In this episode we discuss the evolution of intrapartum fetal monitoring from the Pinard Horn to modern doppler techniques. We also discuss the benefits and harms of these approaches and their role in modern obstetrics. 

 

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1. A controlled trial of the differential effects of intrapartum fetal monitoring - ScienceDirect
2. Intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring versus intermittent auscultation: A meta-analysis - ScienceDirect
3. Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring — A Disappointing Story — NEJM
4. A prospective comparison of selective and universal electronic fetal monitoring in 34,995 pregnancies. - PubMed - NCBI
5. Instrumentation of Fetal Electrocardiography | Science
6. ‎www.ajog.org/article/0002-9378(58)90707-5/pdf
7. The Beginnings of Perinatal Medicine - Google Books
8. https://www.mnhospitals.org/Portals/0/Documents/patientsafety/Perinatal/3a_ACOG%20Bulletin%20106.pdf
9. ‎www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(11)00480-7/pdf
10. ‎www.ajog.org/article/0002-9378(59)90052-3/pdf
11. ‎www.ajog.org/article/0002-9378(59)90639-8/pdf
12. The fetal heart rate patterns preceding death in utero - American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
13. A randomized trial of intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring versus intermittent auscultation. - PubMed - NCBI
14. Reasons for the rising cesarean delivery rates: 1978-1984. - PubMed - NCBI
15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/122861