From the Spectrum: Finding Superpowers with Autism

Why doesn't the MESENCEPHALON further subdivide into larger regions of the brain?

In this episode, we will expand on the neurulation time and focus on the brain formation, spotlighting the proencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon, which emerge around days 22–23 of embryonic life. The proencephalon (forebrain) splits into the telencephalon—think cerebral hemispheres for cognition—and the diencephalon, home to the thalamus and hypothalamus for sensory and hormonal control. Meanwhile, the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) divides into the metencephalon (pons and cerebellum, key for movement) and myelencephalon (medulla, handling [mostly] autonomic essentials like breathing). The mesencephalon stands out as a non-subdividing relay hub. The mesencephalon offers tremendous insights into the Autistic phenotype with its roles in biasing the living organism's attention to the environment.

Autism and the Womb https://youtu.be/NOVp4mIroug

Autism, Neurulation, & Embryogenesis https://youtu.be/TXkc93uGNuw

Autism & Eye Movements https://youtu.be/1amB5e9qzg4

Autism & Sensory Processing Part 1 https://youtu.be/HPvwvtu5hB4

Autism & Sensory Processing Part 2 https://youtu.be/iWy9Rligzic

Daylight Computer Company https://daylightcomputer.com

use "autism" in the discount code for $25 coupon.

This is the future of tech.

Chroma Light Therapy https://getchroma.co

use "autism" for a 10% discount,

0:00 Daylight Computer Company

04:22 Neuralation and Brain Development

05:09 Maternal Factors and Biomarkers (Tyrosine, Hypothyroidism, etc.)

06:46 Tryptophan and Its Role in Embryogenesis

08:34 Environmental Insults and Toxins

09:19 Embryogenesis and Brain Formation (Proencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

10:43 Telencephalon

10:57 Diencephalon

12:34 Rhombencephalon

12:52 Metencephalon

13:35 Myelencephalon

15:12 Evolutionary Perspective of the Mesencephalon

21:39 Chroma Light Devices

24:48 Mesencephalon’s Role in Motor Control, Sensory Processing, and Autism;

27:12 Extrapyramidal motor system; Substantia Nigra, Red Nucleus

30:11 Additional Nuclei of the Midbrain; Ocular Motor Nuclei; Edingher-Westphal; Trochlear nerve

31:58 Paraaqueductal Gray (PAG), "Retard Strength" and Its Role in Pain, Behaviors and Autism; "Freezing" in Flight, Fight, & Freeze

36:00 Eye Movements; learning & Neuroplasticity; Motor Planning, Proprioception, Language and Speech

38:20 Wrap Up

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For today's episode, we go into the science of embryogenesis, focusing on neurulation—the critical process where the neural tube forms, laying the groundwork for the central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems. We discuss how disruptions in this early developmental stage, influenced by factors like folic acid metabolism, the sonic hedgehog pathway, and genes such as PTEN (P10), could shape the autistic phenotype. From cell proliferation to migration, we connect these biological processes to autism, exploring how environmental factors—like a pregnant mother’s exposure to artificial light versus sunlight—might alter developmental outcomes. This episode sets the stage for when the Autistic phenotype begins and for more detail on why the mesencephalon does not evolve into other cell types like the other three areas (prosencephalon, rhombencephalon, and spinal cord).

Daylight Computer Company https://daylightcomputer.com

use "autism" in the discount code for $25 coupon.

This is the future of tech.

