17 synchronous io

17:20 The challenge of Async IO in Postgres 18

20:00 io_method worker23:00

io_method io_uring

29:30 io_method sync

31:08 Async IO isn’t done! 3

1:30 Support for backend writers

32:36 Improve worker io_method

33:00 direct io support

37:00 Summary

Fundamentals of Operating Systems Course https://oscourse.winktls is brilliant.TLS encryption/decryption often happens in userland. While TCP lives in the kernel. With ktls, userland can hand the keys to the kernel and the kernel does crypto. When calling write, the kernel encrypts the packet and send it to the NIC.When calling read, the kernel decrypts the packet and handed it to the userspace. This mode still taxes the host’s CPU of course, so there is another mode where the kernel offloads the crypto to the NIC device! Host CPU becomes free. Incoming packets to the NIC are decrypted in device before they are DMAed to the kernel. outgoing packets are encrypted before they leave the NIC to the network.ktls still need handshake to happen in userspace. There is also enabling zerocopy in some cases (now that kernel has context) Deserves a video. So much good stuff.0:00 Intro2:00 Userspace SSL Libraries 3:00 ktls 6:00 Kernel Encrypts/Decrypts (TLS_SW)8:20 NIC offload mode (TLS_HW)10:15 NIC does it all (TLS_HW_RECORD)12:00 Write TX Example13:50 Read RX Example17:00 Zero copy (sendfile)https://docs.kernel.org/networking/tls-offload.html

If you are bored of contemporary topics of AI and need a breather, I invite you to join me to explore a mundane, fundamental and earthy topic.

The CPU.

A reading of my substack article https://hnasr.substack.com/p/the-beauty-of-the-cpu

This new PostgreSQL 17 feature is game changer. They know can combine IOs when performing sequential scan.

Grab my database course

https://courses.husseinnasser.com

No technical video today, just talking about the idea of discipline and consistency.

Fundamentals of Operating Systems Course

This video is an overview of how the operating system kernel does socket management and the different data structures it utilizes to achieve that.

timestamps

0:00 Intro

1:38 Socket vs Connections

7:50 SYN and Accept Queue

18:56 Socket Sharding

23:14 Receive and Send buffers

27:00 Summary