Cardionerds: A Cardiology Podcast

The following question refers to Section 7.4 of the 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure.

The question is asked by the Director of the CardioNerds Internship Dr. Akiva Rosenzveig, answered first by Vanderbilt AHFT cardiology fellow Dr. Jenna Skowronski, and then by expert faculty Dr. Clyde Yancy.

Dr. Yancy is Professor of Medicine and Medical Social Sciences, Chief of Cardiology, and Vice Dean for Diversity and Inclusion at Northwestern University, and a member of the ACC/AHA Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.

The Decipher the Guidelines: 2022 AHA / ACC / HFSA Guideline for The Management of Heart Failure series was developed by the CardioNerds and created in collaboration with the American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Society of America. It was created by 30 trainees spanning college through advanced fellowship under the leadership of CardioNerds Cofounders Dr. Amit Goyal and Dr. Dan Ambinder, with mentorship from Dr. Anu Lala, Dr. Robert Mentz, and Dr. Nancy Sweitzer. We thank Dr. Judy Bezanson and Dr. Elliott Antman for tremendous guidance.

Enjoy this Circulation 2022 Paths to Discovery article to learn about the CardioNerds story, mission, and values.

Mr. S is an 80-year-old man with a history of hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus, and hypothyroidism who had an anterior myocardial infarction (MI) treated with a drug-eluting stent to the left anterior descending artery (LAD) 45 days ago. His course was complicated by a new LVEF reduction to 30%, and left bundle branch block (LBBB) with QRS duration of 152 ms in normal sinus rhythm. He reports he is feeling well and is able to enjoy gardening without symptoms, though he experiences dyspnea while walking to his bedroom on the second floor of his house. Repeat TTE shows persistent LVEF of 30% despite initiation of goal-directed medical therapy (GDMT). What is the best next step in his management?

A

Monitor for LVEF improvement for a total of 60 days prior to further intervention

B

Implantation of a dual-chamber ICD

C

Implantation of a CRT-D

D

Continue current management as device implantation is contraindicated given his advanced age

Explanation

Choice C is correct. Implantation of a CRT-D is the best next step.

In patients with nonischemic DCM or ischemic heart disease at least 40 days post-MI with LVEF ≤35% and NYHA class II or III symptoms on chronic GDMT, who have reasonable expectation of meaningful survival for >1 year,

ICD therapy is recommended for primary prevention of SCD to reduce total mortality (Class 1, LOE A). A transvenous ICD provides high economic value in this setting, particularly when a patient’s risk of death from ventricular arrhythmia is deemed high and the risk of nonarrhythmic death is deemed low.

In addition, for patients who have LVEF ≤35%, sinus rhythm, left bundle branch block (LBBB) with a QRS duration ≥150 ms, and NYHA class II, III, or

ambulatory IV symptoms on GDMT, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is indicated to reduce total mortality, reduce hospitalizations, and improve symptoms and QOL. Cardiac resynchronization provides high economic value in this setting.

Mr. S therefore meets criteria for both ICD and CRT.

Choice A is incorrect. All patients should be on maximally tolerated doses of GDMT prior to consideration of device implantation to allow for assessment of LVEF recovery. Patients who have experienced myocardial infarction should be reassessed 40 days after the event and after achieving maximally tolerated doses of GDMT. 

Choice B in incorrect. For patients in sinus rhythm with a LBBB morphology and QRS duration >150 ms with an LVEF ≤35%, there were significant improvements in 6-minute walk test performance, quality of life, NYHA classification, and LVEF after implantation of CRT. Mortality and hospitalizations were also found to be decreased in patients with CRT-P & CRT-D. Overall, CRT has been shown to have high economic value in these patients.