0:00 Daylight Computer Company

4:20 Neurulation; primary & secondary

6:26 Neural tube, MTHFR & Folate (Vitamin B9), DNA methylation

11:51 Neuroepithelial Cells; Neural Crest, Surface Ectoderm, Mesodermal

16:05 Environmental implications, proliferation, differentiation, and migration

18:45 PTEN

26:29 Modern Environments

28:00 What do you think light is? Autism is in the Womb

31:40 Hyper and Hypo-connectivity

34:40 some rants

35:51 Leo Kanner kid, Donald Tripplet; The Biology that gives us Autism allows us to be comfortable within ourselves; more rants, probably

37:59 Review/Ratings & Contact Info

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For today's episode, we expand on Autism and Sensory Processing. We return to the mesencephalon—a brainstem region with superior and inferior colliculi—as a critical hub for sensory integration and attention bias. We cover four scientific articles, starting with Marco et al. (2011), which uses EEGs, MEGs, and fMRIs to reveal autism’s auditory processing inconsistencies (e.g., delayed N100/M100 cortical responses), tactile hypersensitivity from overactive receptors, and visual processing quirks like reduced fusiform gyrus activation for faces. Russo et al. then explore brainstem-level deficits, showing autistic children’s auditory brainstem responses (ABR) to speech syllables like "DA" exhibit poor neural synchrony and phase locking, especially in noise, due to disrupted wave V, A, D, F timing—linking these to language impairments. These findings point to biological roots, including denser neocortical mini-columns (30-40 vs. 50-60 microns in controls) and cerebellar Purkinje cell loss, impairing local processing and long-range connectivity.

The episode continues with Leekam et al. (2007), confirming over 90% of autistic individuals have multi-modal sensory abnormalities—hypo- and hypersensitivity tied to serotonin and GABA dysregulation—persisting across life, while Tomchek and Dunn (2007) note 95% prevalence via caregiver reports, hinting at neural pathway disruptions. At some point, we need to acknowledge the mesencephalon’s embryological stasis as one of four neural cell types, suggesting its evolutionary role in sensory modulation is key to Autism’s biology. These articles collectively highlight altered neural circuitry, from brainstem to cortex, and biases us to remaining within ourselves. Remember, the biology that gives us Autism allows us to be comfortable within ourselves.

Marco et al 2011 https://www.nature.com/articles/pr9201193

Russo et al 2009 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00790.x

Leekam et al 2007 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-006-0218-7

Tomchek & Dunn 2007 https://affectautism.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/tomcheck_dunn.pdf

0:00 Autism and Sensory Processing; comorbid conditions; Mesencephalon

3:03 Article 1 Marco et al 2011

4:11 Auditory

5:00 N100 & M100 tools

9:17 Tactile

11:23 Visual

13:53 Multisensory Integration

15:16 Postmortem; Cerebellum & Purkinje Cells; Minicolumns

17:06 Speech

19:02 Article 2 Russo et al; Brainstem scientists

20:28 Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR); Quiet versus Noisy environments; Beatles comparison

23:49 Neural Synchrony; Waves V, A, D, F

24:33 Phase Locking

27:34 Article 3 Leekam et al 2007; Neuroplasticity

33:09 Article 4 Tomchek & Dunn 2007

36:36 Reviews/Ratings and Contact Info

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Hopp: https://www.hopp.bio/fromthespectrum

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email: [email protected]

For today's episode, we discuss Autism and sensory processing. The episode expands on the concept of the mesencephalon (midbrain), touching on the superior and inferior colliculi, key regions that help extract and integrate sensory information. The role of melanin in sensory processing is highlighted, as it aids in signal transfer and increases efficiency in sensory organs, including the eyes, ears, and skin. The episode also connects these concepts to autism, noting that individuals with Autism often experience both hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity to sensory stimuli, affecting their interaction with the environment.

The episode also dives into the biological foundations of sensory perception, focusing on the role of melanopsin and other chromophores in light absorption and how they influence wakefulness and sleep cycles. Additionally, we cover the auditory system, specifically how melanin in the cochlea contributes to hearing and how auditory processing can become overwhelmed in individuals with Autism, leading to sensory overload. The discussion then extends to the role of melanin in other systems, such as the gastrointestinal tract, and its connection to energy production and sensory perception. By exploring the pathophysiology of Autism at an early developmental stage, the episode emphasizes the need to investigate sensory processing and its integration across the nervous system to better understand Autism.

