Regression to the mean is a statistical phenomenon where extreme or unusual observations tend to be followed by more typical or average observations. It suggests that over repeated measurements or observations, extreme values are likely to move closer to the population mean or average. Regression to the mean occurs because extreme values are often influenced by random variation or measurement error, rather than a consistent underlying trend or pattern.

Extreme results don’t last forever. Things tend to average out over time – that’s Regression to the Mean. ⚖️📊 #RegressionToTheMean #Statistics #MentalModels

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Randomness refers to the lack of pattern or predictability in events. It is a fundamental concept in probability theory and statistics, where random processes are used to model uncertainty and variability. Randomness implies that outcomes are determined by chance rather than by any discernible pattern or predetermined sequence. Randomness plays a crucial role in various aspects of life, from games of chance and gambling to scientific experiments and data analysis.

Is it random or is there a pattern? Randomness is everywhere, but understanding it helps us make smarter decisions. 🎲❓ #Randomness #Probability #MentalModels #Statistics #DataScience #Uncertainty

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A randomized controlled experiment (RCT) is a scientific study design used to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention or treatment by randomly assigning participants to different groups, including a treatment group that receives the intervention and a control group that does not. Randomization helps ensure that any observed differences in outcomes between the groups are due to the intervention rather than other confounding factors.

The gold standard of research! Randomized Controlled Experiments eliminate bias to give us the most accurate results. 🧪🔍 #RCT #Research #MentalModels #EvidenceBased #DataScience #DecisionMaking

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A probability distribution is a mathematical function that describes the likelihood of different outcomes or events occurring within a given set of possible outcomes. It provides a framework for understanding the relative frequencies or probabilities associated with each possible outcome of a random experiment. Probability distributions can be discrete, where outcomes are distinct and countable (e.g., rolling a die), or continuous, where outcomes can take any value within a range (e.g., measuring heights).

From normal to skewed, understanding probability distributions helps us predict outcomes. 📈🎯 #ProbabilityDistribution #Statistics #MentalModels #DataScience #Research #RiskAnalysis

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The power law, also known as Zipf's law, is a statistical distribution characterized by a small number of occurrences with very high frequency (heavy tails) and a large number of occurrences with low frequency. In a power law distribution, the frequency of an event is inversely proportional to its rank or size, resulting in a long-tailed distribution where a few elements dominate while many others are relatively rare. Power law distributions are commonly observed in various natural, social, and technological phenomena.

When small changes in one variable lead to

In statistics, a p-value is a measure of the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis. It indicates the probability of observing the observed data, or more extreme results, if the null hypothesis were true. A low p-value (typically below a predefined significance level, often denoted as α) suggests that the observed data are unlikely under the null hypothesis, leading to its rejection. Conversely, a high p-value indicates that the observed data are consistent with the null hypothesis, and it fails to provide sufficient evidence to reject it.

How likely are your results due to chance?

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The null hypothesis is a fundamental concept in statistical hypothesis testing that represents the default or initial assumption about a population parameter or the absence of an effect or relationship between variables. It is denoted as H0 and typically posits that there is no significant difference, effect, or association in the population being studied. Hypothesis testing involves comparing the observed data to the null hypothesis to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Prove it wrong before you assume it’s right. The

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The normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian distribution or bell curve, is a symmetric probability distribution that is characterized by its shape: a symmetric, bell-shaped curve centered around its mean. In a normal distribution, the majority of observations cluster around the mean, with progressively fewer observations occurring further away from the mean. Many natural phenomena and statistical processes in various fields follow a normal distribution due to the central limit theorem.

Most data follows the bell curve. The Normal

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Monte Carlo simulation is a computational technique used to model and analyze complex systems or processes through repeated random sampling. It involves generating multiple simulated scenarios or iterations of a system by sampling from probability distributions of input variables, performing computations or simulations based on these samples, and aggregating the results to estimate outcomes or assess risks. Monte Carlo simulation allows analysts to account for uncertainty, variability, and randomness in decision-making, simulate alternative scenarios, and quantify the likelihood of different outcomes under various conditions.

Simulating the future? Monte Carlo Simulations

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Meta-analysis is a statistical technique used to combine the results of multiple independent studies on the same topic to obtain an overall estimate or summary effect size. It allows researchers to synthesize evidence from various sources, increase statistical power, and draw more robust conclusions than individual studies alone. Meta-analysis involves systematically collecting and analyzing data from existing studies, calculating effect sizes or outcomes of interest, and pooling the results to generate a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon under investigation.

Meta-Analyses: Combining multiple studies to get

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