Basic Metering Overview – Part 1
Basic Metering Overview – Part 2
In this episode, Mike and Bob discuss the enormous amount of information on the topic of metering and sensoring. They also explain the most common technologies and techniques used in monitoring.
Complete Show Notes
5:50 Why Metering Matters
- Metering is vitally important to hazmat – it determines the atmosphere we’re entering and the types of harms we expect it to impose
Helps us gauge isolation distances and PPE – monitoring is dynamic and constantly evolving6:55 Why Do We Monitor a Scene?
- Establish zones and exposure potentials for us and the public
Locate and confine a substance or issueEstablish lines of ILDH (immediately dangerous to life and health)Determine whether something is flammable, oxygen rich/deficient, or toxicConfirm that our actions are beneficial to the operationEach monitor reads a different thing that we’re interested in – you can’t just use one meterMeters bridge the gap between our senses and what’s truly happening in an area – in some cases, our senses don’t alert us to danger until well after a chemical has a problematic effect on us or our environments11:30 Things to Meter For
- 1. Radiation – this is one of the first things you want to meter for because it can touch you from a long distance away
2. Flammability – directly impacts PPE selection and whether we’re dealing with toxics3. Oxygen- Influences PPE and SCBA selection – is there enough oxygen for you to breathe in that environment?
Oxygen can really screw with your meter readingsCan affect flammability, reactivity, and change the products of reactions4. Toxicity – affects you (not just the environment), so this is a really important thing to meter5. Corrosives – very easy to monitor, so it’s something you should be monitoring at all times; use fluoride paper for easy identification; can ruin your meter6. Reactivity – whether a reaction is happening that’s going to be endothermic or exothermic- Response time – time the meter needs to get a sample and put a number on the screen/move the needle
Two types of collection methods that meters use- Pass-by/diffusion – sample naturally passes by a sensor and gives a reading
Pump-through – pump (hand or electronic) used to get substance to the sensorSensitivity – can be equated to the LEL and UEL of flammability; the more sensitive something is, the quicker the meter will pick it upSelectivity – how accurately a meter can monitor either a single gas or group of gasses; don’t want interference from other compounds, as they can be lumped together in the readingOperating range – accuracy range for a given concentration; in some cases, if the range is smaller, the accuracy gets betterAmplification – the meter’s ability to magnify a small quantity and give a reading; outside interferences may come into playAccuracy – the relationship between the true reading and the meter’s reading; may have to use the correction factor to arrive at a correct valueReliability – how consistently a meter will give you a readingCalibration – calibration sets the sensor reading to a known value, so it adjusts its zero reading to comply; meters need to be calibrated periodically because they expireBump tests- Field tests where a small sample of a known gas is used to express a response from the meter
Can be the agent or a known cross sensitivityTests alarms and notificationsDifferent than a fresh air setup25:25 What is Relative Response?