Role of semiconductivity and ion transport in the electrical conduction of melanin https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3384144/

Dr. Jack Kruse: QUANTUM ENGINEERING #53: WHY IS MELANIN ALWAYS FOUND BETWEEN YOUR SENSES & THE ENVIRONMENT? https://www.patreon.com/posts/quantum-53-why-83720421

Dr. Jack Kruse: QUANTUM ENGINEERING #45: AUTISM & MELANIN/MELANOPSIN: A MIGRATION PROBLEM https://www.patreon.com/c/DrJackKruse/posts

00:00 Autism and Sensory Processing

02:31 Mesencephalon’s Role; Melanopsin; Chromophores

05:02 Melanin in Sensory Systems

07:33 Light and Quantum Biology

10:04 Environmental Impact on Health; Hypo and Hypersensitivity

12:35 Energy and Mitochondria

15:06 Embryogenesis and Autism Origins; Neuralation, Neuroepithelial Cells

17:37 Autism Research

19:05 Reviews/Ratings & Contact Info

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Hopp: https://www.hopp.bio/fromthespectrum

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email: [email protected]

In this episode, we discuss the connections between autism and eye movements, starting with the underappreciated role of eyes in human biology. We emphasize the significance of the retina, which is central to both image-forming and non-image-forming functions of vision. The discussion takes a turn towards how blind individuals also leverage their eyes for biological functions beyond sight, highlighting the pervasive influence of visual systems on human physiology. We explore the superior colliculus, an essential brain region that integrates sensory information from various sources, including vision, to direct our attention and reflexive responses. This area is crucial in understanding how sensory input differently, particularly in terms of attention bias and threat detection, which could explain some of the unique sensory experiences in Autism.

We then touch upon the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the roles in error detection, conflict monitoring, and effort evaluation. The dACC's involvement in these cognitive processes can provide insights into why certain social cues or environmental stimuli might be overwhelming or less salient for individuals on the spectrum. Additionally, the episode covers oxytocin, a hormone/neuropeptide involved in social bonding and emotional regulation, discussing its synthesis through magnocellular and parvocellular pathways in vision.

What do you think oxytocin is doing here, for the cub and for you? https://www.reddit.com/r/NatureIsFuckingLit/comments/11q03yn/a_cub_puma_admiring_his_mother/?rdt=64743

Eye-Tracking as an Early Biomarker of Autism https://youtu.be/fJpIRHOZZO4

The Roles of Oxytocin and Vasopressin in the Autistic phenotype https://youtu.be/DAtmC-s1_e0

Mesencephalon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midbrain#:~:text=The%20midbrain%20or%20mesencephalon%20is,view%20of%20one%20cerebellar%20hemisphere.

00:00 - Introduction to Autism and Eye Movements; importance of eyes in biology, specifically mentioning the retina as a key player.

04:19 - Non-Image Functions and Master Clock; Melanopsin; SCN- master clock

08:13 - Eye Tracking and Autism Diagnosis; effectiveness at 14 months of age

12:23 - Biological Underpinnings of Eye Movements in Autism; dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), Superior Colliculus & Mesencephalon & sensory integration, attention in the context of Autism & brain development

16:48 - Sensory Integration & Superior Colliculus and Reflexive Responses & Biasing Attention.

20:58 - Developmental Aspects of Autism; embryonic stage before the central nervous system

25:11 - Vision and Autonomic Nervous Systemvision and breathing can influence stress and calmness & bidirectional connections

27:47 Reviews/Ratings and Contact Information

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email: [email protected]

In this episode, we discuss the intricate relationship between Autism and speech & language, emphasizing the critical role of neuroscience in understanding these dynamics. The discussion begins by highlighting how speech and language are foundational to human evolution and social interaction, yet pose unique challenges for individuals with Autism. The episode explores the brain's key regions involved in these processes, such as Broca's area, responsible for speech production, and Wernicke's area, crucial for language comprehension. These regions are connected by the arcuate fasciculus, a white matter tract essential for language processing, repetition, and verbal working memory.

