The John Batchelor Show

Jonathan Healey, The Blazing World: A New History of Revolutionary England, 1603–1689. The final segment covers the reign of James II, whose open Catholicism and attempts to bypass Parliament alienated his natural Tory supporters. This tension birthed England's first political parties: the Whigs and the Tories. When James had a son, raising the prospect of a perpetual Catholic dynasty, seven leaders invited William of Orange to intervene. William landed in 1688, and James II fled, resulting in the Glorious Revolution. The era concluded with William and Mary as Protestant regents, establishing a constitutional framework that profoundly influenced the founding fathers of America. (8)
1655

Jonathan Healey, The Blazing World: A New History of Revolutionary England, 1603–1689. Stability was sought through the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. While some reforms remained, the new regime took grotesque revenge on the regicides, even digging up and hanging Cromwell's corpse. Charles II's reign was characterized by a vibrant court culture, the expansion of trade via the East India Company, and the growth of the British Empire. The segment also highlights the polymath Margaret Cavendish, who wrote the pioneering science-fiction work The Blazing World, reflecting the era's fascination with science and power. Despite the "jollity," the Anglican Church forcefully suppressed religious dissenters like the Quakers. (7)
1650

Jonathan Healey, The Blazing World: A New History of Revolutionary England, 1603–1689. In 1649, Charles I was tried and executed in public, a shocking event that horrified European monarchs. The segment explores the establishment of the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector. John Lambert drafted the Instrument of Government, England's first written constitution, which included checks and balances and religious protections for Protestants. Although Cromwell refused the crown, his rule relied on military strength and the imposition of Puritan values, such as banning Christmas celebrations. Upon Cromwell's death in 1658, his son Richard failed to maintain control, leading the nation back into political chaos. (6)
2650

Jonathan Healey, The Blazing World: A New History of Revolutionary England, 1603–1689. This segment details the rise of the New Model Army, a professionalized force led by Sir Thomas Fairfax and the committed Puritan Oliver Cromwell. Following the decisive Battle of Naseby in 1645, the King's forces were routed. Internal debates emerged over the future of the nation, notably the Putney Debates, where radical Levelers argued for manhood suffrage against Henry Ireton, who favored property-based voting. After Charles made a secret treaty with the Scots, leading to a second civil war, Ireton and other radicals concluded that the King must be tried for treason to ensure public safety. (5)
1650

Jonathan Healey, The Blazing World: A New History of Revolutionary England, 1603–1689. During the Personal Rule, Charles expanded the "Ship Money" tax to inland counties, leading to a landmark legal battle over the King's right to declare emergencies without Parliament. Religious tensions peaked as Archbishop William Laud imposed high-church practices, which many saw as a "popish plot." After failing to force a new prayer book on Scotland, Charles was compelled to recall Parliament, which then executed his minister Strafford. The crisis culminated in Charles's failed attempt to arrest five MPs inside the House of Commons, forcing him to flee London to gather an army for the coming Civil War. (4)
1650

Jonathan Healey, The Blazing World: A New History of Revolutionary England, 1603–1689. Conflict intensifies between Charles I and Parliament, led by legal giant Edward Coke, who championed the Petition of Right to limit monarchical power. The segment discusses the assassination of the unpopular Buckingham by John Felton, a disgruntled soldier inspired by parliamentary grievances. To fund his reign without Parliament, Charles utilized "forced loans" and imprisoned those who refused to pay, sparking debates over habeas corpus and common law. In 1629, Charles dismissed Parliament entirely, beginning a decade of "Personal Rule" while continuing to collect controversial taxes like tonnage and poundage. (3)

Jonathan Healey, The Blazing World: A New History of Revolutionary England, 1603–1689. The focus shifts to Charles I and his favorite advisor, the Duke of Buckingham. In a bizarre 1623 incident, Charles and Buckingham traveled in disguise to Madrid to secure a marriage with the Spanish Infanta, hoping to gain wealth and influence. The mission was a humiliating failure, leading to a shift toward war with Spain. James I ended his reign ill and disillusioned as his peaceful foreign policy collapsed. Upon his death in 1625, the 24-year-old Charles I inherited a massive debt of one million pounds, forcing an immediate and fractious confrontation with Parliament. (2)
22642

Jonathan Healey, The Blazing World: A New History of Revolutionary England, 1603–1689. This segment introduces James I, the first monarch to rule both England and Scotland, who faced a kingdom deeply divided by religion. It details the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, an attempt by radical Catholics to destroy the political elite, which fueled a lasting anti-Catholic paranoia and a fear of "popish" tyranny. Healey explains the rise of the "middling sort," a prosperous and literate group of peasant farmers and gentry who began dominating Parliament. Beset by inflation and the high costs of a "military revolution," James struggled financially and sought to avoid expensive continental wars. (1)
1840

Matthew Longo, The Picnic: A Dream of Freedom and the Collapse of the Iron Curtain. Thirty years after the event, Matthew Longo returns to the border to reflect on the legacy of the picnic and the nature of freedom. The site of the former "death zone" has ironically become the most green part of Europe—a "green belt" of pastoral woodlands. Longo interviews the aging survivors, including Nemeth, Agnes, and Laslo, a curator of documents who describes the unremarkable-looking spot as Anus Mundi. The final discussion explores the evolving meaning of liberty, contrasting Isaiah Berlin's "negative liberty" (freedom from state interference and freedom of movement) with Hannah Arendt's concept of "plurality" and solidarity. Longo notes a "perverse irony": many East Germans who successfully fled to the West were ultimately disappointed by the version of freedom they found, which lacked the sense of community and solidarity they had experienced in the East. In a modern world where walls are being rebuilt and xenophobia is rising, the story of the Pan-European Picnic serves as a prompt to rethink how the euphoria of 1989 transitioned into the embattled state of liberalism today. (4)

Matthew Longo, The Picnic: A Dream of Freedom and the Collapse of the Iron Curtain. As the picnic date of August 19, 1989, approaches, the atmosphere is "fraught" with tension. Thousands of East Germans (GDR) have flooded into Hungary, pretending to be on summer vacation but actually acting as refugees hoping for a chance to cross into the West. They camp at places like Ferto Rakos, where they are stalked by Stasi informers who take down names and instill terror. Meanwhile, in Budapest, Miklos Nemeth and other reformers view the picnic as "Operation Human Shield"—a test to see if the nearby Soviet army will intervene. On the day of the picnic, two unlikely heroes emerge: Norbert, a hard-drinking West German adventurer with a scars-and-mercenary past, and Agnes, an elderly local woman. Because Norbert has a West German passport and Agnes is too old to fear the state, they act as "guardian angels," helping terrified East Germans navigate the borderlands. The event itself is chaotic and plagued by rain, resembling a "Woodstock" in the woods. When a mass of nearly a thousand East Germans suddenly rushes the border gate, a moment of extreme panic occurs as champagne bottles pop; many refugees, conditioned by fear, mistake the sound for gunshots. However, the Hungarian border guards make a "tremendous moral choice" not to shoot, allowing the mass of people to flee into Austriawithout a single drop of bloodshed. (3)
1956