Dr. Caitlin Youngquist started out wanting to be a veterinarian, but then discovered soil science and was so taken by it that she got a PhD, and has devoted her career to serving farmers, ranchers, and rural communities. A practitioner and promoter of regenerative agriculture, she has worked with Conservation Districts, non-profit orgs, Extension, and her own small business, Dirt Works Wyoming, a company that provides compost statewide. She uses science as a tool to solve on-the-ground problems, which range from crops and livestock issues to mental health, family dynamics, and food insecurity. She also guides hunting programs for women, is a volunteer firefighter. TIMELINE 2'22 how Caitlin discovered agriculture and soil science 3'33 the value of applied science for solving real problems 4'23 what is Extension 4'52 the non-elitist focus of extension, taking academic research to the people 6'54 how extension actually works 8'40 food insecurity and food deserts in an agricultural state, starting a food garden 11'30 making sure initiatives last beyond their founder 13'17 taking the holistic/social work perspective as an extension educator 14'39 people get isolated on their farms 16'31 the importance of letting go of a scarcity/competition mindset and sharing knowledge 18'28 difficulty making generational transition of management 20'12 the difficulty in calling for help with family conflicts 22'17 the difference between complicated and complex systems 24'59 analogies between soil health and community health 27'17 efficiency vs resiliency 29'37 the one nation that feeds itself has high biodiversity and regenerative ag 30'21 making sure local food is not an elite activity 32'40 becoming a hunter 34'21 why hunting is so powerful for women in particular 40'05 whether hunting supports species conservation 42'29 compost company Dirt Works Wyoming 44'14 agriculture and soil science as a great career for young people to consider 45'47 drcaitlinyoungquist.com

Montana filmmaker Daniel Glick decided to make a film about bison just because he loved the animals and wanted to be around them. He teamed up with Blackfeet filmmakers Ivan and Ivy MacDonald to co-direct the documentary, Bring them Home, narrated by Lily Gladstone. The film explores the history of bison on the North American continent and the Blackfeet nation in particular; the parallel genocides of native people and the animal that provided them with sustenance, both practical and spiritual; and the movement to bring surviving herds of bison back to their ancestral lands. In this podcast Ivan and Daniel talk about the process of making the film, the significance of bison, and the challenges—and moments of grace—in the decades-long grassroots efforts to return them.

TIMELINE 2'28 WHY bring home buffalo 4'54 bringing back a wild herd that was once with Blackfeet people to their ancestral land 5'42 do the buffalo know they're coming home? 6'35 how the film came to be, Daniel wanted to spend time with buffalo 7'54 the creation stories and the relationship between Blackfeet and buffalo 9'35 vision of buffalo returning to the land, but it wasn't easy to implement 11'27 Blackfeet people were forced into ranching and farming and individual land ownership and this conflicted with the return of the buffalo 13'31 the system imposed on Blackfeet people antithetical to wildlife and healthy ecosystems 14'59 the different kinds of colonialism 16'02 Buffalo keystone species and how that affects other species 17'23 bison make grasslands a carbon sink 19'29 New York Wildlife Conservation Society got involved 20'40 the importance of patience in this process and building relationships, trust, community-building 22'58 potential for the buffalo to heal generational trauma, physical and spiritual genocide 24'23 Ini days celebration and ceremony 26'23 the spiritual aspect of Bison and all animals, relatives 26'35 everyone benefits from finding their reconnection to the natural world 27'20 the moment where the buffalo were set free, what was that like 28'13 a lot of risk and uncertainty in finally releasing them 29'55 cattle ranchers fell in love with buffalo 31'06 domesticated vs wild animals and how wildness affects us 32'47 how they are being monitored 33'51 Blackfeet acquired a 28,000 acre grassland ranch for the buffalo 34'45 conversations with other tribes 36'32 PBS screening starting November 24 38'05 beautifully made and crafted film, narrated by Lily Gladstone 40'56 a narrative of hope in a time of tragedy and pain

Xochitl Torres Small grew up in Las Cruces, NM, and started her career as an attorney who has working in water and natural resources law. She served as U.S. Representative for New Mexico's 2nd congressional district (2019-20); she was Under Secretary for Rural Development (2021-23); and she served as United States deputy secretary of agriculture (2023-25). She brings her wide-ranging experience Executive Director of Quivira Coalition, and in our conversation she talks about her background, government service, and visions for regeneration and collaboration across the food system.