The podcast also examines how the basal ganglia, particularly the dorsal striatum, contributes to speech fluency and motor sequencing, including the articulation of words. By integrating neuroscience, we gain insight into the biological underpinnings of communication difficulties in Autism, such as delays in language processing and the phenomenon of "choppy" speech, which are linked to less coherent organization within these neural pathways.

The episode further unpacks the concept of neuroplasticity and its implications for Autism, emphasizing the brain's ability to adapt through practice and repetition, leading to habits. The discussion also touches on the role of the dorsal medial striatum in goal-directed learning and the dorsal lateral striatum in habit formation, illustrating how these areas influence speech and language acquisition. Additionally, the podcast explores the phenomenon of echolalia, often observed in Autistic individuals, as a potential mechanism for processing delays or as a result of cyclical loops in the basal ganglia.

The interplay of neurotransmitters like GABA and glutamate is highlighted, explaining the excitation-inhibition imbalance often seen in Autism, which affects sensory processing and communication. By framing these challenges through the lens of neuroscience, the episode underscores the complexity of social interaction for Autistic individuals and the importance of understanding the brain's predictive and adaptive mechanisms to better support their needs.

00:00 - Introduction to Autism and Speech

02:02 - The Speaker-Receiver Dynamic in Autism

04:02 - Visual Thinking and Processing in Autism

06:18 - Neuroscience of Speech and Language

08:20 - The Role of the Basal Ganglia in Speech

10:39 - Echolalia and Sensory Processing Delays

16:53 - Neuroplasticity and Speech Therapy

17:22 - Reflexes, Inhibition, and GABA in Speech and Autism

20:02 - Basal Ganglia Circuits, Motivation, and Echolalia from getting "stuck"

24:03 - Language Acquisition and Rule-Setting in Autism

27:47 - Energy, Learning, and Social Challenges

30:15 - Contingency-Based Learning and Outcomes

31:46 - Reviews/Ratings and Contact info

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email: [email protected]

In this episode, we explore the intricate world of autism research with Jill Escher, a dedicated philanthropist, lawyer, and parent to two Autistic young adults. Jill's journey into Autism advocacy was sparked by her children's diagnoses, with no prior family history, leading her to significant roles like president of the National Council on Severe Autism and leadership at the Autism Society in the San Francisco Bay Area. Through the Escher Fund for Autism, she examines the causes beyond genetics, investigating how environmental and biological factors might alter gene expression, contributing to Autism's heritability.

Jill challenges the conventional genetic focus in Autism research, arguing that it fails to explain the increasing prevalence of Autism. She delves into complex topics like epigenetics and transcriptional regulation, proposing these might unlock the heritability puzzle of Autism. Her research includes looking at how factors like general anesthesia can affect future generations. Escher also discusses the hurdles in Autism research, including scientific dogma and the influence of the neurodiversity movement, urging for a more comprehensive approach to address what she sees as a looming national health crisis.

Jill Escher https://www.jillescher.com

Harvard Presentation: https://harvard.zoom.us/rec/play/n1wZBC2hwCOid8oKlQJLJECY7cGS0YeQMNlaSaFqu2Iybo8ADCEzrdqP01Q3lXTBRX73GHgWdYZMg5RT.Vwh6LCxdweMaleLf?canPlayFromShare=true&from=share_recording_detail&startTime=1733338808000&componentName=rec-play&originRequestUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fharvard.zoom.us%2Frec%2Fshare%2Fy3NWE-vbqRQB-lnpZ33Gk7HsbiTJPzi4xjXdCDudRMYtdNFYYC-URWaix3xiYe1e.22MUxTE70Dl-Yz62%3FstartTime%3D1733338808000

Other Resources

Autism and the Womb https://youtu.be/NOVp4mIroug

The Relationship of the Placenta, Womb, and Development https://youtu.be/Mj5h5DOMcRw

