What is the Protestant Reformation and why does it matter? To begin to understand how thoroughly it has shaped Western Europe and North America we must travel back in time to see the world as it was before the Reformation. This episode is all about the Middle Ages, when an emperor braved the Alps in winter to appeal to a Pope, and thousands of people in Southern France were slaughtered by Crusaders. It is a world of towering cathedrals, in which the power of the Church rivaled that of the Crown. In this medieval world a poor boy from Yorkshire earned a doctoral degree at Oxford University, and began developing ideas that would shake this world to its foundations. His name was John Wycliffe.