TIMELINE 2'32 how Xochitl got into agriculture 4'11 the decision to go into politics 5'55 the difference between serving in Congress and in an agency 9'00 working in rural development 10'29 figuring out how to actually get money to rural communities 11'59 finding solutions that were energy efficient in rural areas 13'48 are agencies working together on common problems? 17'47 understanding the practicality of nature based solutions within government 22'46 soil health and why it's so important, and how Quivira does the work. 27'37 succession issues 30'26 vision for large scale transition of agriculture from industrial to regenerative 33'29 recognizing that solutions are all land-specific 35'06 how do you create local and regional food systems when a state like NM is exporting over 90% of its agriculture and importing over 90% of its food 36'11 systems that maximize only for efficiency tend not to be resilient in times of disaster 40'28 spectrum from regenerative to big ag but with lots of adoption all along the way 43'30 we need to stop "othering" 44'11 the challenges of scaling 45'59 going from government to grassroots, hopes and goals

In today's podcast, we talk to Jennifer Sahn, editor of High Country News, and writers Rick Bass and Laureli Ivanoff, about HCN's September issue, a collaboration with the Food & Environment Reporting Network (FERN). The issue covers a wide range of topics on Food and Power in the American West.

TIMELINE 1'57 High Country News and FERN collaboration on "Food and Power in the West" issue 3'17 stories in the issue including meat packing and pecan growing 6'10 the Indigenous Food Sovereignty Lab at Cal Poly, Humboldt 7'52 what is the Food & Environment Reporting Network 10'12 RICK BASS 10'57 the definition of sustainability and why it's not 100% attainable 12'41 forest service is part of the department of agriculture but really shouldn't be 12'59 old growth forests are a huge carbon sink and guard against climate change 13'48 the cooling effect of forests 15'49 art inspired by old growth forests 18'07 the role of old growth forests in not only climate defense but also global security 20'43 the paradigm shift from seeing the forest as a set of commodities to seeing it as a complex ecosystem—and that saving it is actually better for people than the industrial perspective 21'49 art to help people feel more deeply 22'48 the Yaak Valley Forest Council and the campaign to save it 23'38 defending the forest with love rather than litigation 24'48 trying to reach climate champions in power 25'22 Bass has been living in the forest for nearly 40 years, where he has worked as both a writer and an activist 26'10 trying to have the area dedicated as a climate refuge and a series of climate refuges in the northern forests 27'13 no extinctions since the last ice age 29'04 being a hunter in Montana looking for deer and elk 30'27 preserving the Black Ram forest, see montanaproject.org for art and yaakvalley.org for science 31'22 the importance of contacting elected representatives 31'48 LORELI IVANOFF 32'27 The Joyful Responsibility of Cutting Fish 38'46 the deeper meaning of "subsistence" 41'22 overharvest eventually results in collapse 43'07 the problem with thinking of the earth as possessions, rather than gifts 44'31 you don't take more than you need 45'47 the sense of belonging and community 49'55 the need to talk about community when community is threatened 50'55 how the climate has changed since she started cutting fish 51'41 it's hard to dry fish now because of wetter summer weather, and other climate problems 55'27 the difficulty of trying to live close to nature when you're in the city

Philip Connors grew up on a farm in Minnesota, studied journalism, and got a job at the Wall Street Journal. But after the September 11 attacks and the death of his brother, he left New York behind and took a job as a fire lookout in the Gila National Forest in New Mexico. Following in the footsteps of other fire lookout writers, poets, and philosophers, like Gary Snyder, Jack Kerouac, and Jack Loeffler, he wrote his first book, Fire Season, in 2011. Since then he written three more books, the latest of which, The Mountain Knows the Mountain, incorporates poetry — particularly haiki — to engage both playful and profound ways of looking at the natural world and the state of our society.

