The John Batchelor Show

Mortality and the End of the Iliad. Guest: Professor Emily Wilson. The final stages of the Iliad focus on Achilles' intense grief and the rituals surrounding death. Following the violent funeral pyre for Patroclus, Achilles organizes funeral games, which Wilson suggests represent his growing realization that all mortals are ultimately "losers" in the face of death. These games provide a new model for competition where skillful men can win prizes without the conflict ending in the destruction of society. A significant moment of reconciliation—or perhaps a "sick burn"—occurs when Achilles gives Agamemnon a prize for spear-throwing without requiring him to compete, acknowledging Agamemnon's status while potentially mocking his habit of taking things he did not earn. The poem notably concludes not with the fall of Troyor the Trojan Horse, but with the voices of three women—Andromache, Hecuba, and Helen—singing laments. Their grief highlights the future of enslavement and loss facing the survivors. This ending, marked by a humanitarian pause for Hector's funeral, underscores the poem's central theme: the universal struggle to accept human mortality. 1

The Philippics, a Tragic Alliance, and a Heroic End. Guest Author: Josiah Osgood. In the chaotic aftermath of Caesar's death, Cicero delivered the Philippics to trash Mark Antony's reputation. In an attempt to destroy Antony, Cicero formed an alliance with Caesar's young heir, Octavian. He believed he could use the boy to further his own political goals, but this strategy backfired. Octavian eventually joined forces with Antony and Lepidus, and together they ordered Cicero's execution as an act of vengeance for Caesar. Legend s
ays that Cicero faced his death heroically, extending his neck to the soldiers sent to kill him. This account was likely perpetuated by his loyal secretary, Tiro, who published Cicero's works after his death. Two thousand years later, Cicero's writings remain a staple for students of Latin and rhetoric. His speeches are still valued for their entertainment value and their insightful political put-downs. His life serves as a testament to the high stakes and theatrical nature of Roman political life, illustrating the end of a republic and the birth of an empire. 8SULLA

Civil War, the Ides of March, and the Spiritual Godfather. Guest Author: Josiah Osgood. Cicero eventually returned to Rome, but the republic was sliding toward civil war between Caesar and Pompey. Although Cicero tried to remain neutral, he eventually joined Pompey's side but was pardoned by Caesar after the latter's victory. Cicero was present in the Senate on the day Julius Caesar was assassinated. While he was not part of the conspiracy, he celebrated the act and was famously hailed by Brutus as a spiritual "godfather" of the plot. The aftermath was chaotic, as the assassins' hope for celebration was met with a swift popular reaction against them. This shift was largely due to Mark Antony, who gave a dramatic funeral eulogy and displayed Caesar's blood-spattered toga to the crowd. Cicero recognized that Antony's genius utilized the same rhetorical techniques he had mastered: demonstrating feelings rather than just talking about them. This moment locked Cicero into a final, deadly contest with Antony over the future of the republic. He began writing and delivering the Philippics, a series of speeches designed to destroy Antony's political standing. 7
1450 VIRGIL

Exile, Humiliation, and the Power of the Tribune. Guest Author: Josiah Osgood. Seeking revenge for the Bona Dea trial, Clodius Pulcher transferred his status from patrician to plebeian to run for the office of tribune. Once elected, he passed legislation that targeted anyone who had put Roman citizens to death without a trial. This law was aimed directly at Cicero for his actions during the Catiline conspiracy. Recognizing the danger, Cicero fled Rome and went into exile, during which Clodius's supporters destroyed his mansion on the Palatine Hill. Clodius even built a shrine to the goddess Freedom on the site to humiliate his rival. During his exile, Cicero's wife, Terentia, worked to manage their affairs and protect their children while seeking his restoration. Cicero's departure was highly theatrical; he adopted the appearance of a mourner in "ashes and sackcloth" to stir public pity. Despite his attempts to gain sympathy, Clodius's populist support and political maneuvering ensured the law remained in effect, marking a devastating period of ruin for Cicero. He eventually returned to Rome, but his political influence was permanently diminished. 6
CRETE MINOANS

The Bona Dea Scandal and the Creation of a Lifelong Foe. Guest Author: Josiah Osgood. Despite his careful rise to power, Cicero made a significant error during the aftermath of the Catiline conspiracy. He arrested five high-ranking collaborators who had remained in Rome to facilitate a coup. Cicero, feeling invincible after his recent successes, pushed for these men to be executed as traitors to the republic. He argued that by conspiring against Rome, they had forfeited their rights as citizens and should be treated as public enemies. However, executing Roman citizens without a trial was a major legal taboo. Julius Caesar, then a rising politician, offered a more prudent alternative: life imprisonment. Cicero ignored this advice and moved forward with the executions, a decision that the Senate endorsed but for which Cicero bore ultimate responsibility. While he initially gloated about his actions, the move eventually aroused populist opposition and made him a political target. This mistake was followed by the Bona Dea scandal of 62 BCE, where Cicero testified against Publius Clodius Pulcher, breaking his alibi and turning the young aristocrat into a dangerous, lifelong enemy. 5
1910 CARTHAGE

