Imagine a supply chain built not on smokestacks and solvents, but on cells. A shortage flares, and instead of waiting months for shipments to clear ports, a ten‑day microbial run delivers critical ingredients at home. The same biological tools that ferment beer pull rare earth elements from complex feedstocks—cleanly, quickly, and at cost. That shift is already underway. Host Michelle Rozo sits down with Eugene Chiu, Christina Smolke, and Nathan Ratledge to trace how engineered biology is moving active pharmaceutical ingredient production back to the U.S. and rewiring mineral separation with proteins that can tell neighboring elements apart. The stakes are concrete: fewer single‑point failures, less exposure to geopolitical shocks, and a path to resilient, distributed manufacturing. Together they examine what’s working—and what isn’t—across the ecosystem: startups translating lab wins into commercial runs, investors backing platforms over point solutions, and public agencies funding scale while navigating regulation. They surface the bottlenecks that still slow progress—biomanufacturing infrastructure, inputs like resins, and the need for faster approvals—and outline the policies and partnerships that could unlock capacity at speed. From medicines to minerals, the conversation shows how biology can anchor U.S. industrial strength and why execution now will determine who leads the next era of innovation and security.