In 1996, media mogul Ted Turner bought a New Mexico ranch that's bigger than many national parks. A new film, Preserved, details its history, conservation projects, and influence. Previously owned by Pennzoil, the ranch was badly degraded from overgrazing, forest clearcutting, coal mines, fossil fuel extraction, railroads, and a long-term lack of environmental stewardship. Turner's goal was to restore the land and its wildlife, while keeping the ranch profitable through livestock and tourism businesses.

The film Preserved explores the history and conservation activities of Vermejo Park Ranch, including preservation of bison, mountain lions, cutthroat trout, and many other species. Lesli Allison, Executive Director of the Western Landowners Alliance, is one of the speakers in the film, and on this podcast we talk about the ranch, its place in the larger ecosystem, and its influence on agriculture and conservation.

Quinn Mendelson is Conservation Program Director of Rocky Mountain Youth Corps, a nonprofit that trains young adults to do conservation work in the "outdoor classroom" of New Mexico's landscapes. Not only do they learn skills like trail building, watershed restoration, and wildfire mitigation, but they also receive training that helps them to get jobs—as well as less quantifiable but just as important life skills like getting along with each other, finding their own authentic voices, and being in nature for long periods. The program has been going for three decades, and has led many of its alumni into fulfilling conservation careers.

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What is "good meat"? Michele Thorne has a lot to say on the subject. She is executive director of The Good Meat Project, a non-profit whose mission is to foster a healthy and humane meat system that centers local production instead of industrial monopolies that damage ecosystems and consolidate wealth. With the core value of transparency, they offer free services to butchers, ranchers, eaters, and chefs, and produce journals and that feature stories about people across the good meat universe.

TIMELINE 3'51 what is good meat? 4'52 soil stewardship 5'12 the core value of transparency 5'55 the importance of consumer trust 7'32 there's a reason big food companies are not transparent 8'33 the connection between food and health outcomes 9'50 hard to know how much of the country's meat industry is "good" 12'42 "Product of the US" labeling issues 14'52 greenwashing and humane-washing 15'20 Farm Forward study on greenwashing 17'21 the benefits of buying local 20'36 how the Good Meat Project serves producers, chefs, butchers, consumers 21'43 free marketing courses for meat producers 22'26 "features" vs "benefits" 25'05 BACON program—Butcher and Chefs Opportunity Network 25'46 butchers and chefs are important links to the community 27'00 more Good Meat Project resources...goodmeatproject.org 29'43 Olympia Provisions 31'48 educating consumers on the nuances of meat--industrial ag vs small producers 32'53 the risks of taking livestock off the land 34'37 meat substitute brands spend big bucks to message that meat is bad 36'23 Game Theory and how it can be used in the good meat movement 38'35 thinking about tradeoffs 46'52 trusting in healthy meat even if you can't measure the outcome

Zachariah Ben is a sixth-generation farmer from Shiprock, New Mexico. He and his family founded Bidii Baby Foods. Using traditional Navajo food traditions, they provide healthy, nutritious, and locally-grown food to Navajo people, many of whom are living in food deserts. And, through entrepreneurship and traditional farming, they seek to heal generational trauma by fostering not only physical health but also spiritual connection to land and community––from surviving to thriving.

4'12 traditional Navajo farming principles 5'01 trauma healing 5'31 farming with the stars, singing, birth rituals as strategies for successful farming 8'05 sharing/trading seeds to keep biodiversity, human beings as seeds 10'35 the ritualistic culture at the root of healthy food 11'36 corn at the base of all their foods 12'50 traditional Navajo foods 16'07 taking care of elders 17'43 majority of the market for the baby food is their own people 19'05 resistance of commercialization 20'22 goal of investing across the community through their non-profit 22'53 developing a business on tribal trust land, with all its legal and regulatory issues 25'48 the insanity of bureaucracy and red tape 28'19 dealing with water, irrigation, water rights 30'15 difficulty of local leadership because they've dealt with hardship all their lives 31'08 what "bidii" means 33'53 they don't believe in a diet that subtracts food, but one that adds 35'07 a lot of people on the reservation don't have access to electricity and running water 37'25 Navajo nation junk food tax on the food that is the only affordable food for many 40'24 building up the next generations to be thriving, not just surviving--and healing 42'14 a healed self is a healed community 43'37 annihilating the monsters of anxiety and depression 46'55 Zach is a sand painter 48'59 now he sees the farm as the medium for his art 49'43 looking not for return on investment but return of impact 50'16 contact Bidii via social media