0:00 Intro

1:18 Jill's Journey into Autism

4:25 Jill's Family & Autism

7:19 Research & Advocacy in Autism

10:19 Genetic & Heritability Explanation

13:05 Non-Genetic Factors; Epigenetics

21:08 Anesthesia; Germ Cell; Proliferation

26:29 Early Brain Development; Gene Expression; RNA; Molecular level

27:56 Research needs; Genetics & Dead End data; Society & Preparation of Prevalence

33:57 Rates of Autism & Future (& Current) Emergency

38:16 Vaccination

41:25 Migration; Excitation/Inhibition Imbalance; Functional Connectivity

48:02 Barriers in Autism; Jill's Contact Information

53:33 Reviews/Ratings

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Hopp: https://www.hopp.bio/fromthespectrum

YT: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGxEzLKXkjppo3nqmpXpzuA

email: [email protected]

In this episode, we delve into defining the Autistic Phenotypes, emphasizing that while these traits are straightforward to identify, understanding their depth and impact requires integrating real-life data and personal experiences. We explore the characteristics of repetitive behaviors, habits, restricted interests, and a rigid adherence to schedules, which are pivotal to the Autistic Phenotypes. We will also discuss the Basal Ganglia pathways, specifically how the direct and indirect pathways influence these behaviors, touching upon how these neural connections relate to both the strengths (Superpowers) and challenges (Superdeficits) faced by individuals on the spectrum.

Our discussion extends into the biological and social aspects of autism, examining how the inherent biology of autism can lead to comfort within oneself, yet creates struggles when forced into societal norms. We'll address the notion of conflict within the nervous system, explaining how it responds reflexively to disruptions in established patterns or expectations. The episode will also cover the neurological underpinnings of autism, including the roles of dopamine, GABA, and the substantia nigra in modulating behaviors and habits. We'll connect these insights to the adaptive responses or the lack thereof, which are central to understanding why individuals with Autism might resist changes in routines or show intense focus on specific interests. Practical implications and the historical context from early Autism studies by Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger are revisited, offering a comprehensive view on how these traits manifest in real-life scenarios and affect social interactions

00:00 Understanding Autistic Phenotypes: Repetitive behaviors, restricted interests, and adherence to schedules. Basal Ganglia & strengths (superpowers) and challenges (superdeficits).

05:23 Neurological Mechanisms: Basal Ganglia's pathways (direct and indirect) & Autistic behaviors. Repetitive actions, learning, and habit formation; dopamine, excitation and GABA; Stemming and the discomfort with unpredictability in social contexts.

10:39 "Motivation", Movement, and Social Interaction: "Motivation" and motor movements & the basal ganglia & Autism; Social interactions & unpredictable, significant challenges & predictability. The segment also links these neurological pathways to DSM criteria for autism, highlighting the interrelation between motor and social behaviors.

15:55 Neuroplasticity and Adaptation: Neuroplasticity & the repeated strengthening of neural connections shape Autistic traits; adaptive responses managed by the prefrontal cortex, and resisting changes or adhere to routines.

20:52 Biological Energy: brain's energy management for learning and habit formation works in Autism; acetylcholine for focus, dopamine for persistence

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TikTok: (I don't love it) https://www.tiktok.com/@fromthespectrumpodcast

email: [email protected]

In this episode, we explore the connections between Autism and Parkinson's, focusing particularly on the basal ganglia and its substructures, notably the substantia nigra within the midbrain. We discuss how the substantia nigra, known for its high concentration of neuromelanin, plays a critical role in these disorders. The episode examines how neuromelanin, a dark pigment, not only absorbs all frequencies of light but also has antioxidant properties, binds metals, and acts as a neuroprotector. This discussion leads into the broader implications of environmental signals, particularly light, on human biology, touching on how modern changes in light exposure might affect these conditions.

We examine the role of tyrosine in the synthesis of neuromelanin and its derivatives like dopamine, which are crucial for neural function. We look at how deficiencies or imbalances in these pathways could lead to the symptoms observed in Autism and Parkinson's, including motor function issues. The conversation also covers the direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia, explaining how these pathways facilitate or inhibit movement, respectively, and how their dysfunction can manifest in the characteristic motor symptoms of both disorders. We also touch on the significance of thyroid function, particularly the roles of T3 and T4 hormones, in brain development and neuron health, tying these elements back to the overarching theme of energy loss and transduction in both Autism and Parkinson's.

