With war looming against the Axis powers, the Nazi party tries to exert its influence on the small community of Germans and Jews who lived in the Philippines. How did we fight back against the antisemitism?

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References:

Weston, Nathaniel Parker (2021). Specters of Germany: Colonial Rivalry and Scholarship in the Philippine Reform Movement & Revolution. Ateneo de Manila Press.

Ephraim, Frank (2008). Escape to Manila: From Nazi Tyranny to Japanese Terror. University of Illinois Press.

Gopal, Lou (2014 January 28). “Manila Germans and the German Club.” Manila Nostalgia. http://www.lougopal.com/manila/?p=1869

Kotlowski, Dean J. (November 2009). “Breaching the Paper Walls: Paul V. McNutt and Jewish Refugees to the Philippines, 1938-1939.” Diplomatic History 33(5), 865-896.

Krebs, Gerhard (2015 January 1). “Racism Under Negotiation: The Japanese Race in the Nazi-German Perspective.” In Race and Racism in Modern East Asia, Brill.

Kowner, Rotem (2017). “When economics, strategy, and racial ideology meet: inter-Axis connections in the wartime Indian Ocean.” Journal of Global History 12, 228-250.

Aluit, Alfonso J. (1994). By Sword and Fire: The Destruction of Manila in World War II, 3 February - 3 March 1945. Bookmark, Inc.

Scott, James M. (2018). Rampage: MacArthur, Yamashita, and the Battle of Manila. W. W. Norton & Company.

Audio from German newsreels from Pathe and British Movietone. Audio of Kristallnacht survivors from The Atlantic. Audio of the Nanjing Massacre survivor from the Shoah Foundation.

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we, ahem, cycle through some historical facts about bicycles in World War II-era Philippines! (Listen to S4E4 before listening to this one!)

From Rizal in Dapitan to Japanese troops on a blitzkrieg, this is a short history of biking in the Philippines.

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References:

Severino, Howie (22 June 2020). “Rizal’s Wish for a Second-Hand Bicycle.” GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/specials/content/160/howie-severino-rizal-s-wish-for-a-second-hand-bicycle/

Herlihy, David (2010). The Lost Cyclist: The Epic Tale of an American Adventurer and His Mysterious Disappearance. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Gems, Gerald R. (2016). Sports and the American Occupation of the Philippines. Lexington Books.

Earle Stevens, Joseph (1899). Yesterdays in the Philippines. Charles Scribner & Sons.

Giron, Brian Paul (2020 October 4). “Finding bikes in our history.” Cycling Matters. https://www.cyclingmatters.ph/culture/finding-bikes-in-our-history/

Tewell, John. Pretty Filipina with her pride and joy, an American girl’s bicycle [Photo]. https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/52134258412/sizes/h/?fbclid=IwAR2iU54F7mfNFYEpj3Q8mNc840NVblElvS3hHudysR9q8qo9CwsgsqDglks

Fernandez, Yvette and Goy, Abi (2012). Big John: The Life Story of John Gokongwei Jr. Summit Books.

Ephraim, Frank (2008). Escape to Manila: From Nazi Tyranny to Japanese Terror. University of Illinois Press.

Barriga, Maria Cynthia B. (2015). “The Asia-Pacific War in the Davao Settler Zone, December 1941.”  Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies 30(1): 56–90.

Danquah, Francis K. (2005). “Reports on Philippine Industrial Crops in World War II from Japan's English Language Press.” Agricultural History 79(1), 74-96 

LCDR Headrick, Alan C (1994). Bicycle Blitzkrieg: The Malayan Campaign and the Fall of Singapore. (Paper submitted to the Operations Department.) Naval War College. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/RisingSun/BicycleBlitz/

Eisner, Peter (2017). MacArthur's Spies: The Soldier, the Singer, and the Spymaster Who Defied the Japanese in World War II. Viking. 

Interview with John Gokongwei Jr. from CNBC International.

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we crack open the book by historian Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, which was my main resource for the most recent episode. (Listen to S4E3 before listening to this one!)

Before Magellan crossed the Pacific, headed to the Philippines, and met his end at a Cebu beach, he was tasked with the impossible: sail to the end of their known world. What would he find there?

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Reference:

Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2022). Straits: Beyond the Myth of Magellan. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Columbus Day audio from Mel-O-Toons Animation.

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we give more context about the oppression of the sakadas in Hawaii, which ultimately led to their big 1924 strike... and the Hanapēpē Massacre. (Listen to S4E2 before listening to this one!)

As Filipino immigrants call for better pay and better treatment in the sugar cane plantations, the histories of Hawaii and the Philippines are about to intersect in a bloody way.

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References:

Jung, Moon-Kie (2004). “Symbolic and Physical Violence: Legitimate State Coercion of Filipino Workers in Prewar Hawai'i.” American Studies 45(3), 107-137.

Hill, Tiffany (2009, December 30). “A Massacre Forgotten.” Honolulu. https://www.honolulumagazine.com/a-massacre-forgotten/

Alegado, Dean (2011, September 26). “Blood In The Fields: The Hanapepe Massacre And The 1924 Filipino Strike.” Positively Filipino. http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/2012/11/26/blood-in-the-fields-the-hanapepe-massacre-and-the-1942-filipino-strike

Sobeleski, Hank (2006, September 10). “Pablo Manapit and the Hanapepe Massacre.” The Garden Island. https://www.thegardenisland.com/2006/09/10/lifestyles/pablo-manlapit-and-the-hanapepe-massacre/

“Filipino Contract Laborers in Hawaii.” 1926. Monthly Labor Review 24(4), 4-9.

Van Dijk, Kees (2015). “The Failed Annexation of Hawaii.” In Pacific Strife, Amsterdam University Press.

In this week's episode of Extra Credit, we examine the role of religion and religious missionaries in the seventeenth-century Japanese threats to conquer Manila. (Listen to S4E1 before listening to this one!)

It’s the beginning of the Spanish reign, and Manila is prime real estate in the eyes of the sea-going empires, including Japan. In the Edo court, the Japanese plan the invasion of the Philippines—three hundred years early.

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References:

Ka Yin Chan, Caspar (2022). “Revisiting the Battle of Macau in 1622: A Polyphonic Narrative.” The Newsletter (Autumn 2022), International Institute for Asian Studies.

Turnbull, Stephen (2016). "Wars and Rumours of Wars: Japanese Plans to Invade the Philippines, 1593–1637.” Naval War College Review 69(4).

“The Fall of the Arima Clan and the Crackdown on Christianity.” In Light and Shadow: Christian History, Resurrected. https://christian-nagasaki.jp/en/

Barthell, W. “Matsukara Shigemasa.” In Sengokujidai.org.

In this week's episode of EXTRA CREDIT, we probe deeper on how this book survived beyond the lifetime of its reclusive writer to become an indelible part of our cultural legacy. (Listen to S3E13 before listening to this one!)