It should be noted that CRT has the most benefit in patients with a wide QRS (>150 ms), LBBB morphology, and LVEF ≤35%, though trials have shown a modest benefit in special populations. CRT has a Class 2a recommendation (LOE B-NR) in patients with LVEF ≤35%, sinus rhythm, and NYHA Class II, III, or ambulatory IV symptoms on GDMT, with either:

a)    Non-LBBB pattern with a QRS duration ≥150 ms

b)    LBBB with a QRS duration of 120 to 149 ms

Choice D is incorrect. If LVEF remains ≤35% in a patient with a life expectancy >1 year, trials have shown that ICD placement for primary prevention reduces sudden cardiac death and also has a high economic value. There is no indication that this patient has a life expectancy < 1 year.

Main Takeaway

In patients 40 days post-MI on GDMT with an LVEF that remains ≤35%, ICD therapy for primary prevention is appropriate and cost effective.  For those additional with a LBBB and QRS >150 ms, CRT-D is also appropriate and cost effective.

Guideline Loc.

Section 7.4

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In this episode, Dr. Gurleen Kaur (Cardiology FIT at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and APD of the CardioNerds Academy) and Dr. Diane Masket (Medicine Resident at the University of Chicago Northshore and CardioNerds Academy Intern) discuss with Dr. Minnow Walsh (Medical Director of the Heart Failure and Cardiovascular programs at Ascension St. Vincent Heart Center in Indianapolis) about her personal and professional journey in Cardiology. They discuss Dr. Walsh’s authorship of the recent ACC statement on career flexibility in Cardiology, her involvement with the ACC at both the local and national levels, and her passion for making cardiology a more inclusive and welcoming field for all.

Notes were drafted by Dr. Diane Masket and episode audio was engineered by student Dr. Grace Qiu.

This episode is supported by the 5th Annual Going Back to the Heart of Cardiology (A MedscapeLIVE Conference). Join co-chairs Dr. Robert Harrington and Dr. Fatima Rodriguez January 24-26, 2025 at the Fontainebleau Hotel in Miami Beach, Florida.

The agenda will explore the latest advancements in cardiology including cardiovascular prevention, atherosclerosis and thrombosis, cardiovascular dysfunction, arrhythmias, and valvular heart disease. Network, attend engaging presentations by renowned cardiologists, visit the exhibit and poster hall, participate in an exclusive immersive experience, and earn up to 13 CME/CE credits.

Register today with code CARDIONERDS for 30% OFF your registration. Click here for more information.

Enjoy this Circulation 2022 Paths to Discovery article to learn about the CardioNerds story, mission, and values.

The PA-ACC & CardioNerds Narratives in Cardiology is a multimedia educational series jointly developed by the Pennsylvania Chapter ACC, the ACC Fellows in Training Section, and the CardioNerds Platform with the goal to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion in cardiology. In this series, we host inspiring faculty and fellows from various ACC chapters to discuss their areas of expertise and their individual narratives. Join us for these captivating conversations as we celebrate our differences and share our joy for practicing cardiovascular medicine. We thank our project mentors Dr. Katie Berlacher and Dr. Nosheen Reza.

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Process of developing ACC Health Policy Statements

Major Components of the ACC Career Flexibility Health Policy Statement

The following question refers to Sections 2.1

The question is asked by CardioNerds Academy Intern Dr. Adriana Mares, answered first by CardioNerds FIT Trialist Dr. Christabel Nyange, and then by expert faculty Dr. Shelley Zieroth.

Dr. Zieroth is an advanced heart failure and transplant cardiologist, Head of the Medical Heart Failure Program, the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority Cardiac Sciences Program, and an Associate Professor in the Section of Cardiology at the University of Manitoba. Dr. Zieroth is a past president of the Canadian Heart Failure Society. She has been a PI Mentor for the CardioNerds Clinical Trials Program.

The Decipher the Guidelines: 2022 AHA / ACC / HFSA Guideline for The Management of Heart Failure series was developed by the CardioNerds and created in collaboration with the American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Society of America. It was created by 30 trainees spanning college through advanced fellowship under the leadership of CardioNerds Cofounders Dr. Amit Goyal and Dr. Dan Ambinder, with mentorship from Dr. Anu Lala, Dr. Robert Mentz, and Dr. Nancy Sweitzer. We thank Dr. Judy Bezanson and Dr. Elliott Antman for tremendous guidance.