Autism and Parkinson's are a lack of, or a loss of, energy.

Biological Energy: Quantum Mechanisms, Water, DHA, and NF-kB: https://youtu.be/2-IA_gunXbw

Tree comparison https://youtube.com/shorts/cLu53oVRRjI

0:00 Autism and Parkinson's; Basal Ganglia; Substantia Nigra; Neuromelanin; Internal Calculators

2:15 Tyrosine; Chromophores; Aromatic Amino Acids

3:50 Biological Energy; Mitochondria; Environmental Signals; Cytochrome C Oxidase; Autism Research Miss

6:20 Deep Brain Stimulation

6:48 Neuromelanin

9:02 Reverse Engineer ATPase

10:48 Tree Examples

11:45 Hypoxia and loss of energy & dopamine

12:26 Eyes, hair, & skin; RPE; efficiency & power; What is Light?

13:58 Light; Information & Energy; electromagnetic; wave-particle duality; sunlight versus artificial light

17:08 Thyroid; T3 & T4; Iodine

18:31 Roles of T3

23:00 Loss of energy in the womb & Autism research

25:00 Melanin + Water = Electrons

26:40 Basal Ganglia; "Motivations" & Movements; Direct Pathway

30:55 Indirect Pathway

32:52 Go, No-Go; Action selection, learning & habits; fine motor skills

34:18 Parkinson's and loss of timing & energy; modulating the two pathways & dopamine

37:07 Reviews/Ratings & contact info

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Hopp: https://www.hopp.bio/fromthespectrum

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TikTok: (I don't love it) https://www.tiktok.com/@fromthespectrumpodcast

email: [email protected]

Autism just magically shows up.

In this episode, we explore neuroplasiticity in our biology for one common environmental change- Light. Please consider 1) Critical Thinking and 2) Curiosity as we travel upstream in the biological implications causing Autism. In addition, we will explore other common health conditions related to Light. These health conditions are dementia, type 1 diabetes, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases.

The episode will discuss light as an electromagnetic strip and how our biology uses this energy. We discuss the embryo, neuroectoderm (brain and skin), proteins being wide-band gap semiconductors, photoelectric effect, cytochromes and mitochondria, chromophores, and related topics.

"... I realized that all biochemistry is the bridesmaid to physics. I then realized that physics are how the business of cells gets completed. Light is the biophysical levers that control substrate level biochemistry in cells." - Dr. Jack Kruse

(Start here) Regenerative Health with Dr. Max Gulhane and Dr. Jack Kruse https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ln3WszTq0uA

Tetragrammaton with Rick Rubin, Jack Kruse, and Bill Gifford https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHe78j9UrMI

Tetragrammaton with Rick Rubin, Jack Kruse, and Andrew Huberman https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oK9_j6fa2P4

Decentralized is the way (The Status Quo is NO GOOD) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VO4JwdXuXXs

Tryptophan Biosynthesis https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1096/fj.04-2079rev

Autism and Vit Bs and Serotonin https://www.patreon.com/posts/quantum-19-74498277

Autism and Melanin https://www.patreon.com/posts/quantum-45-83724567

Regions of Interest:

Atoms,

Aromatic Amino Acids,

Artificial Light,

Chromophores,

Cytochromes,

Electromagnetic,

Embryo,

Folate Acid (and Folic Acid)

Sunlight,

Melanin (Neuromelanin),

Melanocytes,

Melanogenesis,

Melanopsin,

Mitochondria,

Neuroectoderm,

Neuroplasticity,

Periodic Elements,

Photoelectric Effect,

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Proteins (wide-band gap semiconductors),

Serotonin,

Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1 and 2,

Vitamins A, b9 (Folate/Folic Acids), B12, and D,

Water

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YT

Email: [email protected]