Gilles Stockton is author of the new book, Feeding a Divided America: Reflections of a Western Rancher in the Era of Climate Change, published by University of New Mexico Press. A third generation cattle rancher, he raises beef cattle and sheep on a 5000-acre ranch in Grass Range, Montana. He's also an international agriculture development specialist and an advocate for ranching and farming communities. The new book imparts a lifetime of wisdom and analysis of what happened to our agriculture system, why, and how we can create a system that gives power back to the farmers who are actually growing our food.

3'01 the book is an extension of his op-ed pieces 4'24 multi-generation ranch background 6'30 raises cattle and sheep, as well as hay 7'14 how Western ranching improves the land 7'46 overgrazing damaged the land; it developed from the collapse of homesteading 9'47 ranching the only sustainable model of large scale agriculture in the US 10'48 the decline of his town early 20th century, and the decline of farms in general 11'57 overproduction led first to subsidies, then to the elimination of small farms 13'37 200,000 farms produce 80% of our food. The rest are trying to survive in an industrial agriculture economic model that doesn't really want them 14'48 how megafarms came into being in the 1980s–the decision not to enforce antitrust laws, leading to monopolies/cartels 16'57 the problem of externalities 18'11 the difference between competitive capitalism (free enterprise where buyer and seller have equal power) and cartel capitalism–which is more like old-style communism 20'33 cartels can raise prices indiscriminately 21'14 not enough slaughterhouses–system is too centralized 21'52 agriculture has never had a golden age–it's always been difficult 22'48 farmer gets 15.9¢ out of consumer dollar 23'22 the system steals from the farmer and farm labor 24'25 the "illusion of economies of scale" 24'45 smaller farmers are better farmers 25'20 the role of the farmer has been squeezed out in the name of "efficiency"…then there's no advocate for the land and animals 26'24 what's lost when you don't have the farmer on the ground…the land, the workers, the animals 27'20 corporate boards instead of farmers are making decisions about things they know nothing about 28'23 why monocrops systems are so un-resilient, especially during climate instability 29'39 the problem of the super wealthy buying farm land–looks like colonialism 30'11 the wealthy neighbors don't understand how their elk sanctuary affects their ranching neighbors 32'02 rural people hate environmentalists more than they hate the corporations that are ruining them 32'36 the sense that their vote doesn't count 33'32 "they don't ask our opinion" 35'16 policy for the last 50 years has been anti-rural. Rural voters vote red, but they don't do anything for rural people. But blue doesn't either. 36'15 climate change is making things existential 36'46 there's a movement for anti-trust enforcement, which is encouraging 37'54 we need to decentralize in order to have a healthier food system — what that could look like 38'35 about 1/3 of food in France is sold locally, unlike the US where it's more like 3% 39'16 the US imports more food than it exports. So much for "feed the world" 39'47 the need for auction markets for all food commodities (instead of contract work) 40'46 we don't need new anti-trust laws, just enforcement of the existing ones 43'04 Citizens United decision of 2010 was a huge gain for the wealthy and corporate power 44'15 revitalizing rural communities = revitalizing democracy 45'05 the importance of being organized around an idea and staying with it 47'04 the local foods movement is extremely important. But it's very libertarian in its politics, which means that they don't deal with the globalized competition, they just do their own thing and stay a part of the 3% of local food 48'33 the Farm Bill isn't so much a farm bill as an ag business bill. The orgs doing good work need to organize with each other more 49'42 what gives him hope 50'35 what happens after Gilles, what is the plan for the next generation