Enjoy this Circulation 2022 Paths to Discovery article to learn about the CardioNerds story, mission, and values.

A 50-year-old woman presents to establish care. Her medical history includes COPD, prediabetes, and hypertension. She is being treated with chlorthalidone, amlodipine, lisinopril, and a tiotropium inhaler. She denies chest pain, dyspnea on exertion, or lower extremity edema.

On physical exam, blood pressure is 154/88 mmHg, heart rate is 90 beats/min, and respiration rate is 22 breaths/min with an oxygen saturation of 94% breathing ambient room air. BMI is 36 kg/m2. Jugular venous pulsations are difficult to assess due to her body habitus. Breath sounds are distant, with occasional end-expiratory wheezing. Heart sounds are distant, and extra sounds or murmurs are not detected. Extremities are warm and without peripheral edema. B-type natriuretic peptide level is 28 pg/mL (28 ng/L).

A chest radiograph shows increased radiolucency of the lungs, flattened diaphragms, and a narrow heart shadow consistent with COPD. An electrocardiogram shows evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy. The echocardiogram showed normal LV and RV function with no significant valvular abnormalities.

In which stage of HF would this patient be classified?

A

Stage A: At Risk for HF

B

Stage B: Pre-HF

C

Stage C: Symptomatic HF

D

Stage D: Advanced HF

Explanation 

The correct answer is A – Stage A or at risk for HF.

This asymptomatic patient with no evidence of structural heart disease or positive cardiac biomarkers for stretch or injury would be classified as Stage A or “at risk” for HF.

The ACC/AHA stages of HF emphasize the development and progression of disease with specific therapeutic interventions at each stage. Advanced stages and disease progression are associated with reduced survival. The stages were revised in this edition of guidelines to emphasize new terminologies of “at risk” for Stage A and “pre-HF” for Stage B.

At Stage A, emphasis is placed on the prevention of structural heart disease by aggressive risk factor modification. Healthy lifestyle habits, including regular physical activity, maintaining a normal weight, healthy dietary habits, and avoiding smoking, help reduce the future risk of HF.

For patients with established hypertension, coronary disease, or diabetes, optimal control of risk factors is crucial.

For hypertension, the SPRINT trial and subsequent meta-analysis of 35 BP-lowering trials have demonstrated a substantial reduction in incident HF and mortality with aggressive BP control.

For diabetes, SGLT2 inhibitors have demonstrated reductions in HF hospitalizations regardless of baseline HF status.

Screening patients “at risk” for HF for disease progression may be beneficial. The STOP-HF study randomized patients with risk factors but without established LV systolic dysfunction or symptomatic HF to screening with BNP testing or usual care. Screening with BNP followed by an echocardiogram and referral to a cardiovascular specialist for those with levels ≥50 pg/mL led to a reduction in the composite endpoint of incident asymptomatic LV dysfunction with or without newly diagnosed HF. Accordingly, BNP or NT–proBNP–based screening followed by team-based care, including a cardiovascular specialist, has a Class 2a (LOE B-R) recommendation in patients at risk of developing HF to prevent the development of LV dysfunction or new-onset HF.

Our patients should be counseled on healthy lifestyles, smoking cessation, and weight loss. Her anti-hypertensive regimen should be intensified for blood pressure optimization. Her ASCVD risk should be calculated, and counseling regarding statin use should be provided accordingly. If she develops overt diabetes, she should be started on an SGLT-2 inhibitor. Given her BNP level, she does not currently warrant further evaluation with an echocardiogram or referral to a specialist.

Main Takeaway

Patients with Stage A HF are those who are at risk for HF but are without symptoms, structural heart disease, or cardiac biomarkers of stretch or injury. At this stage, the emphasis should be on identifying and modifying risk factors.

Guideline Loc.

