The Principles of War - Lessons from Military History on Strategy, Tactics, Doctrine and Leadership.

This is the fourth session of the second seminar in the Royal Australian Artillery Historical Company's Firepower Seminar Series.

This presentation looks at the conduct of counter battery fire at Gallipoli.

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This is the third session of the second seminar in the Royal Australian Artillery Historical Association's Firepower: Lessons from the Great War Seminar Series.

How was the Turkish artillery organised at Gallipoli?

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What were the artillery tasks at ANZAC?

How was artillery employed?

How did the fireplans for Lone Pine and The Nek differ in implementation and effect?

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We continue our discussion with Dave Sabben about the Battle of Long Tan.

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• Long Tan
• The Defence of Nui Dat
• NVA Casualties, 275th NVA Regiment and D445 Battalion.

This is the next episode in our Long Tan Series with Dave Sabben. Our last episode discussed the final defensive position.

This episode starts a 4 part Q+A with Dave, looking at the conduct of the battle.

The show notes have all of details on what is discussed. Please check them out.

Check out the show notes for the podcast for all of the information that we cover in this episode as well as the images and other details that didn't make it into the podcast.

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We look at the current doctrine around Mission Command.

This follows on from our podcast interview with BRIG Ulf Henricsson and the performance of Nordbat 2 in Bosnia.

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Our guest on the podast today is BRIG Ulf Henricsson from the Swedish Army. He was the commander of Nordbat 2, which was recognised as one of the most successful units that where committed to UNPROFOR for the peacekeeing effort in Bosnia.

I first read about Nordbat 2 in an Article on Strategy Bridge.

We start with the discussion about how Mission Command has been used in the Swedish Army, and how it is taught within the Swedish Army, including the way that Mission Command is used in barracks.

We discuss the composition of Nordbat 2. The composition is the start of the success of Nordbat 2 and the composition was driven by the Mision Analysis that was conducted.

Of the 1,300 members of Nordbat 2, around 1,000 were reservists who had volunteered for service in Bosnia.

The Mission is a critical part of Mission Command, including the intent, so we look at explicit and implied tasks in the mission that was given. He found that within Bosnia, the discussion about the mission was a lot easier than the discussions between countries.

This leads to a discussion about the Rules of Engagement and how they were used. BRIG Henricsson has a relatively free interpretation of the rules of engagement with that interpretation devolved down the chain of command.

We discuss some of the examples of Mission Command that lead to the success of Nordbat 2, including the incident at Stupni Do.

The use of Mission Command and robust peacekeeping lead to a reputation that assisted Nordbat 2 in the accomplishment of their mission.

We look at Mission Analysis and how it lead to a composition for Nordbat 2 that set some of the conditions for success. Another component was the rules of engagement that were provided by nations providing troops to UNPROFOR. The RoE and the interpretation of the RoE was often manipulated by warring forces and lead to some units being ineffective in their role.

BRIG Henriccson discusses support he received from his Commander in Bosnia, and he also discusses the risks that he ran with the use of Mission Command.

We finish with a look at some of the reasons that Mission Command is difficult to practice and what some of the conditions are required for the successful use of Mission Command.

He finishes off with his advice for commanders today on how to use Mission Command to enhance your chances of mission success.

Some questions that are raised are:

Are some societies better placed to enact Mission Command?

How often is there a clear intent in orders that you receive?

Is their a difference between the employment of Mission Command in barracks vs on Operation or Exercise?

We continue our examination of the Battle of Long Tan with Dave Sabben.

12 Pl has returned to the D Coy position, with some of the survivors of 11 Pl and the Coy prepares to receive the next assault.

BRIG Jackson is faced with the dilemma of trying to divine the true intentions of the enemy. Is it a diversion in preparation for a move against the Task Force base, or is it an attempt to destroy a Coy outside the base.

B Coy is ordered to return to the D Coy location and 10 APCs are loaded with troops from A Coy at Nui Dat and dispatched to reinforce the D Coy position.

6 RAR CO, LT COL Townsend recalls the APCs because he wants to go out with the APCs. How does LT Roberts respond to a call to return for the CO, when he knows that D Coy is in a critical situation with low ammunition.

At 18:30 what is enabling the Coy to survive in the face of ongoing assaults?

What air support was available, how was it used and how effective was it?

The enemy starts to mass and commences further assaults against the position. The pace of the assaults increases and the troops don't have enough time to fully reload their magazines. The sun has set and it is becoming increasingly dark. At 18:55 increase numbers of waves assault the position, around the perimeter. Troops, controlled by whistle blasts walking in firing from the hips. It is now dark and the only illumination available to the defenders is the flashes from the artillery.

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For an information operation that is fought of Facebook, how do you identify the Avenues of Approach?

We use OCOKA to conduct the terrain analysis for Information Analysis. We look to orientate everyone to the human terrain in an information operation that is conducted using social media.

Observation and Fields of Fire: Observation is no longer blocked by terrain nor limited by range. The Internet Research Agency is located in Russia, but they are able to conduct operations as if they were based in Washington DC. Tools like Twitterfall. We look at spearfishing email attacks. Facebook has tools inbuilt to enable adjusting the fall of shot for each of the posts that you are using.

Cover and Concealment: In a Social Media war, cover comes from the privacy settings. Cover is asymmetric in a Social Media war. We compare Op Tidal Wave 2, a conventional propaganda campaign with leaflet drops, compared to how it could be conducted with Social Media.

Obstacles: We look at culture and language – grammar in particular. These are the real barriers for operations conducted on Social Media.

Key and Decisive Terrain: The concept of key terrain is fundamentally changed when operations move onto social media. We compare the 228 massacre in Taiwan and the Key Terrain there with disintermediation that social media creates.

Avenues of Approach: Traditionally the enemy is canalised into an engagement area, before they can reach their objective. Social Media war can strike directly at civilians in a target country. There is no physical terrain to defend. The avenues of approach now depend on the target demographic – Linkedin, vKontact, Facebook or Snapchat. We briefly discuss the evolution of avenues of approach for information operations.

This concludes the ground brief for social media operations. Are there any questions?

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We look at some of the actions that were used in an attempt to influence the US democratic system through the use of social media.

Using the military to conduct regime change is extremely expensive in terms of blood and treasure - we look at some of the measures that can be used with non-kinetic means to create regime change. We look at the use of Social media from the point of view of how marketers use social media, because Social Media Warfare is often about using marketing tools to sell an idea, rather than more conventional uses for Social Media.

To win the 100 victories in 100 battles is not the acme of skill, but to subdue the enemy without fight is the acme of skill. If this is the case, then the use of Social Media to achieve regime change would definitely qualify as the acme of skill.

We compare kinetic strikes above the detection threshold with non-kinetic strike below the detection threshold. We also look at an example of a pre-emptive strike to achieve regime change before a state has become an enemy of the state. The pre-emptive strike starts the war before the enemy has a chance to prepare for war, which is important if you believe that if you find yourself in a fair fight, then you have done something wrong.

Kinetic strikes are by their very nature above the detection threshold. Non-kinetic means have a much lower signature, and therefore could be below the detection threshold.

We look at FDR's speech following the strike on Pearl Harbour.

What if there are now tools to allow regime change that does not require the use of military force?

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