- Meters are calibrated against a known gas – typically one that’s in the middle of the range we’re looking for
Meters think they’re looking at that specific gas all the time and reads accordinglyUse a correction factor chart where 100% equals 1.0The reading on the meter should be multiplied by the correction factor for the actual gas you’re reading, which gives you a true reading29:40 Cross-Sensitivities and Interferences
- For the most part, chemical reactions drive these meters
Cross-sensitivities occur when other substances act like the chemical you’re looking for with your meterThese chemicals are usually known substances from the manufacturerImportant to keep the paperwork that comes with your meter – manufacturers do testing to give you a baseline of the substances the meter detectsAn interference is something that will give you an out of true reading – examples include temperature and humidityDifferent interferences destroy meters – i.e. carbon dioxide ruins oxygen meters- Very straightforward – it’s the point at which you must perform an action
Everybody has different action levels depending upon what their job isMost meters allow you to put in high and low alarms based upon your action levelActions include evacuation, calling for more resources, putting your SCBA on, getting another meter, etc.33:30 Monitoring Techniques
- When you’re metering, you always have to consider whether the gas will rise or fall
Do this by referencing the NIOSH book to determine the chemical and physical properties of the gasRemember that some gasses are affected by temperature and wind currents that may invalidate your dataAll areas should be monitored for true readings – these provide the greatest accuracy- Many different types of sensors out there
Oxygen metersLow oxygen skews readings on CGIs because you need oxygen to take flammability readingsHigh oxygen is 23.5%High oxygen increases flammabilityEasily affected by temperature – huge variations in temperature seasonallyThese meters read by chemical reactions that create electrical impulsesAltitude can also have an effect on your readingsCombustible gas indicator (CGI) meter- Can be used as a pass-by or pump-through
Has a chamber with a filament coated with some kind of catalystWheatstone bridge inside the meter – electronic circuit that has a sample circuit and a known circuit – measures the distance between the two to take a readingTemperature affects this meter – high temperatures give you higher readingsNormal oxygen levels are required to read this meter properlyMetal oxide meters- Used to measure natural gas and hydrogen sulfide – also used in home meters to measure CO
Measures by reducing or oxidizing the gas to read a difference in resistance, which is your readingVery reliable meter, but not very good at giving a high range PPM readingMany metal oxide meters give you a tone pulse – a change in pitch or tone frequency indicates a greater concentration of a substancepH meters and strips- There are meters that perform the same action, but they’re typically not field-friendly
Require a buffer solution to be used before the readingThe most common way to determine pH is the pH strip – it provides a color change based on the amount of H or OHColorimetric methods- Two main types in use – the CDS and the CMS
CDS is a colorimetric glass tube that requires a pumpThe CMS is the electronic equivalent of the CDS and uses a chip that measures digitally on a screenThey can be very specific in what they’re reading or can read a range of gasses (i.e. halogenated hydrocarbons)These work by passing gas through a tube with filters, desiccants, and chemicals that react when the gas is drawn through the tubeThe amount of pumps aid in determining the concentrationKeep in mind that humidity and temperature may affect readingsThese meters take a long time to read – sometimes up to 100 minutes – and you may need to pump the trigger dozens of timesAlways read the instruction manual prior to use – each tube may have its own individual instructionsM8, M9, and M256 kits- M8 paper looks like pH paper and is dipped into the substance – it indicates using a color change that can be compared to a chart on the box
M9 is a tape that detects the droplet of an agent – it gets splotchy, which indicates a presenceM256 kit is a rather complex method – it uses ampules of reagent and colorimetric tubes to detect nerve agents, blister agents, and blood agents; very time-consuming and requires 2 people; can register well below the required regulatory limitsRadiation detectors- The human body has no way to sense radiation exposure – it shows eventually, but by then, it’s too late
There are several kinds of radiation metersGeiger Mueller- This is a gas-filled tube that senses the amount of ions
Sealed from outside airGood meter for alerting you that something is there, but it doesn’t have a wide rangeLow and high energy uses specific probesIon chamber- These have a tube that utilizes ambient air to detect ionized gasses
Beneficial because their readings are directly related to the intensity of the radiationWhen you have radiation of varying intensities, this reflects a true reading, rather than an averageScintillation detectors- These use a crystal that interacts with radiation – crystals can be made of sodium iodide, cesium iodide, or zinc sulfide
Causes a brief flash of light in the crystal – the meter then amplifies the flash of light thousands of timesMay have a Mylar film over the sensor to protect from debris, temperature, and humidityMost useful when reading small amounts of radiationDosimeters and badges- Typically worn by a user to measure the dose that individual has taken
These are self-reading, which means they don’t need to be sent to a lab – you can get your dose by looking at a screenPersonal dosimeters typically only read gamma radiation – not alpha and betaHave a question? Send an email to [email protected] or leave a message on our Haz Mat Guys comment hotline: 843-628-1484
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- THMG015: Advanced Metering
THMG016: Metering Techniques and Reading the NumbersTHMG017: Meters IV: From Data to Action