In this episode we discuss the evolution of intrapartum fetal monitoring from the Pinard Horn to modern doppler techniques. We also discuss the benefits and harms of these approaches and their role in modern obstetrics.

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2. Intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring versus intermittent auscultation: A meta-analysis - ScienceDirect
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15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/122861