Sections 2.1 and 4.2

Decipher the Guidelines: 2022 Heart Failure Guidelines Page
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CardioNerds (Dr. Dan Ambinder and Dr. Rick Ferraro) join Dr. Mansi Oberoi and Dr. Mohan Gudiwada from the University of Nebraska Medical Center discuss a case of constrictive pericarditis. Expert commentary is provided by Dr. Adam Burdorf, who serves as the Program Director for the Cardiovascular Medicine Fellowship at the University of Nebraska Medical Center.

The case discussed involves a 76-year-old woman with a history of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and squamous cell carcinoma was admitted to the hospital for worsening shortness of breath, swelling in lower extremities, hyponatremia, and urinary tract infection. CT chest to evaluate for pulmonary embolism showed incidental pericardial calcifications; the heart failure team was consulted for the management of her decompensated heart failure. Echo images were nondiagnostic. Subsequent invasive hemodynamic monitoring showed elevated right and left-sided filling pressures, diastolic equalization of LV and RV pressures, and positive RV square root sign with ventricular interdependence. Cardiac MRI showed septal flattening on deep inspiration and septal bounce, suggestive of interventricular dependence. After a heart team discussion and with shared-decision making the patient opted for medical management owing to her comorbidities and frailty.

Enjoy this 2024 JACC State-of-the-Art Review to learn more about pericardial diseases and best practices for pericardiectomy (Al-Kazac et al., JACC 2024)

“To study the phenomena of disease without books is to sail an uncharted sea, while to study books without patients is not to go to sea at all.” – Sir William Osler. CardioNerds thank the patients and their loved ones whose stories teach us the Art of Medicine and support our Mission to Democratize Cardiovascular Medicine.

Enjoy this Circulation 2022 Paths to Discovery article to learn about the CardioNerds story, mission, and values.

US Cardiology Review is now the official journal of CardioNerds! Submit your manuscript here.

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Echo: Left Ventricular ejection fraction = 55-60%. Unclear septal motion in the setting of atrial fibrillation

MRI: Diastolic septal flattening with deep inspiration as well as a septal bounce suggestive of interventricular dependence and constrictive physiology 

Dr. Amit Goyal, along with episode chair Dr. Dinu Balanescu (Mayo Clinic, Rochester), and FIT leads Dr. Sonu Abraham (University of Kentucky) and Dr. Natasha Vedage (MGH), dive into the fascinating topic of channelopathies with Dr. Michael Ackerman, a genetic cardiologist and professor of medicine, pediatrics, and pharmacology at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Using a case-based approach, they review the nuances of diagnosis and treatment of channelopathies, including Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), and long QT syndrome. Dr. Sonu Abraham drafted show notes. Audio engineering for this episode was expertly handled by CardioNerds intern, Christiana Dangas.

The CardioNerds Beyond the Boards Series was inspired by the Mayo Clinic Cardiovascular Board Review Course and designed in collaboration with the course directors Dr. Amy Pollak, Dr. Jeffrey Geske, and Dr. Michael Cullen.

Enjoy this Circulation 2022 Paths to Discovery article to learn about the CardioNerds story, mission, and values.

US Cardiology Review is now the official journal of CardioNerds! Submit your manuscript here.

CardioNerds Beyond the Boards Series
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1. What are the diagnostic criteria for Brugada syndrome (BrS)?

Three repolarization patterns are associated with Brugada syndrome in the right precordial leads (V1-V2):

It is important to note that only a type 1 pattern is diagnostic for Brugada syndrome, whereas patients with type 2/3 patterns may benefit from further testing.

The Shanghai score acknowledges that relying solely on induced type 1 ECG changes has limitations. Therefore, one cannot equate the presence of a type 1 Brugada ECG pattern alone to the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome. The score suggests incorporating additional information—such as clinical history, family history, and/or genetic testing results—to achieve a definitive diagnosis.

2. What is the significance of genetic testing in Brugada syndrome?

There are 23 alleged Brugada syndrome susceptibility genes published with varying levels of evidence. However, only one gene mutation, the loss-of-function variants in the SCN5A gene encoding for the α-subunit of the NaV1.5 sodium channel, is considered to have sufficient evidence.