The Catiline Conspiracy and the Perils of Invincibility. Guest Author: Josiah Osgood. The rivalry between Cicero and Catiline represented a clash between a "new man" and an established aristocrat. Catiline was a brave soldier from an ancient family who felt humiliated after losing the consular election to the newcomer Cicero. As the economic situation in Italy worsened due to a credit crisis, Catiline adopted a populist platform, calling for debt reform and the cancellation of loans. Cicero, who was aligned with the financial elite of Rome, viewed Catiline's plans as a threat to the republic's stability. When Catiline lost a subsequent race, he became desperate and organized a group of fashionable young men to support a conspiracy. Cicero used an extensive network of spies to monitor these developments, fueled by his own justified paranoia. He eventually denounced Catiline in the Senate, leading to a showdown where Catiline fled to lead an army. Although Catiline died in battle, the fallout from the conspiracy would eventually lead to Cicero's greatest political crisis. Cicero believed this moment was his peak, marking his place in history as the savior of the republic. 4
CARTHAGE

The Defeat of Verres Through Storytelling. Guest Author: Josiah Osgood. In 70 BCE, Cicero prosecuted Verres in a trial that showcased his masterful use of storytelling and emotional appeal. Rather than overwhelming the jury with complex financial data about embezzlement, Cicero created a vivid image of Verres as a negligent leader. He recounted how Verres ignored his duties during a pirate raid on Syracuse, choosing instead to party with local women in seaside tents. This narrative portrayed Verres as living large at the expense of the Roman citizens he was meant to defend. Overwhelmed by the evidence and the public outcry, Verres defaulted mid-trial and fled Rome. Although he was found guilty, his punishment was merely exile to Marseilles, where he was allowed to keep much of his stolen art. For the Romans, losing citizenship and political rights was considered a severe fate, though it seems mild by modern standards. This victory propelled Cicero's political career as he sought the office of consul. The election process of the time mirrors modern participation, with citizens urged to vote on the Field of Mars. 3
CARTHAGE

Challenging the Crooked Establishment in Sicily. Guest Author: Josiah Osgood. The Roman Republic's political landscape was heavily influenced by money, a reality exemplified by the case of Verres. Verres was the governor of Sicily, the vital "breadbasket" of Rome, where he systematically plundered art and embezzled funds. Although Cicero usually preferred defense work to earn favors, he made a strategic decision to prosecute Verres on behalf of the Sicilians. This choice was influenced by a shifting political tide and the support of powerful figures like Pompey, who wanted a symbolic cleanup of government corruption. Verres was a well-connected billionaire and a former follower of the dictator Sulla, making the prosecution a high-risk endeavor for Cicero. Cicero positioned himself as a crusading outsider fighting against a "crooked establishment" to protect the interests of the Roman people. By taking on this case, Cicero aimed to prove that he could challenge the most entrenched members of the Senate. This trial solidified his image as a hero of the law who was willing to confront the wealthy and powerful when he had the necessary political backing. 2
CARTHAGE

The Rise of a New Man and the Trial of Roscius. Guest Author: Josiah Osgood. Marcus Tullius Cicero was born into a non-elite family in 106 BCE, making him a "new man" in the Roman Republic. Rising through the political ranks required winning elections that were typically controlled by a small group of powerful families. Cicero gained fame as a masterful orator and defense attorney by navigating the Roman criminal courts, which were often used to target corrupt politicians. These trials were held in the public forum to allow citizens to see justice being served. In his debut criminal case, a thirty-year-old Cicero defended a man named Roscius against a charge of parricide. Parricide was considered a uniquely dreadful crime by the Romans, punishable by being sewn into a sack with animals and cast into the sea. Cicero functioned as his own private detective, investigating the facts behind the prosecution's claims. He discovered that a group had taken advantage of the elder Roscius's death to seize his property for a low sum. By telling a compelling story and asking "cui bono"—who stands to gain—Cicero successfully argued that his client had been framed. This high-stakes victory established his reputation and demonstrated his ability to use the courtroom as a stage for political advancement. 1
CARTHAGE

ChatGPT and "The Blip." Guest Author: Keach Hagey. The final segment focuses on the viral success of ChatGPTand the resulting internal conflicts at OpenAI. Hagey notes that as ChatGPT's popularity grew, Altman's focus shifted from early safety warnings to aggressive commercialization, causing friction with researchers like Geoffrey Hinton. A significant power struggle with Elon Musk led to Musk's departure after he failed to gain control of the company. Tensions culminated in "the blip," where the nonprofit board fired Altman for perceived lack of candor and "cutting corners" on safety protocols. While Hagey characterizes Altman as a master storyteller and visionary, she highlights that his management style left a "trail of angry people." Although the staff eventually forced his reinstatement, fundamental disagreements regarding the safe development of AGI remain unresolved, as leading lights in the field continue to warn of the technology's inherent dangers. 4
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