Vaca Muerta Shale play is the most important unconventional resource play outside North America. Over the last decade, it has seen significant improvements in productivity and costs, overcoming technical challenges by leveraging technologies and approaches employed in the US shale plays. The play is dominated by Argentine national oil company YPF and, although foreign IOCs are present there, aspects beyond typical ROI calculations make the full development of the play potential likely to relay on YPF and domestic and regional players to be achieved.