The overall yield of BrS genetic testing is 20%. The presence of PR prolongation (>200 ms) along with type I EKG pattern increases the yield to 40%. On the contrary, in the presence of a normal PR interval, the likelihood of SCN5A positivity drops to <10%.

3. How would you risk-stratify a patient with Brugada syndrome?

Serious arrhythmic events (SAE), including resuscitated cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death, rarely represent the initial symptoms of Brugada syndrome. Thus, risk stratification is important.

Factors that increase risk include:

4. What are the treatment options for Brugada syndrome?

5. What are the four diagnostic tests to be done in a patient who presents with an episode of exertional syncope?

Exertional syncope is a high-risk presentation that demands a comprehensive evaluation! This includes:

Do not stop at an EKG and echo alone!

Think of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) in a patient with exertional syncope and a normal EKG!

6. What are the features on the exercise treadmill test that increase the suspicion for CPVT?

Bidirectional VT is considered a hallmark of CPVT, with digoxin toxicity being the only real imitator. This finding is specific in the absence of digoxin but not sensitive.

During exercise testing in CPVT, as the patient’s heart rate rises with increasing workload, PVCs begin to appear, progressing to bigeminy, couplets, and, in some instances, bidirectional couplets. The ectopy typically vanishes within 30 seconds of the recovery phase. This pattern increases suspicion of CPVT and warrants a detailed family history and genetic testing.

7. What are the genetic underpinnings of CPVT?

Mutations in the ryanodine receptor (RyR2 gene) render calcium release channels leaky, leading to diastolic calcium overload. This ultimately triggers arrhythmias in CPVT.

8. What are therapeutic interventions for a patient with CPVT?

Medical therapy is the mainstay of treatment in CPVT. Drugs include non-selective beta-blockers like nadolol or propranolol. Standard of care currently includes a combination of nadolol plus flecainide. An ICD is indicated only in the case of an aborted cardiac arrest. ICD therapy is never prescribed as monotherapy in these patients.

9. How do we correctly measure the QTc?

The QT interval is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave. The end of the T wave is determined using the maximum slope intercept method, in which a tangent line is drawn through the maximum down slope of the T wave. The point at which this tangent line crosses the isoelectric line is the end of the T wave. The U wave is excluded.

10. What are the three primary mutations implicated in Long QT syndrome?

The CardioNerds Academy is excited to present the 3rd Annual Sanjay V. Desai Lecture in Medical Education, featuring a deep dive into the evolving role of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education. Join us as Dr. Kathryn Berlacher, Dr. Melissa McNeil, and Dr. Alfred Shoukry explore the transformative potential of AI in training future healthcare professionals and enhancing educational methodologies. Their insightful discussion sheds light on the integration of cutting-edge technologies to improve medical learning and patient care. The conversation is faciliated by Dr. Tommy Das, Program Director of the CardioNerds Academy, and CardioNerds Academy Chiefs: Dr. Callie Clark, Dr. Rachel Goodman, Dr. Ronaldo Correa Fabiano, and Dr. Claire Cambron, who bring their expertise and enthusiasm to this engaging discussion on the future of medical education. Special thanks to Pace Wetstein, CardioNerds academy intern, for his exceptional audio editing in this episode.

Dr. Kathryn Berlacher is a graduate of The Ohio State University College of Medicine and completed her internal medicine residency, chief residency, and cardiology fellowship at UPMC, where she has been on faculty since 2012. She earned a master’s degree in medical education from the University of Pittsburgh and has served as the Program Director of the Cardiovascular Fellowship Program since 2015. In 2021, she was appointed Associate Chief of Education for the UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute. Additionally, Dr. Berlacher is the director of the McGee Women’s Heart Program and chief of medicine at McGee Women’s Hospital. Nationally, she serves as the chair for the American College of Cardiology’s Annual Scientific Sessions for 2025 and 2026, regularly speaking on women’s cardiology, medical education, diversity, inclusion, and health equity.

