Pelvic inflammatory disease to PID has been a factor in the lives of women in the western world for at least 500 year. It effects up to 5% of US women at sometime during their life and its effects can be long-lasting and devastating. In the episode, part 2 of 3, we discuss the diagnosis of PID.

 

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Diagnosis

1. Howard Kelly. The Diagnosis of Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases. 1894.
2. Westrom L. Objectivized diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. AJOG 1969
3. Sellors J, Mahony J, Goldsmith C et al. The accuracy of clinical findings and laparoscopy in pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164: 113–120. 
4. Paavonen, J et al. Comparison of endometrial biopsy and peritoneal fluid cytologic testing with laparoscopy in the diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. AJOG. 151 (5):645-650. 1985
5. Kiviat, N et al. Endometrial Histopathology in Patients with Culture-proved Upper Genital Tract Infection and Laparoscopically Diagnosed Acute Salpingitis. AJOSP. 1990. 14(2)
6. B. Cacciatore et al. Transvaginal Sonographic Findings in Ambulatory Patients with suspected pelvic inflammatory disease. 1992. 80(6)
7. Tukeva TA, Aronen HJ, Karjalainen PT, Molander P, Paavonen T, Paavonen J. MR imaging in pelvic inflammatory disease: comparison with laparoscopy and US. Radiology 1999;210:209-16
8. J. Moss et al. Serum CA-125 in the diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Int Journal Gyn & Obstetrics. 1994. 44(1)
9. L Westrom et al. Diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease: time for a rethink. Sex Transm Infect 2003:79
10. CDC Statement