Pelvic inflammatory disease to PID has been a factor in the lives of women in the western world for at least 500 year. It effects up to 5% of US women at sometime during their life and its effects can be long-lasting and devastating. In the episode, part 1 of 2, we delve into the history, prevalence, causes, and consequences of PID.

 

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History

1. John Hirth. Syphilis – Its early history and Treatment until Penicillin and the Debate on its Origins. Journal of Military and Veterans' Health. 20(4). 2012

2. Goupil Bernutz. Clinical Memoirs on the Diseases of Women. 1866

3. Matthew Mann. A System of Gynecology - Vol. 1. 1887

Prevalence

1. L. Westrom. Incidence, prevalence, and trends of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and its consequences in industrialized countries. 138:880. 1980
2. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Statistics. CDC. 2015

Definition

1. Howard Kelly. The Diagnosis of Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases. 1894.
2. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - CDC Fact Sheet. CDC. 2015
3. R. Brunham, S. Gottlieb. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. NEJM 372:2309-2048. 2015.

Causes

1. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - CDC Fact Sheet. CDC. 2015
2. R. Brunham, S. Gottlieb. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. NEJM 372:2309-2048. 2015.
3. JA McGregor, et al. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with prematurity and vaginal fluid mucinase and sialidase: results of a controlled trial of topical clindamycin cream. AJOG. 170(4):1048-59. 1994
4. DL Draper, et al. Levels of vaginal secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor are decreased in women with lower reproductive tract infections. AJOG. 183(5):1243-8. 2000
5. I Simms, et al. Associations between Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachoma's and pelvic inflammatory disease. J Clin Pathology. 56(8):616-618. 2003.
6. CR Cohen, et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in women with laparoscopically diagnosed acute salpingitis. Sex Transm Infect. 81:463-466. 2005

Consequences

1. L Westrom. Effect of acute pelvic inflammatory disease on fertility. AJOG. 121(5):707-713. 1975
2. RB Ness, et al. Effectiveness of treatment strategies of some women with pelvic inflammatory disease: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol. 106(3):573-80. 2005.

Cost

1. Rein DB, et al. Direct medical cost of pelvic inflammatory disease and its sequelae: decreasing, but still substantial. Obstet Gynecol. 95(3):397-402. 2000.