Dr. Alfred Shoukry graduated from Northwestern University with dual degrees in Neurobiology and Biomedical Engineering. He completed medical school and internal medicine residency at UPMC, where he also earned a certificate in medical education. Dr. Shoukry serves as core faculty at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and cares for patients at the VA in Pittsburgh. As the course director for Population Health, he teaches on topics such as patient safety, quality improvement, and bioinformatics. He is an expert on the impact of large language models in medical education, presenting locally and nationally on the subject.

Dr. Melissa McNeil received her undergraduate degree from Princeton University, her MD from the University of Pittsburgh, and a Master of Public Health from the same institution. She is a professor emeritus of medicine at the University of Pittsburgh and recently joined the faculty at Brown University as a professor of medicine. Dr. McNeil serves as an academic hospitalist and senior consultant to the Women’s Health Division at Brown. Her expertise lies in developing training programs to foster leaders in women’s health education and research. She has been recognized nationally for her contributions, including being named the Society of General Internal Medicine Distinguished Professor of Women’s Health in 2014 and receiving their Career Achievement in Medical Education award in 2016.

Dr. Sanjay V Desai serves as the Chief Academic Officer, The American Medical Association and is the former Program Director of the Osler Medical Residency at The Johns Hopkins Hospital.

Enjoy this Circulation 2022 Paths to Discovery article to learn about the CardioNerds story, mission, and values.

US Cardiology Review is now the official journal of CardioNerds! Submit your manuscript here.

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CardioNerds Drs. Jason Feinman, Gurleen Kaur, and Rick Ferraro discuss the implementation of SGLT inhibitors in clinical practice with Dr. Alison Bailey. Notes were drafted by Dr. Jason Feinman.

In this episode, we discuss the implementation of SGLTi in clinical practice scenarios, including for individuals with heart failure regardless of ejection fraction, those with chronic kidney disease, and those with diabetes mellitus. The group also discusses important side effects to monitor for, as well as how to counsel patients when prescribing these medications.

This episode was produced in collaboration with the American Society of Preventive Cardiology (ASPC) with independent medical education grant support from Lexicon Pharmaceuticals.

Enjoy this Circulation 2022 Paths to Discovery article to learn about the CardioNerds story, mission, and values.

US Cardiology Review is now the official journal of CardioNerds! Submit your manuscript here.

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What is the data supporting the use of SGLTi in HFpEF?

What is the data supporting the use of SGLTi in HFrEF?

What is the expected impact of SGLTi on renal function?

What are the recommendations for SGLTi in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?

What side effects should be monitored for when starting an individual on an SGLTi medication?

CardioNerds (Amit Goyal) join Dr. Merna Hussien, Dr. Akhil Kallur, Dr. Abhinav Saxena, and Dr. Brody Deb from the MedStar Georgetown – Washington Hospital Center in DC for a stroll around Rock Creek Park as they discuss an unusual case of cobalt cardiomyopathy. Expert commentary is provided by Dr. Nana Afari Armah. Episode audio was edited by CardioNerds Intern Christiana Dangas.

The case is of a middle-aged woman with a past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and bilateral hip replacements, who presented with subacute progressive exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, and constitutional symptoms and was found to have SCAI Stage C cardiogenic shock. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, 20-25%) and a moderate pericardial effusion. Cardiac catheterization revealed biventricular failure with elevated filling pressures. A cardiac MRI showed diffuse late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in the left ventricle. Endomyocardial biopsy showed nonspecific chronic inflammation. However, the evidence of mitochondrial heavy metal toxicity and elevated cobalt levels made the diagnosis of cobalt cardiomyopathy. The patient underwent revision of hip joint implants to ceramic implants and started chelation therapy. However, due to persistent stage D heart failure despite normalization of cobalt levels, she underwent orthotropic heart transplantation.

“To study the phenomena of disease without books is to sail an uncharted sea, while to study books without patients is not to go to sea at all.” – Sir William Osler. CardioNerds thank the patients and their loved ones whose stories teach us the Art of Medicine and support our Mission to Democratize Cardiovascular Medicine.

