Francisco Goya (1746-1828) is one of Spain's most important and complex artists. His career bridged the gap between the Old Masters and the modern era. He found success as a court painter for the Spanish monarchy, creating bright, lively tapestry designs for the royal palaces. However, a devastating illness in 1792 that left him completely deaf marked a profound turning point. His art took on a darker, more critical tone, evident in his series of satirical etchings, Los Caprichos, which targeted the follies of Spanish society. The horrors he witnessed during Napoleon's invasion of Spain (1808-1814) were unflinchingly documented in his print series, The Disasters of War. In his final years in Spain, Goya painted his most enigmatic and disturbing works, the "Black Paintings," directly onto the walls of his country home, creating private, nightmarish visions like Saturn Devouring His Son.

The Third of May 1808, painted in 1814, is a monumental and revolutionary depiction of war. Breaking from centuries of tradition that glorified battle, Goya focuses on the brutal, systematized execution of captured Spanish civilians by a faceless French firing squad. The painting's power comes from its raw emotion, its dramatic use of light to illuminate the victims, and its central, Christ-like figure whose gesture of martyrdom has become a universal symbol of protest. As one of the first truly modern paintings, The Third of May 1808 stripped war of its romance and its influence resonates through the history of art, most notably in works by Édouard Manet and Pablo Picasso's famous anti-war mural, Guernica.

Related episodes:

Édouard Manet

Pablo Picasso

Auguste Rodin

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