Enjoy this Circulation 2022 Paths to Discovery article to learn about the CardioNerds story, mission, and values.

US Cardiology Review is now the official journal of CardioNerds! Submit your manuscript here.

CardioNerds Case Reports Page
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CardioNerds Journal Club
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Taken from1 – Singh M, Krishnan M, Ghazzal A, Halushka M, Tozzi JE, Bunning RD, Rodrigo ME, Najjar SS, Molina EJ, Sheikh FH. From Hip to Heart: A Comprehensive Evaluation of an Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy. CJC Open. 2021 Nov 1;3(11):1392–5.

How common is cobalt cardiomyopathy? When should it be suspected?

Taken from – 2

This figure, taken from 2, shows the reports of Cobalt cardiomyopathy after cobalt alloy prostheses. [HX1] 

What is the pathophysiology of cobalt cardiomyopathy?

How does cobalt cardiomyopathy present, and how do we diagnose it?

How is cobalt cardiomyopathy managed?

What is the prognosis of Cobalt Cardiomyopathy?

Infographic made by the team (Made with BioRender – license included)

1.     Singh M, Krishnan M, Ghazzal A, et al. From Hip to Heart: A Comprehensive Evaluation of an Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy. CJC Open. 2021;3(11):1392-1395. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34901809

2.     Packer M. Cobalt Cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2016;9(12):e003604. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/epub/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003604

3.     Mercier G, Patry G. Quebec beer-drinkers’ cardiomyopathy: clinical signs and symptoms. Can Med Assoc J. 1967;97(15):884-888. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6051257/

4.     Oldenburg M, Wegner R, Baur X. Severe cobalt intoxication due to prosthesis wear in repeated total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24(5):825.e15-20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18835128

5.     Tower SS. Arthroprosthetic cobaltism: neurological and cardiac manifestations in two patients with metal-on-metal arthroplasty: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(17):2847-2851. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21037026

6.     Casian M, Bica R, Ionescu V, Predescu V, Țincu R, Jurcuț R. Too young for an acquired cardiomyopathy? Cobalt metallosis as a cardiac amyloidosis mimicker. ESC Heart Fail. 2024;11(2):1236-1241. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ehf2.14695

The following question refers to Section 2.2 of the 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure.

The question is asked by University of Colorado internal medicine resident Dr. Hirsh Elhence, answered first by University of Chicago advanced heart failure cardiologist and Co-Chair for the CardioNerds Critical Care Cardiology Series Dr. Mark Belkin, and then by expert faculty Dr. Mark Drazner.

Dr. Drazner is an advanced heart failure and transplant cardiologist, Professor of Medicine, and Clinical Chief of Cardiology at UT Southwestern. He is the President of the Heart Failure Society of America.

The Decipher the Guidelines: 2022 AHA / ACC / HFSA Guideline for The Management of Heart Failure series was developed by the CardioNerds and created in collaboration with the American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Society of America. It was created by 30 trainees spanning college through advanced fellowship under the leadership of CardioNerds Cofounders Dr. Amit Goyal and Dr. Dan Ambinder, with mentorship from Dr. Anu Lala, Dr. Robert Mentz, and Dr. Nancy Sweitzer. We thank Dr. Judy Bezanson and Dr. Elliott Antman for tremendous guidance.

Enjoy this Circulation 2022 Paths to Discovery article to learn about the CardioNerds story, mission, and values.

A 50-year-old woman with a history of congestive heart failure, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obstructive sleep apnea presents to the outpatient clinic to follow up on her heart failure management. One year prior, echocardiogram showed an ejection fraction of 30% with an elevated BNP, for which she was started on appropriate GDMT. Repeat echocardiogram today showed an EF of 50%. Which of the following best describes her heart failure status?

A

HFrEF (HF with reduced EF)

B

HFimpEF (HF with improved EF)

C

HFmrEF (HF with mildly reduced EF)

D

HFpEF (HF with preserved EF)

Explanation

The correct answer is B – HFimpEF, or heart failure with improved ejection fraction, best describes her current heart failure status.

Left ventricular ejection fraction is an important factor in classifying heart failure given differences in prognosis, response to treatment, and use in clinical trial enrollment criteria.

The classification of heart failure by EF (adopted from the Universal Definition of HF):

–        HFrEF (HF with reduced EF): LVEF ≤40%

–        HFimpEF (HF with improved EF): previous LVEF ≤40%, a ≥10% increase from baseline LVEF, and a second measurement of LVEF >40%.

–        HFmrEF (HF with mildly reduced EF): LVEF 41%–49%, and
evidence of spontaneous or provokable increased LV filling pressures (e.g., elevated natriuretic peptide, noninvasive and invasive hemodynamic measurement)

–        HFpEF (HF with preserved EF): LVEF ≥50%, and evidence of spontaneous or provokable increased LV filling pressures (e.g., elevated natriuretic peptide, noninvasive and invasive hemodynamic measurement)

Patients with HFmrEF are usually in a dynamic state of improving from HFrEF or deteriorating towards HFrEF. Therefore, patients with HFmrEF may benefit from follow-up evaluation of systolic function and etiology of sub-normal EF.

Improvements in EF are associated with better outcomes but do not indicate full myocardial recovery or normalization of LV function. Indeed, structural and functional abnormalities such as LV dilation and systolic or diastolic dysfunction often persist. Moreover, EF may remain dynamic with fluctuations in either direction depending on factors such as GDMT adherence and re-exposure to cardiotoxic agents. As such, the term heart failure with “improved EF” was deliberately chosen over “recovered EF” and “preserved EF”. Importantly, in patients with HFimpEF while on GDMT, the EF may decrease after withdrawal of GDMT.

Main Takeaway

Classification of Heart failure helps direct and track management.

Guideline Loc.

Section 2.2

Decipher the Guidelines: 2022 Heart Failure Guidelines Page
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CardioNerds Cardio-Rheumatology Series Co-Chairs Dr. Rick Ferraro, Dr. Gurleen Kaur, and and Dr. Bree Hansen discuss how to decipher cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatological conditions with cardio-rheumatology experts Dr. Brittany Weber and Dr. Michael Garshick.

In this episode, Drs. Weber and Garshick take us through the role of inflammation in patients with rheumatologic conditions and cardiovascular disease. They discuss the increased prevalence of traditional cardiac risk factors in this population and how these standard cardiac risk factors do not account for the full extent of cardiovascular risk. Dr. Bree Hansen drafted show notes. Audio editing by CardioNerds intern Christiana Dangas.

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Show notes (Drafted by Dr. Bree Hansen):

How does inflammation contribute to atherosclerosis, specifically in autoimmune rheumatologic diseases like psoriasis?

Which traditional cardiovascular risk factors are increased in patients with rheumatologic conditions?

How can cardiovascular disease risk be estimated in patients with rheumatologic conditions beyond that of traditional risk factor calculators?

Conrad N, Verbeke G, Molenberghs G, et al. Autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular risk: a population‐based study on 19 autoimmune diseases and 12 cardiovascular diseases in 22 million individuals in the UK. Lancet. 2022;400:733–743.

Crowson CS, Liao KP, Davis JM 3rd, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J. 2013;166(4):622-628.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2013.07.010

Garshick MS, Ward NL, Krueger JG, Berger JS. Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Psoriasis: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(13):1670-1680. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.02.009

Weber, B, Paik, J, Aghayev, A. et al. Novel Imaging Approaches to Cardiac Manifestations of Systemic Inflammatory Diseases: JACC Scientific Statement. JACC. 2023 Nov, 82 (22) 2128–2151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.09.819

Mortensen M, Jensen J, Sand N, et al. Association of Autoimmune Diseases with Coronary Atherosclerosis Severity and Ischemic Events. JACC. 2024. Jun, 83 (25) 2643-2654. Doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.04.030

Choi M, Guan H, Yoshida K, et al. Personalizing cardiovascular risk prediction for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2024. Aug:67:152468. Doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2024.152468.